21-424: Fortunella may refer to: Fortunella (plant) , the genus of plants in which kumquats were formerly classified Fortunella (film) , a movie Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fortunella . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
42-627: A hybrid of the last two. The edible fruit closely resembles the orange ( Citrus x sinensis ) in color, texture, and anatomy, but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive . The kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus . The English word kumquat is a borrowing of the Cantonese gām gwāt ( IPA: [kɐ́m kʷɐ́t̚] ; Chinese : 金橘 ), from gām "golden" + gwāt "orange". Kumquat plants have thornless branches and extremely glossy leaves . They bear dainty white flowers that occur in clusters or individually inside
63-699: A day) and planted directly in the ground. Kumquats do well in USDA hardy zones 9 and 10 and can survive in temperatures as low as 18 degrees F (-7 degrees C). On trees mature enough, kumquats will form in about 90 days. In cultivation in the UK , Citrus japonica has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017). Kumquats do not grow well from seeds and so are vegetatively propagated by using rootstock of another citrus fruit, air layering , or cuttings . The Nordmann seedless
84-478: A distinct genus name for these hybrids loses taxonomic validity . All would be placed instead within Citrus . These hybrids combine some of the edibility properties of the more typical Citrus species with the cold hardiness of the kumquats, often being referred to as cold hardy citrus . They produce small acidic fruit and are also more compact than other citrus, making them good ornamental plants . Of this group,
105-586: A group of small, angiosperm , fruit -bearing trees in the family Rutaceae . Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus , sensu lato . Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica , to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii , C. margarita and C. crassifolia , with C. × japonica being
126-486: A novel genus name was coined for them in 1975, by compounding the names of the contributing genera to form Citrofortunella . That the genus is of a hybrid nature is represented by a multiplication sign before the genus name, for example × Citrofortunella microcarpa . Recent phylogenetic work has shown kumquats to fall within Citrus rather than belonging to a distinct genus, meaning these would no longer be considered intergeneric hybrids, and use of Citrofortunella as
147-603: A range of aldehydes such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal . Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and Trans-lialool oxide (0.15%). Citrofortunella Citrofortunella are a large group of commercial hybrids that cross the kumquat with other citrus. In the system of citrus taxonomy established by Swingle, kumquats were placed in a different genus, Fortunella , from Citrus , which included citron , mandarin orange , pomelo and papedas . The result of genetic crosses between kumquats and these other citrus would then be intergeneric hybrids , so
168-518: A reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw kumquat supplies 71 calories and is a rich source of vitamin C (53% of the Daily Value ), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). The essential oil of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of limonene , which makes up around 93% of the total. Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both of which are considered monoterpenes ,
189-472: A seedless or virtually seedless Japanese kumquat cultivar. It is resistant to citrus canker and citrus scab. The fruit weighs 11–20 grams and is ellipsoid in shape. It has a dark orange rind which is 4 millimeters thick. The juice content is relatively low. The oil glands are somewhat large and conspicuous. It ripens in January. A raw kumquat is 81% water, 16% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat (table). In
210-401: A smooth rind. They mature in winter. This cultivar arose spontaneously from the oval kumquat ( Citrus margarita ). It produces a greater proportion of fruit to peel than the oval kumquat, and the fruit are rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color, exhibiting bright green and yellow stripes, and by its lack of thorns. The Puchimaru kumquat is
231-508: Is a seedless cultivar of the Nagami kumquat ( Citrus margarita ). It is similar to Nagami but with a slightly different shape and lighter skin. The C entennial Variegated is another cultivar of the Nagami kumquat. It originated from the open pollination of a Nagami kumquat tree. The fruits are striped light green and yellow when underripe, and turn orange and lose their stripes when they ripen. They are oval-shaped, necked, 2.5 inches long and have
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#1733093371702252-548: Is complicated and controversial. Different systems place various types of kumquats in different species or unite them into as few as two species. Botanically, many of the varieties of kumquats are classified as their own species, rather than a cultivar. Historically they were viewed as falling within the genus Citrus , but the Swingle system of citrus taxonomy elevated them to their own genus, Fortunella . Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests they do fall within Citrus . Swingle divided
273-512: The London Horticultural Society , and are now found across the world. Kumquats are much hardier than citrus plants such as oranges . Sowing seed in the spring is most ideal because the temperature is pleasant with more chances of rain and sunshine. This also gives the tree enough time to become well established before winter. Early spring is the best time to transplant a sapling. They do best in direct sunlight (needing 6–7 hours
294-458: The calamansi has a long history of propagation in Asia as an ornamental plant and food flavoring, but many members of the group are of relatively recent (20th century) generation. These have been given similar common names, portmanteaus that combine the '-quat' ending of kumquat with an indication of the other parent citrus. Some have been assigned separate species names, though there is no agreement on
315-584: The Meiwa kumquat was a hybrid of oval and round kumquats, the genomic analysis suggested instead that the round kumquat was an oval/Meiwa hybrid. Hybrid forms of the kumquat include the following: The kumquat plant is native to Southern China . The historical reference to kumquats appears in literature of China from at least the 12th century. They have been cultivated for centuries in other parts of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. They were introduced into Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune , collector for
336-689: The division of kumquats into subgenera: Protocitrus , for the wild Hong Kong variety, and Eufortunella for the cultivated varieties, with a divergence predating the end of the Quaternary glaciation , perhaps between two ancestral populations isolated south and north, respectively, of the Nanling mountain range . Within the latter group, the oval, round and Meiwa kumquat each showed a level of divergence greater than between other recognized citrus species, such as between pomelo and citron, and hence each merits species-level classification. Though Swingle had speculated that
357-495: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortunella&oldid=916553817 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kumquat Kumquats ( / ˈ k ʌ m k w ɒ t / KUM -kwot ), or cumquats in Australian English , are
378-681: The kumquats into two subgenera, the Protocitrus , containing the primitive Hong Kong kumquat, and Eufortunella , comprising the round, oval kumquat, Meiwa kumquats, to which Tanaka added two others, the Malayan kumquat and the Jiangsu kumquat. Chromosomal analysis suggested that Swingle's Eufortunella represent a single 'true' species, while Tanaka's additional species were revealed to be likely hybrids of Fortunella with other Citrus , so-called x Citrofortunella . One recent genomic analysis concluded there
399-476: The leaf axils. The plants can reach a height from 2.5 to 4.5 metres (8 to 15 feet), with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thorns. They bear yellowish-orange fruits that are oval or round in shape. The fruits can be 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 inches) in diameter and have a sweet, pulpy skin and slightly acidic inner pulp. The fruit is often eaten whole by humans and has a taste which is sweet and somewhat sour. Kumquat trees are self-pollinating . Citrus taxonomy
420-484: The oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as α- bergamotene (0.021%), caryophyllene (0.18%), α- humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. Carbonyl compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); ketones such as carvone (0.175%); and
441-470: Was only one true species of kumquat, but the analysis did not include the Hong Kong variety seen as a distinct species in all earlier analyses. A 2020 review concluded that genomic data were insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion on which kumquat cultivars represented distinct species. In 2022, a genome-level analysis of cultivated and wild varieties drew several conclusions. The authors found support for
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