79-600: Foreign Terrorist Organization ( FTO ) is a designation for non-United States-based organizations deemed by the United States secretary of state , in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (INA), to be involved in what US authorities define as terrorist activities . Most of the organizations on the list are Islamist extremist groups; the rest are nationalist/separatist groups , or Marxist militant groups. The Department of State, along with
158-468: A free market and foreign investment. On 8 February 2009, Khatami announced that he would run in the 2009 presidential election but withdrew on 16 March in favour of his long-time friend and adviser, former prime minister of Iran Mir-Hossein Mousavi . The Iranian media are forbidden on the orders of Tehran's prosecutor from publishing pictures of Khatami, or quoting his words, on account of his support for
237-505: A Court order. (Reflecting Amendments to Section 219 of the INA in the 2001 USA PATRIOT Act ) The U.S. Department of State lists the following items as additional considered beneficial effects of designation: Official designation of a group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization also triggers more robust means of combat under the Authorization for Use of Military Force act enacted in 2001, which
316-605: A basis for revocation, the petitioning FTO must provide evidence that the circumstances forming the basis for the designation are sufficiently different as to warrant revocation. If no such review has been conducted during a five-year period with respect to a designation, then the Secretary of State is required to review the designation to determine whether revocation would be appropriate. The procedural requirements for designating an organization as an FTO also apply to any redesignation of that organization. The Secretary of State may revoke
395-421: A book on political philosophy in 1999. The ground he covers is the same as that covered by Javad Tabatabaei: The Platonizing adaptation of Greek political philosophy by Farabi (died 950), its synthesis of the "eternal wisdom" of Persian statecraft by Abu'l-Hasan Amiri (died 991) and Mushkuya Razi (died 1030), the juristic theories of al-Mawardi and Ghazali, and Nizam al-Mulk's treatise on statecraft. He ends with
474-462: A consolation prize for failed presidential candidates. Mohammad Khatami Mohammad Khatami ( Persian : سید محمد خاتمی , romanized : Seyd Mohammad Khātami , pronounced [mohæmˈmæde xɒːtæˈmiː] ; born 14 October 1943) is an Iranian reformist politician who served as the fifth president of Iran from 3 August 1997 to 3 August 2005. He also served as Iran's Minister of Culture from 1982 to 1992. Later, he
553-549: A designated FTO. United States Secretary of State The United States secretary of state ( SecState ) is a member of the executive branch of the federal government and the head of the Department of State . The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's Cabinet , after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the presidential line of succession ; first amongst cabinet secretaries. Created in 1789 with Thomas Jefferson as its first office holder,
632-525: A designation or redesignation at any time upon a finding that the circumstances that were the basis for the designation or redesignation have changed in such a manner as to warrant revocation, or that the national security of the United States warrants a revocation. The same procedural requirements apply to revocations made by the Secretary of State as apply to designations or redesignations. A designation may also be revoked by an Act of Congress, or set aside by
711-628: A detailed "administrative record", which is a compilation of information, typically including both classified and open sources information, demonstrating that the statutory criteria for designation have been satisfied. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury , decides to make the designation, the United States Congress is notified of
790-492: A discussion of the revival of political philosophy in Safavid Isfahan in the second half of the 17th century. Further, Khatami shares with Tabatabaei the idea of the "decline" of Muslim political thought beginning at the very outset, after Farabi. Like Tabatabaei, Khatami brings in the sharply contrasting Aristotelian view of politics to highlight the shortcomings of Muslim political thought. Khatami has also lectured on
869-424: A dynamic reform thrust that injected hope into Iranian society, whipped up a dormant nation after eight years of war with Iraq in the 1980s and the costly post-conflict reconstruction, and incorporated terms in the political lexicon of young Iranians that were not previously embedded in the national discourse, nor did they count as priorities for the majority of the people. The day of his election, 2 Khordad, 1376, in
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#1733085171919948-547: A group of young Iranian artists and activists, organized a ceremony in Khatami's honor. The ceremony was held on Yalda night at Tehran's Bahman Farhangsara Hall. The ceremony, titled " A Night with The Man with the Chocolate Robe " by the organizers, was widely attended by teenagers and younger adults. One of the presenters and organizers of the ceremony was Pegah Ahangarani , a popular young Iranian actress. The event did not get
1027-523: A lot of advance publicity, but it drew a huge amount of attention afterwards. In addition to formal reports on the event by the BBC , IRNA , and other major news agencies, googling the term "مردی با عبای شکلاتی" ("The Man with the Chocolate Robe" in Persian) shows thousands of results of mainly young Iranians' blogs mentioning the event. It was arguably the first time in the history of Iran that an event in such fashion
1106-1042: A process of moving from confrontation to conciliation. In Khatami's notion of foreign policy, there was no " clash of civilizations ", he favored instead a " Dialogue Among Civilizations ". Relations with the US remained marred by mutual suspicion and distrust, but during Khatami's two terms, Tehran increasingly made efforts to play a greater role in the Persian Gulf region and beyond. As President, Khatami met with many influential figures including Pope John Paul II , Koichiro Matsuura , Jacques Chirac , Johannes Rau , Vladimir Putin , Abdulaziz Bouteflika , Mahathir Mohamad and Hugo Chávez . In 2003, Khatami refused to meet militant Iraqi cleric Moqtada al-Sadr . However, Khatami attended Hafez al-Assad 's funeral in 2000 and told new Syrian president Bashar al-Assad that "the Iranian government and people would stand by and support him". On 8 August 1998,
1185-503: A remarkable election. Voter turnout was nearly 80%. Despite limited television airtime, most of which went to the conservative Speaker of Parliament and favored candidate Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri , Khatami received 70 percent of the vote. "Even in Qom, the center of theological training in Iran and a conservative stronghold, 70% of voters cast their ballots for Khatami." He was re-elected on 8 June 2001 for
1264-606: A response to Samuel P. Huntington's 1992 theory of a Clash of Civilizations . The United Nations later proclaimed the year 2001 as the Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations , on Khatami's suggestion. During his two terms as president, Khatami advocated freedom of expression , tolerance and civil society , constructive diplomatic relations with other states, including those in Asia and the European Union , and an economic policy that supported
1343-465: A second term and stepped down on 3 August 2005 after serving his maximum two consecutive terms under the Islamic Republic's constitution . Khatami supporters have been described as a "coalition of strange bedfellows, including traditional leftists, business leaders who wanted the state to open up the economy and allow more foreign investment, and younger voters. Khatami’s ascendancy was a prelude to
1422-428: Is deemed upon the society, and the elite and the intellectuals in particular, not to remain indifferent at the dawn of democracy and allow freedom to be hijacked. After his presidency, Khatami founded two NGOs which he currently heads: Notable events in Khatami's career after his presidency include: On 22 December 2005, a few months after the end of Khatami's presidency, the monthly magazine Chelcheragh , along with
1501-515: Is fundamental restructuring". For much of his first term, Khatami saw through the implementation of Iran's second five-year development plan. On 15 September 1999, Khatami presented a new five-year plan to the Majlis. Aimed at the period from 2000 to 2004, the plan called for economic reconstruction in a broader context of social and political development. The specific economic reforms included "an ambitious program to privatize several major industries ...
1580-404: Is in the trust of the people who have been delegated with power to function as representatives through franchise. So such power, once considered Divine Grace, has now been reduced to an earthly power that can be criticized and evaluated by earthly beings. Instances show that although due to some traces of despotic mode of background we have not even been a fair critique of those in power, however, it
1659-643: Is married to Zahra Eshraghi , a feminist human rights activist and granddaughter of Ruhollah Khomeini (founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran ). Khatami's other brother, Ali Khatami , a businessman with a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn , served as the President's Chief of Staff during President Khatami's second term in office, where he kept an unusually low profile. Khatami's eldest sister, Fatemeh Khatami,
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#17330851719191738-532: Is still in force today. As of December 1, 2021, the following organizations are designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations: The following groups have been removed from the Department of State's list as of December 1, 2021, most due to having been disbanded and thus being no longer active. The PMOI had been designated a "foreign terrorist organisation" in 1997 in order to improve relations with Tehran and then president Mohammad Khatami . In November 2013,
1817-611: The Guardian Council banned thousands of candidates, including most of the reformist members of the parliament and all the candidates of the Islamic Iran Participation Front party from running. This led to a win by the conservatives of at least 70% of the seats. Approximately 60% of the eligible voting population participated in the elections. Khatami recalled his strong opposition against holding an election his government saw as unfair and not free. He also narrated
1896-468: The Iranian calendar , is regarded as the starting date of "reforms" in Iran. His followers are therefore usually known as the " 2nd of Khordad Movement ". Khatami is regarded as Iran's first reformist president, since the focus of his campaign was on the rule of law, democracy, and the inclusion of all Iranians in the political decision-making process. However, his policies of reform led to repeated clashes with
1975-590: The Taliban massacred 4,000 Shias in the town of Mazar-i-Sharif , Afghanistan. It also attacked and killed 11 Iranian diplomats with an Iranian journalist among them. The rest of the diplomats were taken hostage. Ayatollah Khamenei ordered the amassing of troops near the Iran Afghanistan border to enter Afghanistan and fight the Taliban. Over 70,000 Iranian troops were placed along the borders of Afghanistan. Khatami halted
2054-508: The United States Department of the Treasury , also has the authority to designate individuals and entities as subject to counter-terrorism sanctions according to Executive Order 13224 . The Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) maintains a separate list of such individuals and entities. The Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism (CT) of the United States Department of State continually monitors
2133-456: The funeral of Pope John Paul II because of alphabetical order. Later, Katsav shook hands and spoke with Khatami. Katsav himself is in origin an Iranian Jew , and from a part of Iran close to Khatami's home; he stated that they had spoken about their home province. That would make this incident the first official political contact between Iran and Israel since diplomatic ties were severed in 1979. However, after he returned to Iran, Khatami
2212-476: The secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments. Secretary of state is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level $ 246,400, as of January 2024. The current secretary of state is Antony Blinken , who
2291-470: The "twin bills" as the key to the progress of reforms in Iran. The bills were approved by the parliament but were eventually vetoed by the Guardian Council. Press freedom, civil society, women’s rights, religious tolerance, dialogue and political development were concepts that constituted the core of Khatami’s ideology, who as a cleric faced immeasurable pressure on behalf of the orthodox seminarians over
2370-657: The District of Columbia Circuit not later than 30 days after the designation is published in the Federal Register. Under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , the FTO may file a petition for revocation two years after the designation date (or in the case of redesignated FTOs, its most recent redesignation date) or two years after the determination date on its most recent petition for revocation. In order to provide
2449-529: The Secretary's intent to designate the organization and given seven days to review the designation, as the INA requires. Upon the expiration of the seven-day waiting period, notice of the designation is published in the Federal Register , at which point the designation takes effect. An organization designated as an FTO may seek judicial review of the designation in the United States Court of Appeals for
United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-689: The State Department listed the Nigerian terrorist organization Boko Haram as an FTO. In 2014, Republican members of Congress criticized the State Department for not designating the group as an FTO earlier. In August 2014 the Christian Science Monitor reported that U.S. military was coordinating with Kurdish forces in Iraq, including elements of the PKK , seemingly in violation of the ban on assistance to
2607-477: The Supreme Leader and are considered to be applying his will. "But", Khatami said, "the Guardian Council kept neither the Supreme Leader's nor its own word [...] and we were faced with a situation in which we had to choose between holding the election or risking huge unrest [...] and so damaging the regime". At this point, student protesters repeatedly chanted the slogan "Jannati is the nation's enemy", referring to
2686-660: The West. Khatami believes that the modern world in which we live is such that Iranian youth are confronted with new ideas and is receptive of foreign habits. He also believes that the limitation on youth leads to separation of them from the regime and calls them into Satanic cultures. He predicted that even worse, the youth will learn and accept the MTV culture. This fact leads to secularization. In terms of Islamic values, Mohammad Khatami encouraged film makers to include themes such as self-sacrifice, martyrdom, and revolutionary patience. When Khatami
2765-519: The activities of groups active around the world to identify targets for the "terrorist" designation. When reviewing potential targets, S/CT looks at the actual attacks that a group has carried out, as well as whether the group has engaged in planning and preparations for possible future acts of violence or retains the capability and intent to carry out such acts. Once a target is identified, the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism prepares
2844-474: The army, the revolutionary guards, the state radio and television, and the prisons. (See Politics of Iran ). Khatami presented the so-called "twin bills" to the parliament during his term in office, these two pieces of proposed legislation would have introduced small but key changes to the national election laws of Iran and also presented a clear definition of the president's power to prevent constitutional violations by state institutions. Khatami himself described
2923-443: The chairman of the Guardian Council. Khatami replied, "If you are the representative of the nation, then we are the nation's enemy". However, after clarification by students stating that "Jannati, not Khatami", he took advantage of the opportunity to claim a high degree of freedom in Iran. When the Guardian Council announced the final list of candidates on 30 January 125 reformist members of parliament declared that they would boycott
3002-795: The changes he was advocating. He inducted his Westward charm offensive by engaging the European Union, and became the first Iranian president to travel to Austria , France , Germany , Greece , Italy , Norway and Spain . From the University of St Andrews in Scotland to the World Economic Forum in Davos and the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, he was frequently solicited to give talks at reputed venues to articulate
3081-399: The country's cinema space became more open. With a glance at this period, it can be seen that most filmmakers turned their attention to making films with social themes. Iran Music House and Music Festival of Iran's regions institutes it was founded in this period. Iran's National Orchestra founded in 1998 under the conduction of Farhad Fakhreddini . In February 2004, Parliament elections ,
3160-623: The courses to the highest level, Ijtihad . After that, he briefly settled in Germany to chair the Islamic Centre in Hamburg from 1978 to 1980. Before serving as president, Khatami was a representative in the parliament from 1980 to 1982, supervisor of the Kayhan Institute, Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance (1982–1986), and then for a second term from 1989 to 24 May 1992 (when he resigned),
3239-405: The creation of 750,000 new jobs per year, average annual real GDP growth of six percent over the period, reduction in subsidies for basic commodities...plus a wide range of fiscal and structural reforms". Unemployment remained a major problem, with Khatami's five-year plan lagging behind in job creation. Only 300,000 new jobs were created in the first year of the plan, well short of the 750,000 that
United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-539: The decline in Muslim political thought in terms of the transition from political philosophy to royal policy (siyasat-i shahi) and its imputation to the prevalence of "forceful domination" ( taghallub ) in Islamic history. In his "Letter for Tomorrow", he wrote: This government is proud to announce that it heralded the era where the sanctity of power has been turned into the legitimacy of critique and criticism of that power, which
3397-549: The defeated reformist candidates in the disputed 2009 re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . Khatami was born on 14 October 1943, in the small town of Ardakan , in Yazd Province into a sayyid family. He married Zohreh Sadeghi , the daughter of a professor of religious law, and niece of Musa al-Sadr , in 1974 (at the age of 31). The couple have two daughters and one son: Laila (born 1975), Narges (born 1980), and Emad (born 1988). Khatami's father, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khatami ,
3476-419: The department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department. The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States foreign service and immigration policy and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising
3555-482: The election and resign their seats, and the Reformist interior minister declared that the election would not be held on the scheduled date, 20 February. However, Khatami then announced that the election would be held on time, and he rejected the resignations of his cabinet ministers and provincial governors. These actions paved the way for the election to be held and signaled a split between the radical and moderate wings of
3634-488: The energy sector, the building industry, and other sectors of the country's industrial base. The country's external debt was cut from $ 12.1 billion to $ 7.9 billion, its lowest level since the Iran- Iraq cease-fire. The World Bank granted $ 232 million for health and sewage projects after a hiatus of about seven years. The government, for the first time since the 1979 wholesale financial nationalization, authorized
3713-400: The establishment of two private banks and one private insurance company. The OECD lowered the risk factor for doing business in Iran to four from six (on a scale of seven). The government's own figures put the number of people under the absolute poverty line in 2001 at 15.5% of the total population – down from 18% in 1997, and those under relative poverty at 25%, thus classifying some 40% of
3792-501: The extradition of fugitives to foreign countries. Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state. Accordingly, the resignations of President Richard Nixon and of Vice President Spiro Agnew were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to
3871-521: The form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries. What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind. Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of
3950-459: The hardline and conservative Islamists in the Iranian government, who control powerful governmental organizations like the Guardian Council , whose members are appointed by the Supreme Leader. As President, according to the Iranian political system, Khatami was outranked by the Supreme Leader . Thus, Khatami had no legal authority over key state institutions such as the armed forces, the police,
4029-634: The head of the National Library of Iran from 1992 to 1997, and a member of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution . He is a member and chairman of the Central Council of the Association of Combatant Clerics . Besides his native language Persian , Khatami speaks Arabic, English, and German. Running on a reform agenda, Khatami was elected president on 23 May 1997, in what many have described as
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#17330851719194108-583: The highest-ranking Iranian politician to visit the United States , excluding annual diplomatic trips of chief executives to the UN headquarters in New York. He gave a speech at the Washington National Cathedral and continued his US tour by addressing Harvard University, Georgetown University and the University of Virginia . From 1995 to 2005, Khatami's administration successfully reduced the rate of fall in
4187-1312: The highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in line to succeed the presidency , after the vice president , the speaker of the House of Representatives , and the president pro tempore of the Senate . Six past secretaries of state – Jefferson , Madison , Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Van Buren and Buchanan – have gone on to be elected president. Others, including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , Lewis Cass , John C. Calhoun , John M. Clayton , William L. Marcy , William Seward , Edward Everett , Jeremiah S. Black , James Blaine , Elihu B. Washburne , Thomas F. Bayard , John Sherman , Walter Q. Gresham , William Jennings Bryan , Philander C. Knox , Charles Evans Hughes , Elihu Root , Cordell Hull , Edmund Muskie , Alexander Haig , John Kerry , and Hillary Clinton have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as secretary of state, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of secretary of state has therefore been viewed to be
4266-524: The historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings. Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House , and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over
4345-471: The invasion and looked to the UN for help. Soon he was placed in talks. Later Iran entered negotiations with the Taliban, the diplomats were released. Khatami and his advisers had managed to keep Iran from entering war with the Taliban. After the 2003 earthquake in Bam , the Iranian government rebuffed Israel's offer of assistance. On 8 April 2005, Khatami sat near Iranian-born Israeli President Moshe Katsav during
4424-490: The invited speakers of the conference. The event was followed by a celebration of the historical city of Yazd , one of the most famous cities in Persian history and Khatami's birthplace. Khatami also announced that he is about to launch a television program to promote intercultural dialogue. Khatami contemplated running in the 2009 Iranian presidential election . In December 2008, 194 alumni of Sharif University of Tech wrote
4503-440: The new Iranian vision and tell the world how he wanted to portray his people’s aspirations. Khatami's economic policies followed the previous government's commitment to industrialization. At a macro-economic level, Khatami continued the liberal policies that Rafsanjani had embarked on in the state's first five-year economic development plan (1990–1995). On 10 April 2005, Khatami cited economic development, large-scale operations of
4582-462: The originator, contributor, and editor of an historic and unprecedented collection of letters addressing all facets of Islamic-Western and U.S.–Iranian relations entitled Letters to Khatami: A Reply To The Iranian President's Call For A Dialogue Among Civilizations which was published in the U.S. by Wyndham Hall Press in July 2001. To date, this book is the only published reply Khatami has ever received from
4661-488: The performance of high-ranking officials. During this period, the Association of Iranian Journalists , the national union of journalists in Iran was established in October 1376 after Mohammad Khatami took office. National Library and Archive of Iran It was completed with Khatami's follow-up. and banned books were allowed to be printed as Kelidar . Bahram Beyzai , Abbas Kiarostami They did many activities during this period and
4740-543: The plan called for. The 2004 World Bank report on Iran concludes that "after 24 years marked by internal post-revolutionary strife, international isolation, and deep economic volatility, Iran is slowly emerging from a long period of uncertainty and instability". At the macroeconomic level, real GDP growth rose from 2.4% in 1997 to 5.9% in 2000. Unemployment was reduced from 16.2% of the labor force to less than 14%. The consumer price index fell to less than 13% from more than 17%. Both public and private investments increased in
4819-561: The population as poor. Private estimates indicate higher figures. Among 155 countries in a 2001 world survey, Iran under Khatami was 150th in terms of openness to the global economy. On the United Nations Human Development scale, Iran ranked 90th out of 162 countries, only slightly better than its previous position at 97 out of 175 countries four years earlier. The overall risk of doing business in Iran improved only marginally from "D" to "C". One of his economic strategies
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#17330851719194898-514: The position of religion in the modern world. Former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan , former Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik , former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi , former French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin , former Swiss President Joseph Deiss , former Portuguese President Jorge Sampaio , former Irish President Mary Robinson , former Sri Lankan President Chandrika Kumaratunga and former UNESCO director general Federico Mayor as well as several other scholars were among
4977-514: The president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in
5056-475: The private sector in the country's economic arena and 6% economic growth as among the achievements of his government. He allocated $ 5 billion to the private sector for promoting the economy, adding that the value of contracts signed in this regard has reached $ 10 billion. A year into his first term as president of Iran, Khatami acknowledged Iran's economic challenges, stating that the economy was, "chronically ill...and it will continue to be so unless there
5135-480: The reactionary stances of the earlier decades of the revolution. He represented hope for the masses who desired change that differed in nature from what they had experienced in 1979, and yet a change that preserved Iran’s Islamic republican system. In the first years of his presidency, relative freedom of the press was formed in the country, and for the first time after the summer of 1360, some opposition forces were able to print publications or publish articles criticizing
5214-466: The reformist movement. Following earlier works by the philosopher Dariush Shayegan , in early 1997, during his presidential campaign, Khatami introduced the theory of Dialogue Among Civilizations as a response to Samuel P. Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory. He introduced this concept in the United Nations in 1998. Consequently, on 4 November 1998 the UN adopted a resolution proclaiming
5293-573: The responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the secretary of state must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction . As
5372-516: The secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a secretary or minister of foreign affairs in other countries. The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the Senate . The secretary of state, along with
5451-497: The story of his visit to the Supreme Leader, Khamenei, together with the Parliament's spokesman (considered the head of the legislature) and a list of conditions they had handed him before they could hold the elections. The list, he said, was then passed on to the Guardian Council, the legal supervisor and major obstacle to holding free and competitive elections in recent years. The members of the Guardian Council are appointed directly by
5530-399: The value of the Iranian rial bettering even the record of Mousavi . Nevertheless, the currency continued to fall from 2,046 to 9,005 to the U.S. dollar during his term as president. Khatami's moderate policies also differed sharply from those of his radical opponents, who sought stricter Islamic rule. Thus, the moderate Khatami all-inclusive and pluralistic message posed a stark contrast to
5609-459: The year 2001 as the United Nations' Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations , as per Khatami's suggestion. Pleading for the moralization of politics, Khatami argued that "the political translation of dialogue among civilizations would consist in arguing that culture, morality, and art must prevail on politics". President Khatami's call for a dialogue among civilizations elicited a published reply from an American author, Anthony J. Dennis, who served as
5688-605: Was a high-ranking cleric and the Khatib (the one who delivers the sermon for Friday prayers) in the city of Yazd in the early years of the Iranian Revolution . Khatami's brother, Mohammad-Reza Khatami , was elected as Tehran's first member of parliament in the 6th term of parliament, during which he served as deputy speaker of the parliament. He also served as the secretary-general of Islamic Iran Participation Front (Iran's largest reformist party) for several years. Mohammad Reza
5767-578: Was confirmed on January 26, 2021, by the Senate by a vote of 78–22. The secretary of state originates from the government under the Articles of Confederation . The Congress of the Confederation established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs. After the Constitution of the United States was ratified, the 1st United States Congress reestablished
5846-408: Was critical of the government of subsequent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . Little known internationally before becoming president, Khatami attracted attention during his first election to the presidency when he received almost 70% of the vote. Khatami had run on a platform of liberalization and reform. During his election campaign, Khatami proposed the idea of Dialogue Among Civilizations as
5925-597: Was elected as the first representative of the people of Ardakan (Khatami's hometown) in 1999 city council elections. Mohammad Khatami is not related to Ahmad Khatami , a hardline cleric and Provisional Friday Prayer Leader of Tehran. Mohammad Khatami received a BA in Western philosophy at Isfahan University , but left academia while studying for a master's degree in educational sciences at Tehran University and went to Qom to complete his previous studies in Islamic sciences. He studied there for seven years and completed
6004-445: Was held in honor of a head of government. Some weblog reports of the evening described the general atmosphere of the event as "similar to a concert!", and some reported that "Khatami was treated like a pop star" among the youth and teenagers in attendance during the ceremony. Many bloggers also accused him of falling short of his promises of a safer, more democratic Iran. In October 2008, Khatami organized an international conference on
6083-504: Was on the basis of absorbing foreign and domestic capital resources for the privatization of the economy. Therefore, in 2001, the organization of privatization was established. Also the government encourages people to buy shares in private companies by providing incentives. Also Iran succeeded to convince the World Bank to approve loans totaling 432 billion dollars to the country. During Khatami's presidency, Iran's foreign policy began
6162-515: Was subject to harsh criticism from conservatives for having "recognised" Israel by speaking to its president. Subsequently, the country's state-run media reported that Khatami strongly denied shaking hands and chatting with Katsav. In 2003, Iran approached the United States with proposals to negotiate all outstanding issues including the nuclear issue and a two-state settlement for Israel and the Palestinians . In 2006, and as an ex-president, he became
6241-486: Was the minister of culture, he believed that cinema was not limited to the mosque and it is necessary to pay attention to entertaining aspects of cinema and not limiting it to religious aspect. Khatami's main research field is political philosophy . One of Khatami's academic mentors was Javad Tabatabaei , an Iranian political philosopher. Later on Khatami became a University lecturer at Tarbiat Modarres University, where he taught political philosophy. Khatami also published
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