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29-716: The Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1812 ( 52 Geo. 3 . c. 16), also known as the Frame-Breaking Act and before passage as the Frame Work Bill , was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Government in 1812 aimed at increasing the penalties for Luddite behaviour in order to discourage it. The Frame Work Bill was introduced to Parliament on 14 February 1812 by the Home Secretary Richard Ryder , acting in concert with Spencer Perceval (who

58-493: A rebellion in 1798 , involving a French invasion of Ireland and the seeking of complete independence from Great Britain. This rebellion was crushed with much bloodshed, and the motion for union was motivated at least in part by the belief that the union would alleviate the political rancour that led to the rebellion. The rebellion was felt to have been exacerbated as much by brutally reactionary loyalists as by United Irishmen (anti-unionists). Furthermore, Catholic emancipation

87-461: A capital felony (and hence a crime punishable by death). Similarly raised to the level of capital felony were the associated crimes of damaging frames and entering a property with intent to damage a frame. In these respects the act was a stronger version of the Protection of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1788 , which had made similar acts punishable by 7–14 years in a penal colony . All measures included in

116-686: A large measure of legislative independence under the Constitution of 1782 . Many members of the Irish Parliament jealously guarded that autonomy (notably Henry Grattan ), and a motion for union was legally rejected in 1799. Only Anglicans were permitted to become members of the Parliament of Ireland though the great majority of the Irish population were Roman Catholic , with many Presbyterians in Ulster . Under

145-465: The 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom , which met from 7 January 1812 until 30 July 1812. This session was also traditionally cited as 52 G. 3 . The first session of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom , which met from 24 November 1812 until 22 July 1813. This session was also traditionally cited as 53 G. 3 . Acts of Union 1800 The Acts of Union 1800 were parallel acts of

174-556: The Destruction of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1813 ( 54 Geo. 3 . c. 42), which instituted a new maximum penalty for the destruction of stocking frames of life transportation; in 1817, that Act would itself be repealed and the death penalty once again reinstated in the Destroying Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1817 ( 57 Geo. 3 . c. 126). By that time, however, Luddism had largely subsided as a movement. 52 Geo. 3 Note that

203-750: The Irish Parliament had passed the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 , proclaiming King Henry VIII of England to be King of Ireland . Since the 12th century, the King of England had been technical overlord of the Lordship of Ireland , a papal possession. Both the Kingdoms of Ireland and England later came into personal union with that of Scotland upon the Union of the Crowns in 1603. In 1707,

232-620: The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into a single kingdom: the Kingdom of Great Britain . Upon that union, each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne , praying her: "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union". The Irish Parliament was both before then subject to certain restrictions that made it subordinate to

261-661: The Parliament of England and after then, to the Parliament of Great Britain ; however, Ireland gained effective legislative independence from Great Britain through the Constitution of 1782 . By this time access to institutional power in Ireland was restricted to a small minority: the Anglo-Irish of the Protestant Ascendancy . Frustration at the lack of reform among the Catholic majority eventually led, along with other reasons, to

290-470: The Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union ) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The acts came into force between 31 December 1800 and 1 January 1801, and the merged Parliament of the United Kingdom had its first meeting on 22 January 1801. Provisions of

319-485: The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1793 , Roman Catholics regained the right to vote if they owned or rented property worth £2 annually. Wealthy Catholics were strongly in favour of union in the hope for rapid religious emancipation and the right to sit as MPs, which would only come to pass under the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . From the perspective of Great Britain's elites, the union was desirable because of

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348-515: The Short Titles Act 1896 . The short title of the act of the Irish Parliament is Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (40 Geo. 3. c. 38 (I)), assigned by a 1951 act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland , and hence not effective in the Republic of Ireland, where it was referred to by its long title when repealed in 1962. Before these acts, Ireland had been in personal union with England since 1542, when

377-710: The flag of the United Kingdom . Called the Union Jack, it combined the flags of St George's Cross (which was deemed to include Wales ) and the St Andrew's Saltire of Scotland with the St Patrick's Saltire to represent Ireland. At the same time, a new Royal Title was adopted ('GEORGE the THIRD by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith'), and

406-502: The 32 counties and the two largest boroughs, and one from each of the next 31 largest boroughs and from Dublin University , chosen by lot. The other 84 Irish parliamentary boroughs were disfranchised; all were pocket boroughs , whose patrons received £15,000 compensation for the loss of what was considered their property. The Union Flag, created as a consequence of the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, still remains

435-446: The Act were only to be applied temporarily, and were duly set to expire on 1 March 1814. Although approximately 60 to 70 Luddites were hanged in the period that the statute was in force, no death sentences seem to have been justified on its grounds, with judges preferring to use existing legislation. Due to come to an end on 1 March, the Act was officially repealed in 1814 with the passage of

464-571: The Irish House of Commons by 109 votes to 104, but the second vote in 1800 passed by 158 to 115. The Acts of Union were two complementary Acts, namely: They were passed on 2 July 1800 and 1 August 1800 respectively, and came into force on 1 January 1801. They ratified eight articles which had been previously agreed by the British and Irish parliaments: Part of the appeal of the Union for many Irish Catholics

493-508: The Irish Kingdom from free participation in imperial and European trade with the exclusion of its Catholic subjects, under the terms of the 'Penal Laws', from the benefits of property and political representation." These critiques were used to justify a parliamentary union between Britain and Ireland. Complementary acts were enacted by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland. The Parliament of Ireland had recently gained

522-495: The Irish Parliament, was merged into the larger British Army . In the first Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the members of the House of Commons were not elected afresh. By royal proclamation authorised by the Act, all the members of the last House of Commons from Great Britain took seats in the new House, and from Ireland 100 members were chosen from the last Irish House of Commons: two members from each of

551-588: The Parliament of Ireland . For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament , the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru ; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by

580-586: The Prince Regent different powers. These considerations led Great Britain to decide to attempt the merger of both kingdoms and Parliaments. The final passage of the Act in the Irish House of Commons turned on an about 16% relative majority, garnering 58% of the votes, and similar in the Irish House of Lords , in part per contemporary accounts through bribery with the awarding of peerages and honours to critics to get votes. The first attempt had been defeated in

609-526: The acts remain in force, with amendments and some Articles repealed, in the United Kingdom , but they have been repealed in their entirety in the Republic of Ireland . Two acts were passed in 1800 with the same long title : An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland . The short title of the act of the British Parliament is Union with Ireland Act 1800 ( 39 & 40 Geo. 3 . c. 67), assigned by

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638-419: The first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the list of acts of

667-505: The last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title , e.g. "the Local Government Act 2003". Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896 . The sixth session of

696-588: The uncertainty that followed the French Revolution of 1789 and the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . If Ireland adopted Catholic emancipation willingly or not, a Roman Catholic Parliament could break away from Britain and ally with the French, but the same measure within the United Kingdom would exclude that possibility. Also, in creating a regency during King George III 's "madness", the Irish and British Parliaments gave

725-446: The year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of

754-439: Was agreement between members of the government and the opposition that the measure was a last resort; but where supporters believed that all other avenues had been exhausted, opponents (seeing relative tranquillity over the winter period) did not. The newly created Lord Byron used his maiden speech in the House of Lords to oppose the bill. The Act, as passed, made the destruction of mechanised looms – stocking frames  –

783-700: Was at that time both Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister ), the Attorney General Sir Vicary Gibbs , the Solicitor General Sir Thomas Plumer , and three Nottinghamshire MPs concerned about the Luddite Movement taking hold in their constituencies. Rushed through as an "emergency measure", the Act was passed with an overwhelming majority and received royal assent on 20 March, despite opposition. Fundamentally, there

812-605: Was being discussed in Great Britain, and fears that a newly enfranchised Catholic majority would drastically change the character of the Irish government and parliament also contributed to a desire from London to merge the Parliaments. According to historian James Stafford, an Enlightenment critique of Empire in Ireland laid the intellectual foundations for the Acts of Union. He writes that Enlightenment thinkers connected "the exclusion of

841-502: Was the promise of Catholic emancipation , allowing Roman Catholic MPs, who had not been permitted to sit in the Irish Parliament, to sit in the United Kingdom Parliament. This was however blocked by King George III who argued that emancipating Roman Catholics would breach his Coronation Oath , and was not realised until the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . The traditionally separate Irish Army , which had been funded by

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