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74-629: Born in Canada, Lewinski started his career as a school teacher in Winnipeg, Ontario. He received his doctorate from the distance-learning Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities of Cincinnati , Ohio in 1988, in a self-designed major of police psychology. The school isn't accredited in psychology, his police psychology major isn't recognized by the American Psychological Association , and Lewinski has never been licensed to practice as

148-533: A cause of death by some medical examiners for several years, mainly as a diagnosis of exclusion established on autopsy . Additionally, academic discussion of excited delirium has been largely confined to forensic science literature, providing limited documentation about patients that survive the condition. These circumstances have led some civil liberties groups to question the cause of death diagnosis, claiming that excited delirium has been used to "excuse and exonerate" law enforcement authorities following

222-466: A Taser, though the X26's probes can travel as far as 35   feet. The electrodes are pointed to penetrate clothing and barbed to prevent removal once in place. The original TASER device probes unspool the wire from the cartridge, causing a yaw effect before the dart stabilizes, which made it difficult to penetrate thick clothing. Newer versions (X26, C2) use a "shaped pulse" that increases effectiveness in

296-466: A class action lawsuit against the university alleging that the delayed wages violate labor laws. The lawsuit was settled in March 2024 for $ 110,000. The start of the fall 2023 semester was delayed from August to November, and then cancelled completely on November 15. In October, fifty doctoral students at Union signed a letter saying that the president of Union, Karen Schuster Webb, "should resign" and that

370-552: A conference to discuss cooperation in educational innovation and experimentation. The Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education was established by Antioch College , Bard College , Goddard College , Chicago Teachers North , Monteith Masson, New College at Hofstra University , Sarah Lawrence College , Shimer College , and Stephens College . The "discovery" of the English open education movement may have played

444-543: A factor in the interest in progressive education. Samuel Baskin , a psychologist and educational reformer who served on the faculty of Stephens and Antioch colleges, was the founding president of the Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, Union Graduate School, and the University Without Walls. Margaret Mead , an anthropologist and author, was one of the institution's first professors. Renamed in 1969 as

518-517: A limited number of tasers to their general police forces. Some states, such as Berlin, have use of force guidelines that only permit taser use where firearm use would also be justified. The Bundeswehr (German armed forces) does not issue tasers nor are they used in training. Under the Firearms Act of 1925, tasers, pepper spray and stun guns are illegal to possess or purchase in Ireland, even with

592-468: A modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing " neuromuscular incapacitation." When successfully used, the target is said to have been " tased ". The effects of a taser may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts. In the United States, TASERs are marketed as less-lethal , since

666-545: A new type of TASER device called the X3, which can fire three shots before reloading. It holds three new type cartridges, which are much thinner than the previous model. On April 5, 2017, TASER announced that it was rebranding itself as Axon to reflect its expanded business into body cameras and software. In 2018, TASER 7 conducted energy device was released, the seventh generation of TASER devices from Axon. A TASER device fires two small dart-like electrodes , which stay connected to

740-479: A police officer to be allowed to carry and use one. Members of the general public are not allowed to own tasers, with possession or sale of a taser punishable by up to 10 years in prison. As of September 2019, 30,548 (19%) of police officers were trained to use tasers. Tasers were deployed 23,000 times from March 2018 to March 2019, compared to only 10,000 times in 2013; however the UK police definition of "deployed" means that

814-522: A position that is not afforded to other testimonies in a shooting and is contrary to studies. In an opinion for the Washington Post , author Radley Balko discussed the cooling-off period and called Lewinski "an unapologetic partisan who pushes pseudoscience in order to clear cops of wrongdoing", noting Lewinski advocates that officers shoot without hesitation yet should be provided time for their shooting statements. Lewinski's testimony has been used in

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888-574: A potential assailant, and gain compliance of a suspect without having to deploy the loaded cartridges. During the warning arc mode, the TASER CEW will display an arc of electricity at the front of the device. The TASER 7 device is the second newest of all four CEWs. It is a two-shot device with spiral darts that spool from the dart allowing the probes to fly straighter. The TASER 7 device's rapid arc technology with adaptive cross connections allows for full incapacitation. The TASER 7 CEW connects wirelessly to

962-688: A psychologist. He was a tenured professor at Minnesota State University in Mankato , Minnesota, and founded the Center for the Study of Performance in Extreme Encounters in 2004. It was later renamed Force Science Research Center, moved off-campus, and removed its affiliation with the school. He retired from the university after 28 years. Lewinski's career is as a researcher and expert witness in police use of force cases. In two court cases, Lisa Fournier , editor of

1036-600: A specialization in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Studies. In 2004 the U.S. Department of Education also raised concerns about the quality of the institute's PhD programs. Union Institute began to publicly experience severe financial distress in March 2023 when salaries owed to university staff were paid late. Throughout 2023, the university continued to exhibit signs of financial distress including further delayed wages and being locked out of its headquarters. Some university staff filed

1110-510: A state licence. A weapons permit is required to purchase and own a taser. Since April 2008, tasers can be legally purchased by persons 18 and older, but can only be carried by persons with a firearm carry permit ( Waffenschein ), which is only issued under very restricted conditions. In 2001, Germany approved a pilot project allowing individual states to issue tasers to their SEK teams ( police tactical units ); by 2018, 13 out of 16 states had done so. A number of states have also provided

1184-617: A valid firearms certificate. Tasers are legal for civilians to own, provided they possess a valid permit under the Customs Act. Currently, police in Jamaica do not have access to tasers, but in February 2021, Corporal James Rohan, Chairman of the Police Federation, requested access to non-lethal weaponry in order to deal more effectively with encounters with mentally ill individuals. Under

1258-498: Is "firmly in the category of junk science ". Lewinski published three studies between 1999 and 2002 showing that test subjects could raise and fire a previously hidden gun faster than a police officer could react, termed "action/reaction". The studies were published in The Police Marksman , which is a magazine, not a peer-reviewed journal . In summary, this study is invalid and unreliable. In my opinion, this study questions

1332-420: Is marketed as less-lethal , since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. There are a number of cartridges designated by range, with the maximum at 35 feet (11 m). Cartridges available to non- law enforcement consumers are limited to 15 feet (4.6 m). Practically speaking, police officers must generally be within 15 to 25 feet (4.6 to 7.6 m) to use

1406-683: Is required to purchase and own a taser. Only members of law enforcement are allowed to own a taser legally. However, according to an article by The Globe and Mail, many Canadians illegally purchase tasers from the US, where they are legal. Under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Firearms and Public Security Punishment Law, tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in China without an application for

1480-643: The American Journal of Psychology , has testified that Lewinski's work lacked basic elements of legitimate research, drew conclusions unsupported by data, and was pseudoscience. In response Lewinski stated she was "naïve or her ethics are seriously compromised". He was described as an "opportunist" by Michael Haddad, president of the National Police Accountability Project . Haddad also called him "charming" but "his opinions can be pretty flaky". Paul Wright of Prison Legal News said Lewinski

1554-703: The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law , import, carrying, purchase and use of stun guns or tasers is prohibited in Japan. Stun guns and tasers made in Russia can be purchased for self-defense without special permission, however, under the Federal Law No. 150 "On Weapons" of the Russian Federation it's illegal to import and subsequent sale of any foreign stun devices or tasers into the country. The ban has been in place since

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1628-499: The National Association of Medical Examiners until 2023. Excited delirium is thought to involve delirium , psychomotor agitation , anxiety , hallucinations , speech disturbances, disorientation , violent and bizarre behavior, insensitivity to pain , elevated body temperature , and increased strength. Excited delirium is associated with sudden death (usually via cardiac or respiratory arrest ), particularly following

1702-732: The Ohio Board of Regents , culminating in a reauthorization report published in 2002. In response to the report, Union underwent major academic and structural changes, including dissolution of the Union Graduate School and restructuring of its PhD programs. The PhD in Arts and Sciences, for example, was redesigned as a PhD in Interdisciplinary Studies, with four majors: Ethical and Creative Leadership, Public Policy and Social Change, Humanities and Culture, and Educational Studies, and offers

1776-732: The Police Executive Research Forum says that total exposure should not exceed 15 seconds. There are other circumstances that pose higher secondary risks of serious injury or death, including: Fulton County, Georgia District Attorney Paul Howard Jr. said in 2020 that "under Georgia law, a taser is considered as a deadly weapon." A 2012 study published in the American Heart Association 's journal Circulation found that Tasers can cause "ventricular arrhythmias , sudden cardiac arrest and even death." In 2014, NAACP State Conference President Scot X. Esdaile and

1850-468: The U.S. Department of Justice recommend that use of Drive Stun as a pain compliance technique be avoided. The guidelines were issued by a joint committee of the Police Executive Research Forum and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The guidelines state "Using the CEW to achieve pain compliance may have limited effectiveness and, when used repeatedly, may even exacerbate

1924-503: The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities , it focused on providing educational opportunities for non-traditional students whose needs were best served by a low-residency college experience, as well as those students who sought to conduct socially relevant research in an interdisciplinary manner. The Union Graduate School's doctoral programs were based on the British tutorial system and

1998-431: The kinetic energy for better connection to the target and penetration through thicker clothing. The body of the dart breaks away to allow for containment at tough angles. TASER 7 has a 93% increased probe spread at close range, where 85% of deployments occur, according to agency reports. Rapid arc technology with adaptive cross-connection helps enable full incapacitation even at close range. TASER 7 wirelessly connects to

2072-403: The possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. At least 49 people died in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser. Personal use TASERs are marketed in the US, but prohibited in Canada. In Canada, all taser possession is considered illegal. There is a categorical ban on all conducted energy weapons such as stun guns or tasers, according to section 84 of

2146-611: The Air TASER conducted energy device was not a firearm. In 1999, TASER International developed an "ergonomically handgun -shaped device called the Advanced TASER M-series systems," which used a "patented neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) technology." In May 2003, TASER International released a new weapon called the TASER X26 conducted energy device, which used "shaped pulse technology." On July 27, 2009, TASER International released

2220-593: The American College of Emergency Physicians, who argued in a 2009 white paper that excited delirium may be described by several codes within the ICD-9 . In 2017, investigative reporters from Reuters reported that three of the 19 members of the 2009 task force were paid consultants for Axon, the manufacturer of Tasers. Tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in Australia in every state and territory. A weapons permit

2294-552: The Axon Evidence network that includes inventory management capabilities among other things. The TASER 10 device was officially announced by Axon on January 24, 2023. The TASER 10 was dubbed the "less-lethal weapon of its era" by Axon. In addition to the functions of the TASER 7, the TASER 10 features an increased probe distance of up to 45 feet, waterproof capabilities, increased probe velocity (205 feet per second), and ability to deploy

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2368-621: The Axon network, allowing for easier updates and inventory management. A TASER device may provide a safety benefit to police officers. The use of a TASER device has a greater deployment range than batons , pepper spray , or empty hand techniques. This allows police to maintain a greater distance. A 2008 study of use-of-force incidents by the Calgary Police Service conducted by the Canadian Police Research Centre found that

2442-488: The Canada Criminal Code. TASERs in Canada are only legal for Law Enforcement users. The first TASER conducted energy weapon was introduced in 1993 as a less-lethal force option for police to use to subdue belligerent or fleeing suspects, who would have otherwise been subjected to more lethal force options such as firearms . As of 2010 , according to one study, over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around

2516-481: The Connecticut NAACP argued that Tasers cause lethal results. Reuters reported that more than 1,000 people shocked with a Taser by police died through the end of 2018, nearly all of them since the early 2000s. At least 49 people died in the US in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser. Some TASER device models, particularly those used by police departments , also have a "Drive Stun" capability, where

2590-655: The TASER Public Defender, used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. Former TASER International CEO Patrick Smith testified in a TASER-related lawsuit that the catalyst for the development of the device was the "shooting death of two of his high school acquaintances" by a "guy with a legally licensed gun who lost his temper". The two decedents, Todd Bogers and Cory Holmes, died in 1991 not 1990 as Smith has claimed. Family members and friends of

2664-484: The TASER Pulse, which runs at a 30 second cycle once fired to allow the victim the opportunity to escape. The TASER X26P device is a single-shot CEW that is the smallest, most compact SMART WEAPON of all four Axon models.   The TASER X2 device is a two-shot TASER CEW with a warning arc and dual lasers . The warning arc is a function the officer can utilize with the push of a button to intimidate an aggressor, warn

2738-525: The TASER device is held against the target without firing the projectiles, and is intended to cause pain without incapacitating the target. "Drive Stun" is "the process of using the EMD (Electro Muscular Disruption) weapon as a pain compliance technique. This is done by activating the TASER [device] and placing it against an individual's body. This can be done without an air cartridge in place or after an air cartridge has been deployed." Guidelines released in 2011 by

2812-434: The TASER fires two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target until removed by the user of the TASER device, at a speed of 55 m/s (120 mph; 200 km/h). Their range extends from 4.5 m (15 ft) for non-Law Enforcement Tasers to 10.5 m (34 ft) for Law Enforcement Tasers. The darts are connected to the main unit by thin laquer insulated copper wire and deliver

2886-531: The Union's existing undergraduate and doctoral programs. This enabled The Union to provide a progression of degree opportunities, along with certificates in advanced graduate study. In October 2001, the Union Institute was renamed "Union Institute & University". In 2008, fine arts programs from Vermont College were spun off from Union into the newly independent Vermont College of Fine Arts . Union Institute & University's PhD program came under scrutiny by

2960-561: The United States Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice entitled Police Use of Force, TASERs and Other Less-Lethal Weapons , over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around the world used TASER devices as part of their use of force continuum . Just as the number of agencies deploying TASER conducted energy weapons has continued to increase each year, so too the number of TASER device related "incidents" between law enforcement officers and suspects has been on

3034-467: The University of Florida Offense Report). Amnesty International has expressed particular concern about Drive Stun, noting that "the potential to use TASERs in drive-stun mode—where they are used as 'pain compliance' tools when individuals are already effectively in custody—and the capacity to inflict multiple and prolonged shocks, renders the weapons inherently open to abuse." According to a 2011 study by

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3108-587: The ability of Mr. Lewinski to apply relevant and reliable data to answer a question or support an argument. Lewinski's has defended police on the basis of his policies, even in cases where someone was unarmed, facing away from the police, or the officer's testimony did not match video evidence. Chuck Wexler , director of Police Executive Research Forum , has objected to Lewinski's "shoot first" view. Christy Lopez , Obama Justice Department attorney and Georgetown University law professor, said "the Bill Lewinski show"

3182-456: The area touched by the TASER [CEW], but does not have a significant effect on the central nervous system . The Drive Stun does not incapacitate a subject but may assist in taking a subject into custody." The UCLA Taser incident and the University of Florida Taser incident involved university police officers using their TASER device's "Drive Stun" capability (referred to as a "contact tase" in

3256-522: The book Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle , a book written by the Stratemeyer Syndicate under the pseudonym Victor Appleton and featuring Cover's childhood hero, Tom Swift . The name made sense, given that the Taser delivers an electric shock. This was also done on the pattern of laser , as both a Taser and a laser fire a beam at an object. The first Taser model that was offered for sale, called

3330-462: The brothers worked with Cover to develop a "non-firearm TASER electronic control device". The 1994 Air TASER Model 34000 conducted energy device had an "anti- felon identification (AFID) system" to prevent the likelihood that the device would be used by criminals; upon use, it released many small pieces of paper containing the serial number of the TASER device. The U.S. firearms regulator, the ATF, stated that

3404-400: The circuit and channel an electric pulse into the target person's body. They deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing " neuromuscular incapacitation." The effects of a TASER device may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use, connectivity and location of the darts. The TASER device

3478-551: The death of detained subjects, a possible "conspiracy or cover-up for brutality" when restraining agitated individuals. Also contributing to the controversy is the role of TASER device use in excited delirium deaths. Excited delirium is not found in the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . The term excited delirium was accepted by the National Association of Medical Examiners and

3552-485: The device has "saved 75,000 lives through 2011." A more recent academic study suggested police use of conducted electrical weapons in the United States was less risky to police officers than hands-on tactics, and showed officer injury rates equal to use of chemicals such as pepper spray . Tasers have a long history of use to prevent the escape of dangerous suspects without needing to resort to lethal force, or used to capture suspects without risking serious injuries to both

3626-438: The entire board of trustees should be replaced. Union was also placed on Heightened Cash Monitoring 2 by the U.S. Department of Education , a status that imposes oversight over its federal financial aid. In late November, they revoked Union's ability to receive federal financial aid and also fined the university $ 4.3 million, alleging that Union collected more federal funding that it was supposed to collect and failed to refund

3700-585: The federal government. In addition, the Education Department reported that the Institute had failed to refund more than $ 750,000 in student financial aid that had been required. As a consequence of being placed on heightened cash monitoring status, the Higher Learning Commission , Union's accreditor, "assigned a Financial Distress designation to Union." In December 2023, a teach-out plan

3774-467: The first doctoral students were admitted in 1970. From its inception, the institution had a continuing emphasis on social relevance and interdisciplinarity of research. By 1971, five more colleges and universities joined the Union, bringing the total consortium to 22 schools of higher education. In 1975, the number of colleges in the University Without Walls network reached 34. In 1976, the offices moved from Yellow Springs, Ohio , where Antioch College

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3848-404: The first version of the law was approved in 1996. Tasers are classified as weapons under Federal Law No. 3 of 2009, and therefore require a valid license to own or import. Adopted and used since 2004 by Korean National Police . Tasers have been in use by UK police forces since 2001, and they require 18 hours of initial training, followed by six hours of annual top-up training, in order for

3922-540: The following cases: Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities Union Institute & University ( UI&U ) was a private online university that was headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio . It also operated satellite campuses in Florida and California. In early 2023, it began to publicly experience severe financial challenges. Federal financial aid was cut off, it did not pay employees for many months, and it

3996-453: The institution would resign its accreditation effective June 25, 2024 and close entirely on June 30. Despite its June 30, 2024 closure, Union Institute is still attempting to collect past due tuition payments and withholding transcripts of students who refuse to pay. In November 2024, former students reported that months after the closure they were still unable to get transcripts from the shuttered institution. Originally, instruction

4070-445: The main unit by thin insulated copper wire as they are propelled by small compressed nitrogen charges. The cartridge contains a pair of electrodes and propellant for a single shot and is replaced after each use. Once fired the probes travel at 180 feet (55 m) per second, spread 12 inches (300 mm) apart for every 7 feet (2.1 m) they travel, and must land at least 4 inches (100 mm) apart from each other to complete

4144-418: The manufacturer has identified other risk factors that may increase the risks of use. Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and very thin individuals are considered at higher risk. Persons with known medical problems, such as heart disease, history of seizure, or have a pacemaker are also at greater risk. Axon also warns that repeated, extended, or continuous exposure to the weapon is not safe. Because of this,

4218-404: The officer and the suspect. US patent by Kunio Shimizu titled "Arrest device" filed in 1966 describes an electrical discharge gun with a projectile connected to a wire with a pair of electrode needles for skin attachment. Jack Cover , a NASA researcher, began developing the first Taser in 1969. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named TASER, using a loose acronym of the title of

4292-408: The presence of barriers. The TASER 7 conducted energy device is a two-shot device with increased reliability over legacy products. The conductive wires spool from the dart when the TASER 7 conducted energy device is fired, instead of spooling from the TASER cartridge which increases stability while in flight and therefore increases accuracy. The spiral darts fly straighter and faster with nearly twice

4366-448: The probes individually allowing the officer to create their own "spread" unlike previous models, which relied heavily on precise aiming of the prongs at a fixed angle with the assistance of two lasers. As with all less-lethal weapons, use of the TASER system is never risk-free. Sharp metal projectiles and electricity are in use, so misuse or abuse of the weapon increases the likelihood that serious injury or death may occur. In addition,

4440-428: The psychologists who coined the term, called his use of the term "completely inappropriate", stating "I hate the fact that it’s being used in this way. When we work in a lab, we ask them if they saw something. They have no motivation to lie. A police officer involved in a shooting certainly has a reason to lie." Lewinski has also promoted the term " excited delirium ", captured in a discussion while officer Derek Chauvin

4514-502: The rise. Some of the deaths associated with TASER devices have been blamed on excited delirium, a controversial medical diagnosis that supposedly involves extreme agitation and aggressiveness. It has typically been diagnosed postmortem in young adult black males who were physically restrained by law enforcement at the time of death. The diagnosis was supported by the American College of Emergency Physicians from 2009 to 2023 and

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4588-469: The situation by inducing rage in the subject." A study of U.S. police and sheriff departments found that 29.6% of the jurisdictions allowed the use of Drive Stun for gaining compliance in a passive resistance arrest scenario, with no physical contact between the officer and the subject. For a scenario that also includes non-violent physical contact, this number is 65.2%. A Las Vegas police document says "The Drive Stun causes significant localized pain in

4662-514: The two state that Smith was not friends with them, as Smith has claimed, and they were never "football teammates", as Smith has claimed. The two graduated before Smith attended Chaparral High School. Family members of the two have criticized his use of their deaths for profit. In 1993, Rick Smith and his brother Thomas founded the original company, TASER, and began to investigate what they called "safer use of force option[s] for citizens and law enforcement". At their Scottsdale, Arizona , facilities,

4736-431: The university was behind on rent "to the tune of more than $ 367,000." In August 2023, the university was locked out of its Cincinnati headquarters and was evicted on November 9, 2023. Taser A TASER is a conducted energy device (CED) primarily used to incapacitate people, allowing them to be approached and handled in an unresisting and thus less-lethal manner. Sold by Axon , formerly TASER International,

4810-450: The use of physical control measures, including police restraint and TASER devices. Excited delirium is most commonly diagnosed in male subjects with a history of serious mental illness or acute or chronic drug abuse , particularly stimulant drugs such as cocaine . Alcohol withdrawal or head trauma may also contribute to the condition. The diagnosis of excited delirium has been controversial. Excited delirium has been listed as

4884-625: The use of the TASER device resulted in fewer injuries than the use of batons or empty hand techniques. The study found that only pepper spray was a safer intervention option. A typical TASER device can operate with a peak voltage of 50 kilo volts (1200 Volts to the body), an electric current of 1.9 milliamps, at for example 19 100 microsecond pulses per second. A supplier quotes a current of 3-4 milliamps. As of September 30, 2024, Axon has three main models of TASER conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) available for law enforcement use but not necessarily civilian use. Civilians, however, have access to

4958-407: The weapon has been drawn; in the majority of cases it will not have been fired. In March 2020, extra funding was provided to purchase devices to allow more than 8,000 extra British police officers to carry a taser. There has been considerable controversy over the use of Taser devices on children and in schools. The earliest known case of a taser being used on a child was on June 10, 1991, when one

5032-431: The world used tasers as part of their use of force continuum . A 2009 report by the Police Executive Research Forum in the United States found that police officer injuries dropped by 76% in large law enforcement agencies that deployed taser devices in the first decade of the 21st century compared with those that did not use them at all. Axon and its CEO Rick Smith have claimed that unspecified "police surveys" show that

5106-532: Was announced between Union and Antioch University for two master's degree programs and a doctoral program. An additional teach-out plan was signed with Lasell University in Massachusetts. In May 2024, the institute was placed on "Administrative Probation" by the Higher Learning Commission for failure to pay annual dues to the accrediting body. Shortly thereafter, Union's leaders announced that

5180-484: Was choking George Floyd . The Los Angeles Times noted that Force Science had over 20 articles using the term on its website. The Marshall Project has noted the term is controversial despite being used frequently in use-of-force cases. Axon Enterprise has also lobbied use of the term to explain deaths, rather than from excessive use of their Taser . Lewinski is also a strong advocate for "cooling-off periods" before police officers document an officer-involved shooting,

5254-455: Was evicted from its headquarters in Cincinnati for failing to pay rent. The university was accredited by the Higher Learning Commission but resigned its accreditation effective June 25, 2024. It closed permanently on June 30, 2024. Union Institute & University traced its origins to 1964, when the president of Goddard College hosted the presidents of nine liberal arts institutions at

5328-613: Was located to Cincinnati. The Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities, or UECU, disbanded in 1982, but the University Without Walls remained in operation after a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1984. In 1989, the University Without Walls was renamed The Union Institute . The Union Institute acquired Vermont College in Montpelier, Vermont , from Norwich University in 2001. The purchase of Vermont College added several master's degree programs and an adult degree program to

5402-445: Was part of an insidious trend in police training that used pseudoscience to justify excessive force. Dan Handelman of Portland Copwatch dubs the "shoot first" philosophy as the "Superman theory", describing how "many suspects are shot in the back because they turn before the officer's bullet hits them". Lewinski's testimony often cites inattentional blindness for any flaws or omissions in an officer's testimony. Arien Mack , one of

5476-662: Was provided as a low-residency model at the constituent colleges of the organization. In 1996, the college acquired two buildings in Cincinnati, Time Hill and the Procter and Collier–Beau Brummell Building . It sold Time Hill in 2008 to Lighthouse Youth Services and the Procter and Collier-Beau Brummell Building to the University of Cincinnati in 2021. In 2021, it moved into a rented building at 2090 Florence Avenue in Walnut Hills, Cincinnati to serve as its headquarters, which by July 2023,

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