The 3 Sounds (also known as The Three Sounds ) was an American jazz piano trio that formed in 1956 and disbanded in 1973.
46-655: The band formed in Benton Harbor , Michigan , United States, as the Four Sounds. The original lineup consisted of Gene Harris on piano, Andrew Simpkins on double bass and Bill Dowdy on drums, along with saxophonist Lonnie "The Sound" Walker, who dropped out the following year. The group moved to Washington and then New York , where, as the Three Sounds, they cut a record for Riverside Records , before signing an exclusive contract with Blue Note . Between 1958 and 1962,
92-567: A Missouri Senator who helped Michigan achieve statehood. In 1836, Benton Harbor was organized as a village and in 1891 it was incorporated as a city. Benton Harbor's retail establishments started relocating outside of the city starting in the 1950s, and the city experienced an economic downturn between 1970 and 1985. The House of David religious group was founded there and once ran a local amusement park. Benton Harbor has had two major riots, one in 1966 and one in 2003, with smaller ones occurring in 1960, 1967, and 1990. On August 30, 1966,
138-533: A Cadillac painted in Chicago police colors (police lights included) with armored rear windshield and a small hatch to fire machine guns with the car moving. During the Second Philadelphia Mafia War , two warring factions fought for control of the family; one led by former alleged boss, John Stanfa ; and the " Young Turks " led by up-and-coming gangster Joey Merlino . On 5 August 1993, Merlino survived
184-469: A drive-by shooting assassination attempt by two Stanfa gunmen, taking four bullets in the leg and buttocks, while his friend and associate Michael Ciancaglini was shot in the chest and killed. On 31 August 1993, a drive by shooting was performed on Stanfa and his son while they were driving on the Schuylkill Expressway . Stanfa escaped uninjured and his son survived being shot in the jaw. In 1992,
230-457: A gang-involved drive-by include intimidation, terrorisation, and assassination of rival street gang members. Such shootings are associated with gang violence in urban areas of the United States but also occur in other contexts. The tactic is also called simply a "drive-by". Motorcycle ride-by killings were a common form of murder used by drug lord Griselda Blanco during her years controlling
276-632: A machine gun in order to quickly assault targets then flee before they could properly react. It was called a Tachanka . Motor vehicles offer similar concealment for transport of weapons to crime scenes in situations like the 2015 San Bernardino attack , and can simultaneously serve as getaway vehicles . Using a vehicle allows the shooter to approach the intended target without being noticed and then to speed away before anyone reacts. Besides gang -related attacks, drive-by shootings may result from road rage or personal disputes between neighbors, acquaintances, or strangers unrelated to gang membership. There
322-758: A new Riverview campus near the St. Joseph River in Benton Harbor and the Technical Center in St. Joseph. Black Autonomy Network Community Organization (BANCO) is a political and social justice coalition working in Benton Harbor. Spanning the Paw Paw River and providing an additional connection to St. Joseph, the Charles Freeman Joseph bridge on Whitwam Drive, is named for Benton Harbor's first black mayor, opened in late 2005. The Amtrak station in St. Joseph
368-580: A new law signed in March 2011 by Republican governor Rick Snyder . Harris was previously the chief financial officer for the city of Detroit . On April 14, 2011, Harris suspended the decision-making powers of Benton Harbor's elected city officials, who can hold meetings but are not allowed to govern. The Michigan AFL–CIO president called the move "sad news for democracy in Michigan", but at least one city official, City Commissioner Bryan Joseph, supported it, saying
414-479: A police officer, crashed into a building and died. As many as 300 state troopers and law enforcement personnel from neighboring communities were called to Benton Harbor. Indirectly, the riot contributed to the Jimmy Carter Work Project's 2005 activities being held in Benton Harbor and Detroit . A state task force produced a report in 2003. As with the 2014–2019 public health crisis involving
460-614: A riot began after a meeting discussing recreational facilities and police relations with respect to black residents. During the riot, a black 18-year-old named Cecil Hunt was killed in a drive-by shooting ; suspects were arrested but the assault charge was later dismissed. Governor George W. Romney dispatched troops from the Michigan National Guard , who stood down on September 5 when the riot dissipated. In June 2003, several citizens in Benton Harbor demonstrated for two days when black motorcyclist Terrance Shurn, being chased by
506-479: A vehicle and a gun. The protection, anonymity, sense of power, and ease of escape provided by the getaway vehicle lead some perpetrators to feel safe expressing their hostility toward others. The invention of the drive-by shooting is attributed to Nestor Makhno , commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century. He combined horse and carriage with
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#1732891982394552-598: Is Carabiniere general Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa , who was killed with an AK-47 in a drive by shooting in September 1982 in Palermo . One of the most striking episodes of a drive-by shooting in Italy was the Macerata shooting , conducted against six Africans by a far-right extremist, Luca Traini, using an Alfa Romeo 147 . However, the attack caused no deaths. In the first decade of
598-562: Is no national data on the volume of drive-by shootings. National statistical databases such as the Uniform Crime Reports record the shooting outcome rather than the method. Non-gang-related drive-by shootings are not well researched, but journalistic accounts and police reports suggest that these constitute a significant proportion of the drive-by shootings to which police respond. Drive-by shootings that occur as an extreme form of road rage appear to be rather unpredictable in terms of
644-470: Is served by The Herald-Palladium newspaper, whose offices are in nearby St. Joseph Township , and is part of the South Bend/Elkhart television market . The Benton Spirit community newspaper has also served the community for the past 10 years. The paper was acknowledged by former Governor Granholm's 2003 Benton Harbor Task Force Report as a key communications stakeholder that "proactively assists in
690-807: Is served daily by Amtrak's Pere Marquette passenger train. Twin Cities Area Transportation Authority (TCATA) provides bus transit throughout Benton Harbor and the surrounding areas. Originally strictly a dial-a-ride service, it has recently expanded to include three fixed routes—Red Route, Green Route and Blue Route. Red Route serves Benton Harbor, St. Joseph, St. Joseph Charter Township, Lincoln Township, and Royalton Township. Blue and Green routes operate throughout Benton Harbor and Benton Township. Southwest Michigan Regional Airport provides non-commercial air service. Both Benton Harbor and neighboring St. Joseph are commercial ports that receive bulk goods from lake freighters . Benton Harbor
736-607: The Benton Harbor Public Library . The town has a police department. The city is served by two institutions, Benton Harbor Area Schools within the Berrien Regional Education Service Agency , and Lake Michigan College , a two-year community college just east of Benton Harbor. Whirlpool Corporation , the world's largest manufacturer of major home appliances, has its corporate headquarters in nearby Benton Charter Township , along with
782-846: The Mexican Mafia prison gang announced an edict prohibiting Sureno gangs from committing drive-by shootings, in order to avoid police crackdowns throughout neighborhoods in southern California . Those who broke the edict were to be greenlighted for assault or even death in the California prison system. Numerous hip hop artists have been targeted in drive-bys; prominent rappers who were killed in such incidents include Tupac Shakur , The Notorious B.I.G. , Big L , and Mac Dre . Other rappers, such as Obie Trice and 50 Cent have survived being assaulted in drive-by shootings. In 2015, Jorja Leap, an UCLA anthropologist studying gang culture, pointed out how drive-by shooting tactics are being replaced by
828-494: The census of 2010, there were 10,038 people, 3,548 households, and 2,335 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,265.9 inhabitants per square mile (874.9/km ). There were 4,329 housing units at an average density of 977.2 per square mile (377.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% African American , 7.0% White , 0.3% Native American , 0.1% Asian , 0.8% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of
874-446: The drinking water in Flint , in 2018 higher-than-acceptable levels of lead were found in Benton Harbor's tap water . Water was starting to appear "bubbly and white" to "brown", with a "horrible" taste and poor smell. This was due to lead-based water service lines. Testing found the samples returned lead levels of 22 parts per billion, greater than the 20 parts per billion in Flint and
920-431: The "walk-up shooting" method, because murders have become more targeted and while driving, there is low accuracy in aiming. In Italy , the circulation of firearms is low compared to that in the United States, and just over a million civilians own a firearm license, so face-to-face shooting or threats with firearms are rare. Drive-by shootings, on the other hand, are common, especially in professional criminal contexts, as
966-467: The 1971 Gene Harris album The 3 Sounds , was the prominent background sample in the hip hop group Beastie Boys ' song "What Comes Around" on their 1989 album Paul's Boutique . (Source: ) Benton Harbor, Michigan Benton Harbor is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is 46 miles southwest of Kalamazoo and 71 miles southwest of Grand Rapids . According to
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#17328919823941012-572: The 2020 census , its population was 9,103. It is the smaller, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles –Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area , an area with 156,813 people. Benton Harbor and the city of St. Joseph are separated by the St. Joseph River and are known locally as the " Twin Cities ". Fairplain and Benton Heights are unincorporated areas adjacent to Benton Harbor. Benton Harbor
1058-553: The Miami cocaine trade routes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Blanco herself died by this method after having been shot twice in the head by a motorcyclist in a drive-by shooting in Medellín, Colombia . Drive-by shootings are also included in the Ku Klux Klan 's modus operandi . Chicago Prohibition -era gangster and North Side Gang boss Bugs Moran was considered a "pioneer" of
1104-716: The Premiere Basketball League for the 2012 season. Jack Dempsey defended his heavyweight title on September 6, 1920, in Benton Harbor, defeating Billy Miske . The city hosts the Maytag Ironman 70.3 Steelhead triathlon, a qualifying event for the Ironman 70.3 World Championship. The city is the birthplace of Iris Kyle , the most successful professional bodybuilder ever, with ten overall Ms. Olympia wins and two heavyweight wins, along with seven Ms. International wins and one heavyweight win. Benton Harbor co-hosts
1150-504: The administration building and men's dormitory for the House of David colony, a communal religious group; Morton House (on Morton Hill), built in 1849 by Eleazar Morton, which now houses a museum; Jean Klock Park on Lake Michigan ; and the Golf Club at Harbor Shores . In neighboring Benton Township is a large fruit market that replaced the fruit market in the "flats" area of Benton Harbor, which
1196-419: The annual Blossomtime Festival with St. Joseph. Drive-by shooting A drive-by shooting is a type of assault that usually involves the perpetrator(s) firing a weapon from within a motor vehicle and then fleeing. Drive-by shootings allow the perpetrators to quickly strike their targets and flee the scene before law enforcement is able to respond. A drive-by shooting's prerequisites include access to
1242-400: The average family size was 3.53. Age distribution was 39.6% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.7 males. The median household income was $ 17,471, and the median family income
1288-457: The canal, which was completed in 1862. It had long been recognized that a canal would be crucial to the town's development, both to drain the marsh and to provide a berthing area for ships. The canal, originally 25 feet (7.6 m) wide but expanded to 50 feet (15 m) in 1868, led to the town's becoming a shipping and manufacturing center for the area. In 1866, the settlement's name was changed to Benton Harbor in honor of Thomas Hart Benton ,
1334-568: The city had been mismanaged for decades. On January 4, 2012, city commissioners Marcus Muhammad and MaryAlice Adams held a press conference where they stated that if there was still an emergency financial manager administering the city when Benton Harbor hosted the Senior PGA Championship in May, an " Occupy PGA movement should sit in on the golf greens and driving ranges in protest." Occupy PGA did hold protest marches on multiple days during
1380-429: The city. The population density was 2,545.7 inhabitants per square mile (982.9/km ). There were 4,492 housing units at an average density of 1,022.7 per square mile (394.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.40% African American , 5.48% White , 0.15% Native American , 0.13% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.14% from other races , and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of
1426-739: The drive-by shooting, with the Tommy gun being the weapon of choice. The notoriously vicious gang performed multiple shootings against their rivals, including the South Side gang led by Al Capone and the Genna brothers . Other Irish American gangs, such as the Saltis-McErlane Gang , the Sheldon Gang , and the Southside O'Donnell's , also executed drive-bys on one another in the Chicago area. Al Capone also had
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1472-440: The federal lead action level of 15 parts per billion. High levels of copper were also noted in the annual consumer confidence reports that have been required by Environmental Protection Agency . Concerns were with the health impacts of lead poisoning . As a result, residents were supplied with free bottled water , including for use with brushing teeth and cooking, for residences and schools. In September 2021, $ 10 million
1518-435: The group released nine albums for Blue Note. They toured nationally during this period, building a large following in jazz clubs across the country. The trio played and recorded with the likes of saxophonists Lester Young , Lou Donaldson , Stanley Turrentine and Sonny Stitt , cornet player Nat Adderley , singer Anita O'Day , and guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli , among others. Part of the Three Sounds song "Put On Train", from
1564-441: The population. There were 3,548 households, of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.0% were married couples living together, 43.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
1610-404: The population. There were 3,767 households, of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 20.8% were married couples living together, 42.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and
1656-480: The statistical incidence says that almost all assaults with firearms are carried out from cars, motorcycles , or scooters . These kinds of vehicles are used since they provide better mobility in the narrow city districts. From the 1970s into the 21st century, Cosa Nostra and the Camorra have both been known to perform drive-by shootings during clan or mafia wars, or to assassinate targets. One notable example of such,
1702-494: The times and locations, but often occur in reaction to seemingly trivial events, although the underlying motivation usually appears to be a series of unrelated stressors in the perpetrator's life. A drive-by shooting's prerequisites include access to a vehicle and a gun. Recent legislation has focused on transfer of guns rather than vehicles, so those who carry out drive-by shootings may use their own vehicle or one that has been borrowed, rented, or stolen. The primary motivations for
1748-475: The total development of Benton Harbor". Benton Harbor is served by sister radio stations WCXT , WCSY-FM , WQLQ , WIRX , WQYQ , WSJM-FM , and WYTZ , as well as WHFB and some in the South Bend market . Additionally, most of the Chicago market TV and radio stations are available from 60 miles (97 km) across the lake. Sites of interest in Benton Harbor are Shiloh House , built in 1910, which served as
1794-599: The tournament, but did not disrupt the tournament. On January 11, 2013, the Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board (ELB) voted to replace Harris as the Emergency Financial Manager (EFM) for the city. On February 1, 2013, the ELB appointed Tony R. Saunders II as the youngest Successor-Emergency Financial Manager for the city of Benton Harbor. Library service for the city is provided by
1840-400: The type and also less cold winters than many climates of the classification. Due to lake-effect snow there is very high snowfall relative to precipitation in winter, but far lower than some locations that are farther north in the state. Summer high temperatures range from 77 to 83 °F (25 to 28 °C) from June to August, but the apparent heat is normally moderated by mild nights. As of
1886-413: Was $ 19,250. Males had a median income of $ 27,154 versus $ 20,105 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 8,965, the lowest in Michigan. About 39.6% of families and 42.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 52.5% of those under age 18 and 29.7% of those age 65 or over. The Michigan Treasury Department in 2009 sent a team to look into the city's finances. The team's report
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1932-432: Was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.41. The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 35.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 7.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.5% male and 53.5% female. At the 2000 census , there were 11,182 people, 3,767 households and 2,557 families residing in
1978-400: Was a long list of mismanagement to the point that budgets were "effectively meaningless as a financial management tool." The city was $ 10 million underfunded in its pension fund and increasing budget deficits. In April 2010, Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm appointed Joseph Harris as Emergency Financial Manager. City staff was reduced by 30 to 70. Harris was given expanded powers under
2024-601: Was budgeted to replace the lead service lines. All lead pipes had been replaced by December 1, 2023, per the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 4.68 square miles (12.12 km ), of which 4.43 square miles (11.47 km ) is land and 0.25 square miles (0.65 km ) is water. Benton Harbor has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa) that has very warm summers for
2070-461: Was founded by Henry C. Morton, Sterne Brunson and Charles Hull, who all now have or have had schools named after them. Benton Harbor was mainly wetlands bordered by the Paw Paw River , through which a canal was built, hence the "harbor" in the city's name. In 1860, the village was laid out by Brunson, Morton, Hull and others, and given the name Brunson Harbor. Brunson, Morton, and Hull also donated land and solicited subscriptions for construction of
2116-625: Was torn down during an urban renewal project in 1967. The main shopping center is The Orchards Mall . An American Basketball Association team (ABA), the Twin City Ballers , played in Benton Harbor for a few games in November 2006, but left the city due to poor attendance at games. Another ABA team, the Lake Michigan Admirals , began play in 2009. The Admirals switched from the ABA to join
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