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35-575: François Dumartheray (1842-1931) was a French anarcho-communist activist. He was a member of the International Workingmen's Association and the Jura Federation , and collaborated with Peter Kropotkin in the journal Le Révolté . François Dumartheray was born in Savoy , into a poor peasant family. Having only received a primary school education, he worked as a waiter in a cafe and later as

70-559: A Liberal at Westminster in November 1885 and at Marylebone in July 1886. Emily Beesly became president of the women's liberal association of Paddington after their move to Warrington Crescent in 1886. Both advocated Irish home rule, he in hard-hitting articles, she in new lyrics for The Wearing of the Green . In 1878 he published Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius , and she brought out her Stories from

105-602: A Bible clerkship. His flair for quoting scripture yielded to radical rhetoric under the influence of his tutor Richard Congreve , a covert disciple of Auguste Comte 's positivism. Along with his Wadham friends Frederic Harrison and John Henry Bridges, Beesly actively engaged in the debates of the Oxford Union and became recognised as a Comtist, though his adhesion to the French philosophy was still tenuous. Beesly received his BA in 1854 and proceeded MA in 1857. After failing to secure

140-462: A critique of Das Kapital; at the time Marx wrote to Engels: "Prof. Beesly, who is one of the triumvirate which secretly runs this rag, has… declared, he is 'morally certain' (it depends on him!) a criticism would be accepted" [8 January 1868]. An eventual review was passed on to the then chief editor John Morley by Beesly, but Morley apparently found the piece unreadable and would not allow publication, even after Beesly had suggested Marx could try to make

175-459: A first-class (he obtained seconds in classical moderations and literae humaniores) or a fellowship, he became an assistant master at Marlborough College . His brother Augustus Henry, a historian and classical scholar, also taught at the school. Beesly left for London in 1859 to serve as principal of University Hall, a student residence in Gordon Square serving University College . The next year he

210-416: A passion of Beesly's. For International Policy, a positivist volume published in 1866, he wrote on British sea power, asserting a connection between Protestantism and commercial immorality. A critic of imperialism, he was a member of the committee founded in 1866 to prosecute Edward Eyre, governor of Jamaica [see Jamaica committee]. Beesly and other positivists incurred hostility for advocating intervention on

245-458: A period of harsh reaction followed the widespread Revolutions of 1848 . The next major phase of revolutionary activity began almost twenty years later with the founding of the IWA in 1864. At its peak, the IWA reported having 8 million members while police reported 5 million. In 1872, it split in two over conflicts between statist and anarchist factions and dissolved in 1876. The Second International

280-509: A pot of beer. Here one could get the flavour of European proletarian politics: that other “World of Labour” in whose ideals Beesly was as deeply interested as he was in those of English trades unionism. Indeed, for many years he expressed his desire for the amalgamation of trade unionism – with its implicit recognition of the priority of social questions—, and proletarian republicanism – with its generous enthusiasm and its larger view. Auction lot description of Beesly's copy of Das Kapital : This

315-858: A programme and constitution. Most of the British members of the committee were drawn from the Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes and were noted trade-union leaders like Odger, George Howell (former secretary of the London Trades Council, which itself declined affiliation to the IWA, although remaining close to it), Cyrenus Osborne Ward and Benjamin Lucraft and included Owenites and Chartists . The French members were Denoual, Victor Le Lubez and Bosquet. Italy

350-526: A rival centre, Newton Hall, in a courtyard off Fleet Street . Beesly headed its political discussion group, which produced occasional papers. Retirement from University College in 1893 (he had left Bedford College in 1889) enabled him to found and edit the Positivist Review . In 1881, Beesly attended the early meetings of the Democratic Federation , but he was soon marginalised, and returned to

385-654: A salesman. He joined the Icarians of L'Avenir in Lyon , where a local branch of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) was established in 1868. On 13 March 1870, Dumartheray was elected as a member of the federal commission of the IWA. In May 1870, he was arrested for his participation in the IWA, but was amnestied following the proclamation of the French Third Republic . He took refuge in Geneva , Switzerland , where he

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420-583: A theory of the State and without the knowledge about social classes struggles and the economic factor. Portuguese section was one of the first to evolve into a party structure. But while debates to create a socialist party began in 1873 (this did come in 10 January 1875). The anarchist wing of the First International held a separate congress in September 1872 at St. Imier, Switzerland. The anarchists rejected

455-577: Is an excellent association copy, inscribed to Karl Marx's friend Professor Edward Spencer Beesly (1831–1915), positivist of the Auguste Comte school of thought, historian, and one of the founding editors of the Fortnightly Review . In 1868, when Marx & Engels were trying to develop international momentum for the economic philosophy contained in this work, they contacted the Fortnightly Review via Beesly to see if it would be interested in publishing

490-483: The Positivist Review . He died at home on 7 July 1915 and was buried in Paddington cemetery . He left a name still honoured by labour historians. Beesly was not only friendly with Marx, but was well acquainted with his circle. He knew Lafargue, he got to know Engels, and there were mutual acquaintances, such as Eugene Oswald. Among workmen, he was not only the friend of George Odger , Robert Applegarth and Lucraft, but

525-566: The Alliance. Edward Spencer Beesly Edward Spencer Beesly ( / ˈ b iː z l i / ; 23 January 1831 – 7 March 1915) was an English positivist , trades union activist, and historian. He was born on 23 January 1831 in Feckenham, Worcestershire , the eldest son of the Rev. James Beesly and his wife, Mary Fitzgerald, of Queen's county, Ireland. After reading Latin and Greek with his father, in

560-462: The History of Rome , written for their four sons. She died in 1889, aged 49. Beesly's later publications included seventy-four biographical entries on military and political figures for the positivists' New Calendar of Great Men, and Queen Elizabeth , both of which appeared in 1892. In 1901 he retired to 21 West Hill, St Leonards, Sussex, where he published translations of Comte and continued to write for

595-557: The Industrious Classes at 18 Greek Street. At first, the IWA had mostly male membership, although in April 1865 it was agreed that women could become members. The initial leadership was exclusively male. At the IWA General Council meeting on 16 April 1867, a letter from the secularist speaker Harriet Law about women's rights was read and it was agreed to ask her if she would be willing to attend council meetings. On 25 June 1867, Law

630-572: The Liberal Party by the middle of the decade. In 1869 Beesly married Emily, youngest daughter of Charles John Crompton , justice of the queen's bench, and his wife, Caroline. The Beeslys lived in University Hall until 1882, when they moved to Finsbury Park. Mrs Beesly was not a positivist—as were her brothers Albert and Henry Crompton —but she shared some of her husband's political and historical interests. He unsuccessfully stood for parliament as

665-522: The St. Martin's Hall assembly. This subcommittee deferred the task of collective writing in favour of sole authorship by Marx and it was he who ultimately drew up the fundamental documents of the new organisation. On 5 October, the General Council was formed with co-opted additional members representing other nationalities. It was based at the headquarters of the Universal League for the Material Elevation of

700-593: The adoption of anarchist communism by the Anti-Authoritarian International , quickly gaining support from the Italian anarchists . In August 1877, he returned to France in disguise and using the pseudonym "Versoix", in order to participate in the constitution of a French anti-authoritarian federation at a congress in La Chaux-de-Fonds . During the 1877 French legislative election , Dumartheray published

735-578: The autumn of 1846 Beesly was sent to King William's College on the Isle of Man, an evangelical establishment whose inadequate instruction and low moral tone were later depicted in Eric, or, Little by Little , by his school friend F. W. Farrar . In 1849 Beesly entered Wadham College, Oxford . It wad another evangelical stronghold, and also the original centre of the English positivist movement. He held two exhibitions and

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770-589: The claim that Bakunin and Guillaume had been expelled and repudiated The Hague Congress as unrepresentative and improperly conducted. Over two days on 15–16 September 1872 at Saint-Imier, the Anarchist St. Imier International declared itself to be the true heir of the International. The Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA formed the largest national chapter of the anarchist bloc. In the Iberian Peninsula,

805-520: The conflict within the IWA was acutely felt, rapidly transforming the region into another battleground between the two factions. The General Council attempted to curb the Alliance’s influence through the new Madrid Federation and Portuguese internationalists. On the opposing side, the anarchists, who held complete control of the working-class movement in Spain, persistently tried to recruit Portuguese socialists to

840-461: The federation's abstentionist manifesto. In 1878, his paper Avante-Garde was shut down and he returned to Geneva, where he, Peter Kropotkin and Georges Herzig founded the newspaper Le Révolté in February 1879. By this time, a split had ruptured the International, as collectivists from Spain and democratic socialists from Belgium rejected the anarchist communist approach. Anarchist communism

875-648: The most important pro-Union demonstration in England during the American Civil War, and he chaired the historic meeting (28 September 1864) advocating co-operation between English and French workers in support of Polish nationalism, which led to the formation of the International Working Men's Association (the First International), soon dominated by his friend Karl Marx . Foreign affairs were always

910-792: The side of France in the Franco-Prussian War, and for defending the Paris commune. Their republican views found expression not only in the press but also at the positivist centre in Chapel Street (now Rugby Street) that they opened in 1870 under Congreve's direction. There they introduced sacraments of the Religion of Humanity and published a co-operative translation of Comte's Positive Polity . When Congreve repudiated their Paris co-religionists in 1878, Beesly, Harrison, Bridges, and others formed their own positivist society, with Beesly as president, and opened

945-524: The struggle of the workers in the building trades for shorter hours. He also attacked the economic theories used by critics of the "new model" trade unions of the 1860s. The notoriety he gained culminated in 1867, when he declared in the aftermath of the "Sheffield outrages" that a trade union murder was no worse than any other: he almost lost his post at University Hall and Punch dubbed him "Dr Beastly". His radical agenda included promoting international solidarity among working-class leaders. He helped organise

980-466: Was a somewhat obscure 46-year-old émigré journalist Karl Marx , who would soon come to play a decisive role in the organisation. The positivist historian Edward Spencer Beesly , a professor at London University , was in the chair. The meeting unanimously decided to found an international organisation of workers. The centre was to be in London, directed by a committee of 21, which was instructed to draft

1015-812: Was admitted to the General Council and for the next five years was the only woman representative. The fifth Congress of the IWA was held in early September 1872 in The Hague , the Netherlands. After the Paris Commune (1871), Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as authoritarian and argued that if a Marxist party came to power its leaders would end up as bad as the ruling class they had fought against (notably in his Statism and Anarchy ). In 1874, Marx wrote some decisive notes rebutting Bakunin's affirmations on this book, referring to them as mere political rhetoric without

1050-505: Was appointed professor of history there and professor of Latin at Bedford College for women, with a combined salary of £300. He also had a private income. His tall, willowy figure became a familiar sight in the Reform Club and London drawing-rooms, including that of George Eliot and George Henry Lewes , whose Fortnightly Review welcomed Beesly's articles. Beesly joined Congreve, Bridges, and Harrison, both now in London, in supporting

1085-483: Was elected to the Congress of the Jura Federation in September 1873. At the Congress, he proposed that only manual labourers would be permitted to join the International. In February 1876, Dumartheray published the pamphlet Aux travailleurs manuels partisans de l'action politique , in which he advocated for " anarchist communism " - in the first documented use of the term. Along with Élisée Reclus , Dumartheray promoted

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1120-458: Was finally adopted by at Jura Federation's congress of 1880, in the last act of the International. That year, Dumartheray was offered amnesty by the French government of Jules Grévy , but he decided not to return to France and largely ceased political activities. He remained in Geneva until 1927. He died and was cremated on 8 September 1931. International Workingmen%27s Association In Europe,

1155-453: Was founded in 1889. On 28 September an international crowd of workers gathered to welcome the French delegates in St Martin's Hall in London. Among the many European radicals were English Owenites , followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Louis Auguste Blanqui , Irish and Polish nationalists, Italian republicans and German socialists. Included among the last-mentioned of this eclectic band

1190-526: Was on close terms with such working-class confidants of Marx as Jung and Eccarius, and to a lesser extent with Dupont. In the sixties he was a familiar figure, not only in the offices of the Carpenters and Joiners, the London Trades Council or The Bee-Hive , but was also at home in the "Golden Ball" where the most radical of London's workmen talked with continental revolutionaries over a clay pipe and

1225-403: Was represented by Fontana. Other members were Louis Wolff , Johann Eccarius and at the foot of the list Marx, who participated in his individual capacity and did not speak during the meeting. This executive committee in turn selected a subcommittee to do the actual writing of the organisational programme—a group which included Marx and which met at his home about a week after the conclusion of

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