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84-550: Keller Fountain Park is a city park in downtown Portland , Oregon . Originally named Forecourt Fountain or Auditorium Forecourt, the 0.92-acre (0.37 ha) park opened in 1970 across Third Avenue from what was then Civic Auditorium. In 1978, the park was renamed after Ira C. Keller , head of the Portland Development Commission (PDC) from 1958 to 1972. Civic Auditorium was renamed as Keller Auditorium in 2000, but

168-660: A boil-water advisory to its customers west of the Willamette River on November 28, 2009, as well as customers of the Valley View, Burlington and Palatine Hill water districts. The advisory was lifted on November 29, 2009. Another EPA rule, the Long Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2) of 2000, has been the subject of controversy between the EPA and the City of Portland. This supplement to

252-513: A landscape architect. I had gone off to Europe and saw them published there. They had to do with representation and meaning but also had an exuberance. They are landmark pieces. When Ada Louis Huxtable wrote in The New York Times that Forecourt Fountain (in front of Keller Auditorium) was the greatest civic fountain since the Renaissance, I knew she was right. They were also transformative for

336-581: A misdemeanor criminal mischief . The public shaming of the teen caused the incident to be discussed in many places, including KATU , The Oregonian , The Portland Mercury ("This is what happens when you screw with the Water Bureau"), and The New York Times ("Don't mess with the Portland Water Bureau"). The fountain was soaped at least four times in August 2007 alone. From May to late August 1996

420-468: A plan to revitalize downtown Portland. Moses charted a highway loop around the city's central freeways, which would become Interstate 405 as it links with I-5 south of downtown. Additionally the creation of a downtown transit mall in 1977 , a new waterfront park in 1978 (later named after Governor Tom McCall ) in place of a freeway , the creation of the Pioneer Courthouse Square in 1984,

504-598: A portion of the nearby Lloyd District after 2001. However, in 2010, free rides became limited to MAX and streetcar service – no longer covering bus service – and the zone renamed the "Free Rail Zone", and in September 2012 the fareless zone was discontinued entirely, because of a $ 12 million shortfall in TriMet's annual budget. Several high-rise buildings are located in downtown Portland. The five tallest are: Portland Water Bureau The Portland Water Bureau

588-530: A recall effort against Mann, Baker, Riley, and Langley. After Governor Julius Meier sent forensic accountant Frank Akin to find corruption at the Port of Portland , Akin turned to the Water Bureau. Akin was murdered the day before he was slated to present Port evidence to the Oregon state legislature , when he was only a month into his Water Bureau investigation. Many rumors swirled around Akin's death, and his report on

672-515: A safety wall. City officials were worried about liability from falls and had wanted a fence put across the top. Trees in the park include shore pines . For many years, the park has been home to a popular food cart serving bento. In 1987, Tom Grant played a piano solo in the park for a KGW TV public service advertisement. In 1988, a parade and march of The Music Man began at the fountain, walking to Pioneer Courthouse Square with actors John Davidson and Sally Spencer . In September 2008,

756-466: A side, to create more corner lots that were expected to be more valuable. The small blocks also made downtown Portland pleasant to walk through. The 264-foot (80 m) long combined blocks divide one mile (1.6 km) of road into exactly 20 separate blocks. By comparison, Seattle 's blocks are 240 by 320 feet (73 m × 98 m), and Manhattan 's east–west streets are divided into blocks that are from 600–800 feet (183–244 m) long. By

840-820: A tributary of the Bull Run River. In addition, the Safe Drinking Water Act , the Clean Water Act , the Northwest Forest Plan , and the Endangered Species Act all regulate the unit. Although the BRWMU is generally closed to the public, the Portland Water Bureau offers tours of the watershed, usually in the summer or fall. In addition, the Pacific Crest Trail , heavily used for hiking, crosses

924-406: A violent clash between Portland police and antiwar protesters, the dedication took on the mood of a Wild West drama as city officials gathered for speeches at the foot of the fountain and hundreds of youths assembled at the top. When the spigots released the fountain's 13,000-gallon-a-minute flow, however, any tensions quickly dissolved. While the officials politely applauded, the youths jumped in to

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1008-544: A windstorm. Between 1958 and 1993, when all timber-cutting operations ceased in the BRWMU, about 14,500 acres (59 km ), roughly 22 percent of the water-supply drainage, had been logged. Subsequent legislation affecting the watershed included federal designation in 1994 of about 75 percent of the BRWMU as a reserve for protecting the Northern Spotted Owl and other species dependent on old-growth forests . This designation further restricted logging. In 1996,

1092-518: Is Michael Stuhr. Budgeted departmental revenues for fiscal year 2015–16 included about $ 157 million for charges for services. In 1843 or 1844, William Overton and Asa Lovejoy , while traveling by canoe from Fort Vancouver to Oregon City , stopped to rest on the west bank of the Willamette River and agreed it would be a good place for a town. Laying claim to 640 acres (260 ha) of riverfront land, they founded what in 1851 became

1176-399: Is located just below Dam 2, at river mile (RM) 6.2 or river kilometer (RK) 10.0 . This is where water is diverted from the river for chlorination and then routed into distribution conduits for delivery to Portland. The average rate of the water flow at the headworks is about 773 cubic feet per second (21.9 m /s). About 23 percent of the watershed's annual runoff is diverted to

1260-568: Is named in honor of Ira's son, Richard B. Keller. The central feature of the park is the concrete water fountain. Keller Fountain is often noted as a memorable feature of the public landscape in downtown Portland, and in 1999 was awarded a medallion from the American Society of Landscape Architects . The fountain was designed by Angela Danadjieva using inspiration from waterfalls in the Columbia River Gorge located east of Portland. While

1344-407: Is of such high quality, among the best in the U.S., that it does not need to be filtered. The bureau monitors water quality at Bull Run Lake, the two reservoirs, the mouths of the four major tributaries that enter the reservoirs, and at the raw-water intake at the headworks. The supply complies with all state and federal regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). To treat the raw water,

1428-679: Is the farthest east, while most of the high-rises end by I-405 to the west. Interstate 5 runs on the opposite bank of the river, crossing over on the Marquam Bridge. U.S. Route 26 connects downtown Portland to the Oregon Coast and the Cascade Range . Downtown is also served by several forms of public transportation. TriMet , the regional mass transit agency, operates MAX light rail on two alignments in downtown, one running east–west on Yamhill and Morrison streets and north–south on 1st Avenue,

1512-603: Is the municipal water department for the city of Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon . The bureau manages a water supply that comes mainly from the Bull Run River in the foothills of the Cascade Range east of the city and secondarily from the Columbia South Shore Well Field near the Columbia River . As of 2023, Mingus Mapps was the city commissioner in charge of the bureau, and the chief administrator

1596-691: The First Regiment Armory Annex into the LEED Platinum-rated performing arts center, said that in 25 years, "I hope [the Armory is] loved by the city. I hope people love to see plays there or have a meeting there or whatever, that it becomes just a cool thing in the city, like the Keller Fountain". In 2006, Laurie Olin said the Halprin's Portland sequence was "a huge influence on even becoming

1680-696: The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 , established the Bull Run Forest Reserve, later included in the Bull Run National Forest . This law prohibited settlement in the 142,000-acre (570 km ) reserve and made it easier for the committee to acquire private land and water rights in the basin. Despite the new restrictions, fishing, hunting, camping, and cattle and sheep grazing were still allowed. The committee sought further restrictions, and in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law

1764-842: The National Register of Historic Places . The Washington Park reservoirs and their gatehouses and fences are also listed on the National Register. From the storage reservoirs, much of the water flows or is pumped into 64 water-storage tanks distributed around the city to provide each neighborhood with enough water pressure for regular use and for firefighting. Tanks of concrete or steel are either buried, partly buried, at ground-level, elevated, or set up as cylindrical standpipes . Concrete tanks hold between 60,000 US gallons (230 m ) and 4 million gallons (15,000 m ) , and steel tanks hold from 30,000 US gallons (110 m ) to more than 5 million gallons (19,000 m ) . The oldest tanks in

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1848-644: The Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. High-density business and residential districts near downtown include the Lloyd District , across the river from the northern part of downtown, and the South Waterfront area, just south of downtown in the South Portland neighborhood. Portland's downtown features narrow streets—64 feet (20 m) wide—and square, compact blocks 200 feet (61 m) on

1932-661: The Oregon Resources Conservation Act generally prohibited logging on all Forest Service lands within the Bull Run water-supply drainage and another 3,500 acres (14 km ) of land that drained to the lower Bull Run River. In 2001, President George W. Bush signed the Little Sandy Act, which extended the prohibitions to the entire BRWMU and expanded it to include public lands along the Little Sandy River ,

2016-463: The Portland Water Bureau suggested mothballing fountains, including the Keller Fountain. The Oregonian stated "administrator Mike Rosenberger said the fountains were not an essential service, but he conceded that he would probably be taken out and shot before the public allowed him to shut the water off". Vandalism from "Soaping", putting dish detergent in the fountain, has been common, and

2100-740: The Time-Based Art Festival included the "City Dance of Lawrence and Anna Halprin", held at the fountain. The Oregonian called the performance "a major event and brilliant achievement". The event included music by Morton Subotnick . In June 1970, Ada Louise Huxtable said it "may be one of the most important urban spaces since the Renaissance", comparing it to the Piazza Navona and the Trevi Fountain . An article for The New York Times by Ivan Doig discussed how Portland's "livability" didn't contribute to its "visitability", pointing out that

2184-414: The incorporated city of Portland. Relying entirely on water from wells until the mid-1850s, Portland residents became concerned when polluted drainage from the city's growing number of houses began to contaminate the wells. In 1856, Pioneer Water Works, a private company, got permission from Portland's government to pipe water from Caruthers Creek to some of these homes. Twice changing hands and becoming

2268-613: The Bull Run Trespass Act to further protect the reserve and the water. Over the next half-century, the Portland Water Board, the committee's successor, added diversion structures, storage reservoirs, treatment equipment, and water conduits to the original system. However, by the mid-1950s, the City of Portland and the United States Forest Service began to strongly disagree about logging in and public access to

2352-527: The Bull Run Watershed Management Unit (BRWMU) and removed Portland's control over the fraction of the reserve that had been opened to recreation in 1959. Although the new law allowed hydropower production within the BRWMU, the unit's main purpose was to produce pure drinking water for the City of Portland and other entities in the Portland metropolitan area . Shortly thereafter, the City built

2436-507: The Bull Run stream agreed to sell their rights for nominal fees. One exception was a civil engineer who, based on his own investigations, had bought land and water rights along the river in hopes of re-selling them to the city. After much negotiating, he relinquished his rights in 1888. In 1891, the Oregon Legislature authorized the city to sell bonds to pay for the Bull Run project, which began delivering water to Portland in 1895. When

2520-595: The Bull Run water first arrived in Portland in January 1895, Pennoyer was asked to give a toast. "After tasting his glass of Bull Run water he commented that it had neither body nor flavor; he much preferred the old Willamette". To protect the water supply from contamination, the committee sought federal help in reducing logging and tree-clearing in the watershed. In 1892, President Benjamin Harrison , using powers granted to him by

2604-587: The Bull Run water was first tested for PPCPs in August 2006, the water bureau found an extremely low level, 9.2 parts per trillion of caffeine . Regulated contaminants are generally measured in parts per billion, which is a thousand times larger than parts per trillion. Tests of the groundwater in October 2007 found extremely low levels (25 parts per trillion or less) of acetaminophen , caffeine, ibuprofen , and sulfamethoxazole . Testing in April and May 2008 found no PPCPs in

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2688-491: The Bull Run watershed, sources of giardia and fecal coliform bacteria are limited to wildlife such as deer, elk , cougar , and North American beaver . Sources of Cryptosporidium include most species of wild mammals and several bird species. A fence around the diversion pool at the headworks prevents direct animal contact with water near the system intake. All water supplied by Portland's public water system meets or surpasses federal and state drinking water standards. Each year,

2772-629: The Clean Water Act of 1996 was designed to reduce illness linked to Cryptosporidium and other microbes in drinking-water systems. The rule, which applies to any drinking-water system in the U.S. that uses surface water or groundwater, is relevant to about 14,000 systems. The City of Portland has argued that the Cryptosporidium threat to the city's water is so low that the EPA rule should not apply to Portland, but its efforts to seek legal or legislative relief have been unsuccessful. A legal challenge

2856-698: The Columbia River to Powell Butte, where it mixes with Bull Run water. From Powell Butte, water can flow by gravity to places as far away as parts of Washington County , west of Portland. The Washington County Supply Line, 14 miles (23 km) long, can deliver up to 60 million gallons (230,000 m ) a day to customers in Tualatin , the Tualatin Valley and Raleigh Hills . Overall, the City of Portland provides water to residents of Portland and 19 suburban cities and water districts comprising nearly 25 percent of

2940-587: The Forecourt Fountain and lunchtime was "one more moment of Portland's showing some loveliness and then getting back to its self-assured routine of life". The Oregonian wrote that Halprin's parks "changed the way American landscape architects thought about city parks, and it sparked a Portland tradition of great urban plazas and parks". In 2003, New York's Thomas Balsley said, "I love the Lovejoy and Forecourt fountains" when asked what Portland open spaces stood out

3024-662: The Oregon population. In addition to the reservoir at Powell Butte, as of 2009 the city of Portland has five large open drinking water reservoirs and an underground reservoir in two city parks at lower elevations, and is working on a second reservoir at Powell Butte. Reservoirs 1, 5, and 6, which are open, and Reservoir 7, which is underground, are in Mount Tabor Park in southeast Portland, and Reservoirs 3 and 4 are in Washington Park in southwest Portland. Reservoir 2 at Mount Tabor

3108-581: The Pearl and Northwest Portland districts. The system currently has two routes, measuring 7.2 miles (11.6 km) end to end, and connects in South Waterfront with the Tram (aerial cableway) to Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). Starting in 1975 and continuing for almost four decades, all transit service in downtown was free , as downtown was entirely within TriMet's Fareless Square , which also covered

3192-561: The Portland Hydroelectric Project, which included two powerhouses and a transmission line. Logging did not immediately cease in the unit because the new law allowed activities unless they could be shown to reduce water quality. While the City and the Forest Service worked on water-quality standards, logging continued on a smaller scale, including a 1983 operation to salvage about 1,700 acres (6.9 km ) of trees downed by

3276-712: The Portland Water Company, the business added new pipes and pumps to obtain water from Balch Creek and the Willamette River , but failed to meet ever-increasing demand for clean water. Based on water-quality surveys and engineering studies, the Portland Fire and Water Committee recommended in 1872 that the City build its own water system. To issue bonds to finance the project, it needed state approval. The Oregon Legislature denied approval until 1884–85, when waste from upstream factories and towns—as well as Portland's own waste, returned to Portland by tidal fluctuations on

3360-707: The SDWA, the bureau monitors the levels of disinfectant byproducts to ensure that they remain under the maximum limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and enforced by the Oregon Department of Human Services (ODHS). Since 1997, in response to targets set by the ODHS, the bureau has been adding sodium hydroxide to the water to reduce its potential for corroding lead and copper in home plumbing. The treatment, which makes

3444-594: The Willamette—;caused another pollution crisis. In the face of public protests about dirty water, the legislature relented, and the Portland Water Committee began work on a municipal system in 1885. The Water Committee was also created because of the political rivalry between Joseph Simon and John H. Mitchell . Simon was attempting to isolate the power of the Mitchell faction. The 15-member committee

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3528-481: The bureau like a dictator". Henry Gross and a local Reverend Johannsen began the effort to recall Mann and Baker, primarily over the highly indebted Water Bureau. A grand jury indicted Mann, though charges were dropped in 1931 by a new district attorney, Lotus Langley. By then, Mann, Mayor Baker, and Earl Riley were embroiled in accepting bribes for locating the Portland Public Market . Johannsen and Gross began

3612-406: The bureau uses a process called chloramination , which disinfects the water with chlorine then adds ammonia to prolong the chlorine's effectiveness. Although these additives kill microorganisms such as coloform bacteria and giardia that can cause disease in humans, they can react with naturally occurring compounds in water to form other compounds such as trihalomethanes . Under provisions of

3696-508: The city for seismic upgrades to pipes where they cross trestles above streams. The Powell Butte underground reservoir, first used in 1981, is near the intersection of Southeast 158th Avenue and Southeast Powell Boulevard in southeast Portland. The reservoir, with a capacity of 50 million gallons (190,000 m ) , has an overflow elevation of about 530 feet (160 m) above sea level. During droughts or emergencies, water can be pumped about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from city-owned wells near

3780-560: The city is attempting to reduce in order to promote higher density, create storefronts, and make downtown more vibrant. Some changes are being made slowly, such as the creation of the Smart Park garage system, and conversion of a surface-level parking lot into a park with underground parking at Park Block 5 between the Fox Tower and Park Avenue West Tower . In 2017, Human Access Project partnered with Portland Parks & Recreation to open

3864-543: The city's first officially recognized public swimming beach, Poet's Beach . In 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic , Downtown Portland faced an increase in homeless camps and a reduction in office workers due to remote work . During and after the Black Lives Matter protests, there was an increase in graffiti, property damage, and windows being boarded up. Portland is sometimes known as "Bridgetown", due to

3948-529: The city's water supply. Starting at an elevation of about 860 feet (260 m) above sea level, Bull Run water flows by gravity from the headworks through three large pipes to an underground reservoir at Powell Butte Nature Park in east Portland. The pipes, above ground in places, are vulnerable to landslides, falling trees, earthquakes, and other hazards. In 2006, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) granted $ 3 million to

4032-539: The early 1970s, parts of Portland's central city had been in decay for some time. New suburban shopping malls in the neighboring cities of Beaverton , Tigard , and Gresham competed with downtown for people and money. Unlike many downtown revitalization efforts around the United States at this time, Portland's plan did not call for widespread demolition and reconstruction. Robert Moses , the designer of New York City 's gridded freeways, expressways, and bridges, designed

4116-567: The field of landscape architecture, not all for the best, because there were a lot of bad copies and wannabes". Downtown Portland The downtown neighborhood extends west from the Willamette to Interstate 405 and south from Burnside Street to just south of the Portland State University campus (also bounded by I-405), except for a part of northeastern portion north of SW Harvey Milk Street and east of SW 3rd Ave that belongs to

4200-502: The highest lake in the watershed, is natural. When it is full, its surface is at 3,174 to 3,178 feet (967.4 to 968.7 m) above sea level. Water from the lake seeps through the ground into the river at a rate of 20 to 25 million gallons (76,000 to 95,000 m ) a day and flows into artificial reservoirs at two points further downstream. The Portland Water Bureau built Dam 1, a concrete arch-gravity dam , in 1929 to create Reservoir 1, also known as Ben Morrow Lake. The larger of

4284-403: The infrastructure of the Portland Water Company in 1886 and began a search for a superior water source, which led them to the Bull Run Watershed in 1887. A committee meeting in early 1887 selected Bull Run with only Simeon Reed opposing the development, who favored continuing to use the Willamette. Isaac W. Smith an engineer and surveyor, was commissioned to inspect any viable water supply in

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4368-400: The massive amounts of generated foam cause more than $ 1000 damage, due to the need to drain and clean the fountain. In the first "soaping" incident soap and green dye was placed in the fountain the night before it opened. Another incident happened in September 2002. In 2007, the Portland Water Bureau posted the name and photograph of a 19-year-old who placed dish soap in the fountain and received

4452-400: The middle, and Keller Fountain represents "the foothills with the roaring falls". A writer in the Oregonian said the fountain "is an abstraction of a mountain waterfall". Local architect Marcy McInelly said "they were the first full realization of a theory about reflecting forces of nature but not mimicking natural forms. People came from all over the world to see them". Bob Gerding, who turned

4536-401: The most to him. In 1999, the park was awarded a centennial medallion from the American Society of Landscape Architects in a ceremony with Vera Katz on July 29. According to Steven Koch of the Halprin Landscapes Conservancy, the parks in Lawrence's Portland Open Space Sequence represent local geography: Source Fountain is above the timberline, Lovejoy Fountain and Pettygrove Park are in

4620-495: The number of bridges that cross its two rivers. There are nine bridges entering downtown and immediately adjacent areas. The bridges are (north to south): Outside the downtown area there are three other road bridges within Portland limits that cross the Willamette River : the St. Johns Bridge and Sauvie Island Bridge (to the north) and the Sellwood Bridge (to the south). Most streets in downtown Portland are one-way. Naito Parkway (two-way, formerly known as Front Avenue)

4704-606: The open reservoirs, and it plans to treat the source water with ultraviolet UV light unless the EPA grants a variance or an acceptable alternative can be found. The EPA deadline for compliance is April 2014. Although the EPA does not require testing for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP)s in drinking water, the Portland Water Bureau monitors the Bull Run and groundwater supplies for their presence. PPCPs include prescription and non-prescription drugs for humans, veterinary drugs, vitamins, cosmetics, diagnostic agents, and other personal-care or pharmaceutical chemicals. When

4788-462: The opening of the Portland–Gresham light rail line in 1986, and the opening of Pioneer Place mall in 1990 successfully drew or retained businesses and lured customers. After 1990, downtown Portland dominated the city's development, with 500,000 square feet (46,000 m ) more development there than on the east side ( Lloyd District , Central Eastside Industrial District, and Lower Albina ). Downtown Portland has many surface parking lots , which

4872-424: The original piping being cast into the concrete. The Halprin Landscapes Conservancy was formed in 2001 and an article in The New York Times in 2008 stated that Keller was a Portland "ensemble considered to be one of Mr. Halprin's masterpieces". The park holds 75,000 US gallons (280,000 L; 62,000 imp gal) of water, pumping 13,000 US gallons (49,000 L; 11,000 imp gal) per minute through

4956-409: The other running north–south on 5th and 6th avenues. On the latter two streets, an extensive transit mall —known as the Portland Mall —limits private vehicles and provides connections between more than fifty bus lines, MAX light rail, and the Portland Streetcar . The southern part of downtown and the West End are also served by the Portland Streetcar system, operating from South Waterfront north into

5040-401: The park is named Keller Fountain Park, the fountain itself is named Ira Keller Fountain . The fountain's pools hold 75,000 US gallons (280,000 L; 62,000 imp gal) of water, while the waterfalls pump 13,000 US gallons (49,000 L; 11,000 imp gal) per minute over the cascade. Prior to being a park, the block was the location of a popular tavern run by Bud Clark , who

5124-419: The park was closed for a $ 700,000 refurbishment that included repairs and upgrades to filters and pumps, automated chlorination, restoration of cement, and updating of the lighting system. The fountain was also shut down in 1997 and 1998 for 10 months while the water bureau replaced a 1930s-era pump. The piping was also relined with cross-linked polyethylene in the spring of spring 2000, a costly operation due to

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5208-418: The rallying cries of "Right on!" "These very straight people have somehow grasped what cities can be all about," Halprin said, turning from dignitaries to revelers to emphasize the democratic spirit underlying his design. "As you play in this garden, please try to remember that we are all in this together". In 1988, the Portland Water Bureau expressed their surprise at the cost of running the fountain, which at

5292-580: The region. After considering options including Oswego Lake and the Clackamas River , Smith settled on the Bull Run River as the most likely prospect. A five-month survey trip led Smith to conclude that a gravity-flow system could deliver clean water from the river to Portland. The committee and Judge Matthew Deady drafted a bill to finance the $ 500,000 cost. It was vetoed by Governor Sylvester Pennoyer in early 1889, which led Deady to state "in view of his impracticable, cranky nature and conduct he ought to be called Sylpester Annoyer." Most landowners along

5376-446: The reserve violated the Trespass Act of 1904. He ordered that further recreation, logging, and hydropower development cease in the reserve. Because it wanted to develop hydropower along the Bull Run River, the City of Portland sought revised legislation. U.S. Representative Robert B. Duncan and U.S. Senator Mark Hatfield introduced such legislation, which led in 1977 to passage of the Bull Run Watershed Management Act. It established

5460-408: The samples; if a positive sample is found, three more samples must be collected and analyzed within 24 hours. Any positive Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) sample followed by a positive total coliform sample, or a positive total coliform sample followed by a positive E. coli sample is a violation of the Total Coliform Rule. In practice, following guidelines approved by the State of Oregon in 2005,

5544-418: The system date to 1907 and 1909, while the newest tank was built in 2001. Water flows through the tanks continuously to ensure that the water reaching customers is fresh. From the tanks, water flows through underground pipes called "water mains" from which small branch pipes lead to individual water meters and then the private water pipes of individual homes and businesses. Portland's raw water from Bull Run

5628-505: The time was consuming $ 34,000 in water and $ 13,000 in electricity each year. Also in 1988, a 26-year-old Vancouver man was drowned when he attempted to swim through a small water pipe and got wedged under a concrete slab. He was taken to the Oregon Health & Science University and was listed in critical condition. According to Portland police, he had been drinking alcohol. In 1993, all city departments were requested by mayor Vera Katz to identify areas where budgets could be reduced, and

5712-440: The two reservoirs, it holds a maximum of 9.9 billion gallons (37 million m ) . In 1962, the bureau finished Dam 2, an earthfill dam with a maximum storage capacity of 6.8 billion gallons (26 million m ) . Although the two reservoirs combined can hold up to about 17 billion gallons (64 million m ) , the total usable storage is about 10 billion gallons (38 million m ) . The raw water intake (headworks) at Bull Run

5796-419: The unmetered water and free supply. However, as Mayor Baker reigned (1917-1933), Commissioner John Mann returned to the previously corrupt practices. One clerk stole an estimated $ 20,000 during the 1920s. Mann and Baker's mortgages were paid off by unnamed benefactors; Mann drove a luxury car paid for by the Water Bureau, and had a private resort in the Bull Run watershed, built by bureau employees. Mann "ran

5880-417: The water began flowing, Halprin waded into the water, dressed in a jacket and tie. Jane Jacobs , author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities , mayor Terry Schrunk , and PDC chairman Ira Keller attended the fountain opening. In 2003, an article by Randy Gragg in The Oregonian summarized the moment, saying: [T]he fountain's 1970 unveiling became a local legend. Held in the edgy days following

5964-427: The water bureau analyzes between 250 and 350 samples each month. Between 1990 and late November 2009, a total of 14 water samples tested positive for E. coli but all follow-up samples tested negative. However, routine water samples collected beginning November 25, 2009, from Reservoir 3 in Washington Park indicated the presence of E. coli in the follow-up test as well as the first test. The water bureau issued

6048-549: The water bureau analyzes more than 10,000 water samples from reservoirs in the watershed and in the city, from groundwater, and from the distribution system and consumers' taps. The monitoring schedules comply with federal and state regulations, and records of the analyses are available to the public. To comply with the EPA's Total Coliform Rule of 1990, the water bureau must collect and analyze at least 210 water samples each month from its distribution system. The rule requires that total coliform bacteria be absent in 95 percent of

6132-535: The water bureau disappeared. Commissioner Jake Bennett was documented to have the only other copy of it; a year later, he claimed to have returned it to the auditor's office, which The Oregonian dutifully reported. One large natural lake, two artificial reservoirs, and the Bull Run River and its tributaries lie within the watershed. Seasonal precipitation produces streamflows that vary from up to 13 billion gallons (49,000,000 m ) per day to as low as 30 million gallons (110,000 m ) per day. Bull Run Lake,

6216-429: The water less acidic, has resulted in “at least a 50 percent reduction in lead at the tap... ”. The target pH range is 7.8 to 8.0. Long protected by land-use controls, the watershed is free of contaminants of concern except for naturally occurring microbes such as Giardia lamblia , Cryptosporidium , fecal coliform bacteria and total coliform bacteria , which are found in virtually all freshwater ecosystems. In

6300-453: The waterfalls. While Portland Parks & Recreation maintains the park, in 1988 the Portland Water Bureau assumed responsibility for the fountain. The park, which is known for its accessibility for allowing visitors to stand at the top of the waterfall, is designed according to construction code to prevent children or adults from falling down the waterfall; the top of the falls are actually 36 inches (910 mm) pockets of water, acting as

6384-518: The watershed along the eastern boundary of the management unit. The Portland Water Bureau was always rumored to be managed by corrupt city commissioners. By 1913 it had what E. Kimbark MacColl referred to, tongue in cheek , as a "giant leak". The bureau sold its water unmetered and gave much away, such as to Henry Pittock , who not only received free water but also a pipe to his hillside Pittock Mansion . Portland City Council commissioner Will Daly instituted much reform from 1911 to 1917, including

6468-529: The watershed. In 1959, the Forest Service opened 42,500 acres (172 km ) to recreation, and in 1960 Congress passed the Multiple-Use – Sustained Yield Act that, among other things, stressed timber production in the national forests. Between the late 1950s and 1976, the Forest Service allowed about 8,700 acres (35 km ) to be logged in the reserve. Ruling on a citizen lawsuit, Miller v. Mallery , Judge James M. Burns agreed in 1976 that logging in

6552-545: Was abandoned in 1976. Work began in September 2009 on a second 50 million-gallon (190,000 m ) underground reservoir to be completed by 2013 at Powell Butte. Its storage capacity is meant to offset the loss of the five open reservoirs at Mount Tabor and Washington parks, which will be disconnected from the water system by 2015. The three functioning Mount Tabor reservoirs, including gatehouses , wrought-iron fences, and ornate lampposts, in Mount Tabor Park, are listed on

6636-464: Was charged with the artistic conception. Danadjieva began her career in design with work on Constructivist set designs for the Bulgarian State Film agency. In the early 1960s she defected to Paris and studied at the École des Beaux Arts , and then emigrated to the United States towards the end of the decade. She took her inspiration from a book on waterfalls of the Columbia River Gorge , which

6720-491: Was denied in 2007, and Oregon Senator Jeff Merkley informed the water bureau in June 2009 that a legislative approach had little chance of success. Meanwhile, the bureau is pursuing "multiple and simultaneous paths to comply with LT2". On January 13, 2010, the EPA rejected the city's request for a variance from LT2 that would have allowed it to continue to use open reservoirs. The city is building new underground reservoirs to replace

6804-507: Was given to her by Ira Keller at the design studio. It was built by the Schrader Construction Company for $ 512,000. The plaza was dedicated on June 23, 1970, by Halprin who called for the people of Portland to come together, referring to the Portland State University protests , which had occurred only weeks previously, stating, "I hope this will help us live together as a community, both here and all over this planet Earth". As

6888-620: Was later to become a mayor of Portland. Clark purchased the tavern formerly known as "Dot Tavern" for $ 1,600, including acquisition of the lease for the building. Clark renamed it the Spatenhaus and it was reopened in October 1962. As the area was already part of the South Auditorium urban renewal area, Clark lost the lease when the PDC acquired the block in May 1967. The firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill

6972-493: Was made up of the most prominent businessmen in Portland, and was led by Henry Failing . It was derisively named the " Oligarchy of 15" by a 6-1 vote of the Portland City Council. While Failing was the official leader through 1897, " William S. Ladd was the dominant spirit", and meetings were always held at his Ladd & Tilton Bank. Ladd also supplied an initial $ 20,000 needed for the system. The committee bought

7056-550: Was then asked by PDC to draw plans for the park, which foresaw a fountain, a traffic turnaround, and underground parking for 150 cars. Protests were raised however, by Walter Gordon, the architectural adviser to the PDC, and in July 1968 the Lawrence Halprin & Associates landscape design firm was commissioned in to design the park, partly due to Gordon's advocacy. Angela Danadjieva , a designer at Lawrence Halprin & Associates,

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