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146-606: Though foo fighters initially described a type of UFO reported and named by the U.S. 415th Night Fighter Squadron , the term was also commonly used to mean any UFO sighting from that period. Formally reported from November 1944 onwards, foo fighters were presumed by witnesses to be secret weapons employed by the enemy. The Robertson Panel explored possible explanations, for instance that they were electrostatic phenomena similar to St. Elmo's fire , electromagnetic phenomena, or simply reflections of light from ice crystals. The nonsense word " foo " emerged in popular culture during

292-516: A Broadway reviewer at the Tribune in 1951. However, the paper's losses were continuing to mount. Whitelaw Reid was gradually replaced by his brother, Ogden R. Reid , nicknamed "Brown", to take charge of the paper. As president and publisher of the paper, Brown Reid tried to interject an energy his brother lacked and reach out to new audiences. In that spirit, the Tribune ran a promotion called "Tangle Towns", where readers were invited to unscramble

438-419: A badge of honor". Reid's hostility to labor led him to bankroll Ottmar Mergenthaler 's development of the linotype machine in 1886, which quickly spread throughout the industry. However, his day-to-day involvement in the operations of the Tribune declined after 1888, when he was appointed Minister to France and largely focused on his political career; Reid even missed a large-scale 50th anniversary party for

584-511: A clear, lively style, and pushed the Herald Tribune ' s local coverage "to a new kind of social journalism that aimed at capturing the temper and feel of the city, its moods and fancies, changes or premonitions of change in its manners, customs, taste, and thought—daily helpings of what amounted to urban anthropology". The Herald Tribune ' s editorials remained conservative—"a spokesman for and guardian of mainstream Republicanism" —but

730-615: A day. If I say the feature is black beetles, black beetles it's going to be." In 1874, the Herald ran the infamous New York Zoo hoax , where the front page of the newspaper was devoted entirely to a fabricated story of animals getting loose at the Central Park Zoo . Whitelaw Reid, who won control of the Tribune in part due to the likely assistance of financier Jay Gould , turned the newspaper into an orthodox Republican organ, wearing "its stubborn editorial and typographical conservatism…as

876-560: A dozen correspondents in the field, the most famous of whom was Homer Bigart . Allowing wire services to write "big picture" stories, Bigart—who covered the Anzio Campaign , the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa —focused instead on writing about tactical operations conducted by small units and individual soldiers, in order to "bring a dimension of reality and understanding to readers back home". Frequently risking his life to get

1022-483: A form of ground-launched, automatically guided, jet-propelled flak mine called the Feuerball (Fireball). This device, supposedly operated by special SS units, resembled a tortoise shell in shape, and it flew by means of gas jets that spun like a Catherine wheel around the fuselage. Miniature klystron tubes inside the device, in combination with the gas jets, created the characteristic glowing spheroid appearance of

1168-522: A long association with the Reids. Whitney, recently named ambassador to Great Britain, had chaired Dwight Eisenhower 's fundraising campaigns in 1952 and 1956 and was looking for something else to engage him beyond his largely ceremonial role in Great Britain. Whitney, who "did not want the Tribune to die", gave the newspaper $ 1.2 million over the objections of his investment advisors, who had doubts about

1314-586: A major role in the Reids' sale of the Herald Tribune in 1958. Seeking to cut costs during the Recession of 1937 , the newspaper's management decided to consolidate its foreign coverage under Laurence Hills, who had been appointed editor of the Paris Herald by Frank Munsey in 1920 and kept the paper profitable. But Hills had fascist sympathies—the Paris Herald was alone among American newspapers in having "ad columns sprout(ing) with swastikas and fasces —and

1460-533: A moral mission to uplift society, and frequently focused his energies on the newspaper's editorials—"weapons…in a ceaseless war to improve society" —and political coverage. While a lifelong opponent of slavery and, for time, a proponent of socialism , Greeley's attitudes were never exactly fixed: "The result was a potpourri of philosophical inconsistencies and contradictions that undermined Greeley's effectiveness as both logician and polemicist." However, his moralism appealed to rural America; with six months of beginning

1606-559: A new company called Whitney Communications Corporation, proved profitable, but executives chafed at subsidizing the Tribune. Thayer also looked for new leadership for the newspaper. In 1961—the same year Whitney returned to New York—the Tribune hired John Denson, a Newsweek editor and native of Louisiana who was "a critical mass of intensity and irascibility relieved by interludes of amiability." Denson had helped raise Newsweek's circulation by 50 percent during his tenure, in part through innovative layouts and graphics, and he brought

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1752-510: A press correspondent from the Associated Press in Paris, Bob Wilson, was sent to the 415th at their base outside of Dijon , France, to investigate this story. It was at this time that the term was cleaned up to just "foo fighters". The squadron commander, Capt. Harold Augsperger, also decided to sanitize the term to "foo fighters" in the historical data of the squadron. Other proposed origins of

1898-490: A public duty rather than developed as a profit-making opportunity". With its generally marginal profitability, the Herald Tribune had few opportunities to reinvest in its operations as the Times did, and the Reids' mortgage on the newspaper made it difficult to raise outside cash for needed capital improvements. After another profitable year in 1946, Bill Robinson, the Herald Tribune ' s business manager, decided to reinvest

2044-447: A result of the new technology. Publishers were willing to protect jobs and reduce the workforce through attrition, but balked at what they viewed as "tribute payments" to the unions. After nearly a five-month strike, the unions and the publishers reached an agreement in March, 1963—in which the unions won a weekly worker wage and benefit increase of $ 12.63 and largely forestalled automation—and

2190-497: A role in the election of New York City Mayor John Lindsay , a liberal Republican, in 1965. Whitney supported the changes at the Tribune but they did not help the newspaper's bottom line. A survey of readers of the newspaper in late 1963 found that readers "appreciated the Tribune ' s innovations, (but) the Times still plainly ranked as the prestige paper in the New York field, based mostly on its completeness." Whitney himself

2336-503: A similar stance was approached by the Sun and the World-Telegram , the latter of them also having an ardently liberal past as a Pulitzer newspaper. Financially, the paper continued to stay out of the red, but long-term trouble was on the horizon. After Elisabeth Mills Reid died in 1931—after having given the paper $ 15 million over her lifetime—it was discovered that the elder Reid had treated

2482-427: A target of Barry Goldwater partisans in the 1964 presidential campaign . The leadership of the Tribune , while agreeing with Goldwater's approach to national defense, believed he pushed it to an extreme, and strongly opposed Goldwater's voting record on civil rights. After some internal debate, the Tribune endorsed Democrat Lyndon Johnson for the presidency that fall. The newspaper's editorial support also played

2628-582: A term to cover a multitude of otherwise inexplicable events. 415th Night Fighter Squadron The 415th Special Operations Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 58th Operations Group at Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico. The 415th Night Fighter Squadron was formed in February 1943, and it carried out missions in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations , and then in northwestern Europe during World War II . It

2774-429: A year between 1942 and 1945. In 1946, the Herald Tribune ' s Sunday circulation hit an all-time peak of 708,754. The Herald Tribune began a decline shortly after World War II that had several causes. The Reid family was long accustomed to resolve shortfalls at the newspaper with subsidies from their fortune, rather than improved business practices, seeing the paper "as a hereditary possession to be sustained as

2920-570: Is Mrs. Reid who often helps that independent mind make itself up". Editorially, the newspaper thrived, winning its first Pulitzer Prize for reporting in 1930 for Leland Stowe 's coverage of the Second Reparations Conference on German reparations for World War I , where the Young Plan was developed. Stanley Walker , who became the newspaper's city editor in 1928, pushed his staff (which briefly included Joseph Mitchell) to write in

3066-519: Is no evidence that the F-117A was ever detected or tracked by Iraqi radar installations, either ground or airborne. The F-117's concealment, deception, and evasiveness proved that it could survive in the most hostile of environments, and its laser-guided bombs struck with extreme accuracy. Most of the F-117As deployed to Saudi Arabia returned home to Tonopah in early April 1991, although a few remained as part of

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3212-627: The New York Journal in 1895 and attempted to ape Pulitzer's methods in a more sensationalistic manner. The challenge of The World and the Journal spurred Bennett to revitalize the paper; the Herald competed keenly with both papers during coverage of the Spanish–American War , providing "the soundest, fairest coverage…(of) any American newspaper", sending circulation over 500,000. The Tribune largely relied on wire copy for its coverage of

3358-533: The 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron as the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing replaced the 4450th Group, and the 415th became one of two operational F-117A Stealth Fighter squadrons. On 19 December 1989, just over two months after being reactivated, the F-117 was deployed into combat for the first time. This was in Operation Just Cause , the invasion of Panama intended to dislodge and arrest General Manuel Noriega . At

3504-516: The 449th Fighter Squadron (All Weather), upon inactivation. During the final phases of the War in Southeast Asia, the 415th was redesignated the 415th Special Operations Training Squadron , as a component of the 1st Special Operations Wing to replace the 4413th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Hurlburt Field , Florida. There, the squadron provided special operations combat training for aircrews in

3650-534: The AC-119G Shadow gunship. In early 1971, the unit additionally acquired AC-130H Spectre gunships. It lso gave numerous displays and firepower demonstrations of its capabilities. In October 1972, the squadron transferred its AC-119s to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force . However, the 415th squadron continued its training mission until 30 June 1975 when it was inactivated a second time. Tactical Air Command activated

3796-492: The American News Company , the controller of many commuter newsstands, to achieve prominent display. Tribune executives were not blind to the challenge, but the economy drive at the paper undercut efforts to adequately compete. The newspaper fell into the red in 1951. The Herald Tribune ' s losses reached $ 700,000 in 1953, and Robinson resigned late that year. The paper distinguished itself in its coverage of

3942-465: The Herald as a means of supporting his lifestyle, did not make serious moves to expand the newspaper's newsgathering operations, and allowed the paper's circulation to fall well below 100,000 by 1912. The Herald suffered a fatal blow in 1907. Bennett, his hatred for the Journal owner unabated, attacked Hearst's campaigns for Congress in 1902, and his run for governor of New York in 1906. The Herald ' s coverage of Hearst's gubernatorial campaign

4088-502: The Herald the most comprehensive source of news among the city's newspapers. Bennett also bankrolled Henry Morton Stanley 's trek through Africa to find David Livingstone , and scooped the competition on the Battle of Little Big Horn . However, Bennett ruled his paper with a heavy hand, telling his executives at one point that he was the "only reader of this paper": "I am the only one to be pleased. If I want it turned upside down, it must be turned upside down. I want one feature article

4234-423: The Herald . The elder Reid refused to sell, saying only that she would buy the Herald . The two sides negotiated through the winter and spring. Munsey approached Ogden Reid with a proposal to swap the profitable evening Sun with the Tribune , which Reid refused. The Reids countered with an offer of $ 5 million for the Herald and the Paris Herald , which Munsey agreed to on March 17, 1924. The move surprised

4380-472: The Herald Tribune to surrender the edge in foreign reporting to its rival. The Herald Tribune strongly supported Wendell Willkie for the Republican nomination in the 1940 presidential election ; Willkie's managers made sure the newspaper's endorsement was placed in each delegate's seat at the 1940 Republican National Convention . The Herald Tribune continued to provide a strong voice for Willkie (who

4526-445: The Journal , led to Bennett's conviction on charges of sending obscene matter through the mails. The publisher was ordered to pay a $ 25,000 fine—Bennett paid it in $ 1,000 bills —and the Herald "suffered a blow in prestige and circulation from which it never really recovered". Whitelaw Reid died in 1912 and was succeeded as publisher by his son, Ogden Mills Reid . The younger Reid, an "affable but lackluster person," began working at

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4672-457: The Korean War ; Bigart and Marguerite Higgins , who engaged in a fierce rivalry, shared a Pulitzer Prize with Chicago Daily News correspondent Keyes Beech and three other reporters in 1951. The Tribune ' s cultural criticism was also prominent: John Crosby's radio and television column was syndicated in 29 newspapers by 1949, and Walter Kerr began a successful three-decade career as

4818-511: The Log Cabin , which advocated for the election of William Henry Harrison in the 1840 presidential election , attained a circulation of 80,000 and turned a small profit. With Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New-York Tribune launched on April 10, 1841. Unlike the Herald or the Sun , it generally shied about from graphic crime coverage; Greeley saw his newspaper as having

4964-556: The Mexican–American War broke out in 1846, the Herald assigned a reporter to the conflict—the only newspaper in New York to do so—and used the telegraph , then a new technology, to not only beat competitors with news but provide Washington policymakers with the first reports from the conflict. During the American Civil War , Bennett kept at least 24 correspondents in the field, opened a Southern desk and had reporters comb

5110-743: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow . The squadron only flew a few missions in this new fighter before the war ended. With the Fall of Germany, the squadron became a part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation. It moved to AAF Station Nordholz , Germany, in October 1945, remaining there until February 1946, when it returned to the United States. When arriving at Bolling Field , DC,

5256-609: The RMS Empress of Scotland , and arrived in England on 31 March. There, the pilots, engineers, and radar operators trained separately until May 1943, when all parts of the air echelon moved to RAF Ayr , Scotland, for training as a complete unit. The ground component moved from Florida on 22 April 1943 to Camp Kilmer , New Jersey, and it left there a week later on the transport ship USAT "Shawnee" for North Africa . It arrived at Oran , Algeria, on 11 May 1943 to begin working and training at

5402-626: The Republican Party , had called for reconciliation of North and South following the war and criticized Radical Reconstruction . Gradually becoming disenchanted with Ulysses S. Grant , Greeley became the surprise nominee of the Liberal Republican faction of the party (and the Democrats) in the 1872 presidential election . The editor had left daily operations of the Tribune to his protege, Whitelaw Reid ; he attempted to resume his job after

5548-430: The Times outdistanced its rival in circulation and ad lineage, the Tribune continued to draw a sizeable amount of advertising, due to its wealthy readership. The Times management watched the Tribune ' s changes with "uneasy contempt for their debasement of classic Tribune craftmanship but also with grudging admiration for their catchiness and shrewdness." Times managing editor Turner Catledge began visiting

5694-413: The Times picked up 220,000 readers during the 1950s, its profits declined to $ 348,000 by 1960 due to the costs of an international edition and investments into the newspaper. A western edition of the newspaper, launched in 1961 by new publisher Orvil Dryfoos in an attempt to build the paper's national audience, also proved to be a drain and the Times profits fell to $ 59,802 by the end of 1961. While

5840-412: The Times . Denson's approaches to the front page often required expensive work stoppages to redo the front page, which increased expenses and drew concern from Whitney and Thayer. Denson also had a heavy-handed approach to the newsroom that led some to question his stability, and led him to clash with Thayer. Denson left the Tribune in October 1962 after Thayer attempted to move the nightly lockup of

5986-535: The Tribune ' s new Sunday magazine, New York , edited by Clay Felker . Bellows also prominently featured Jimmy Breslin in the columns of the Tribune, as well as writer Gail Sheehy . Editorially, the newspaper remained in the liberal Republican camp, both strongly anti-communist, pro-business, and supportive of civil rights. In April 1963, the Tribune published the " Letter from Birmingham Jail ", written by Martin Luther King Jr. . The Tribune became

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6132-516: The Tribune ' s new audiences; the Sunday edition began to slide again and the paper fell into the red in 1957. Through the decade, the Tribune was the only newspaper in the city to see its share of ad lineage drop, and longtime veterans of the paper, including Bigart, began departing. The Reids, who had by now turned their mortgage into stock, began seeking buyers to infuse the Tribune with cash, turning to John Hay "Jock" Whitney , whose family had

6278-425: The Tribune ' s readership. In her first two years on the job, the Tribune ' s annual advertising revenues jumped from $ 1.7 million to $ 4.3 million, "with circulation responsible for no more than 10 percent of the increase". Reid's efforts helped cut the newspaper's dependence on subsidies from the family fortune and pushed it toward a paying track. Reid also encouraged the development of women's features at

6424-532: The Tribune generally did not match the comprehensiveness of The New York Times ' coverage. Its national, international and business coverage, however, was generally viewed as among the best in the industry, as was its overall style. At one time or another, the paper's writers included Dorothy Thompson , Red Smith , Roger Kahn , Richard Watts Jr. , Homer Bigart , Walter Kerr , Walter Lippmann , St. Clair McKelway , Judith Crist , Dick Schaap , Tom Wolfe , John Steinbeck , and Jimmy Breslin . Editorially,

6570-692: The Tribune in 1891. Despite this, the paper remained profitable due to an educated and wealthy readership that attracted advertisers. The Herald was the largest circulation newspaper in New York City until 1884. Joseph Pulitzer , who came from St. Louis and purchased the New York World in 1882, aggressively marketed a mix of crime stories and social reform editorials to a predominantly immigrant audience, and saw his circulation quickly surpass those of more established publishers. Bennett, who had moved permanently to Paris in 1877 after publicly urinating in

6716-501: The Tribune in 1908 as a reporter and won the loyalty of the staff with his good nature and eagerness to learn. Quickly moved through the ranks—he became managing editor in 1912—Reid oversaw the Tribune ' s thorough coverage of the sinking of the Titanic , ushering a revival of the newspaper's fortunes. While the paper continued to lose money, and was saved from bankruptcy only by the generosity of Elisabeth Mills Reid, Ogden's mother.,

6862-764: The Tribune , Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune . The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips. Offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Herald ' s weekly edition. The Tribune's ranks included Henry Raymond , who later founded The New York Times , and Charles Dana , who would later edit and partly own The Sun for nearly three decades. Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between

7008-515: The Tribune , and promoted James Bellows to editor of the newspaper. Bellows kept Denson's format but "eliminated features that lacked substance or sparkle" while promoting new talent, including movie critic Judith Crist and Washington columnists Robert Novak and Rowland Evans . From 1963 until its demise, the Tribune published a weekly magazine supplement titled Book Week ; Susan Sontag published two early essays there. The Tribune also began experimenting with an approach to news that later

7154-587: The Tribune , and these readers stayed with The Times after the war into the Nineteen-fifties and Sixties". Although The New York Times had the most comprehensive coverage of any American newspaper—the newspaper put 55 correspondents in the field, including drama critic Brooks Atkinson —its news budget fell from $ 3.8 million in 1940 to $ 3.7 million in 1944; the paper did not significantly expand its number of newsroom employees between 1937 and 1945 and its ad space, far from declining, actually increased during

7300-455: The "I-Unit" at Groom Lake , Nevada as a classified unit on 5 October 1979. "I-Unit" was component of Tactical Air Command's A-Unit. It began receiving full-scale development F-117A stealth fighters from Lockheed Aircraft for testing. The unit was redesignated the 4450th Tactical Squadron on 11 July 1981 as part of the 4450th Tactical Group. The squadron moved to Tonopah Test Range Airport on 28 October 1983, performing training missions with

7446-570: The "IHT", ceased publication in 2013. The New York Herald was founded on May 6, 1835, by James Gordon Bennett , a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States aged 24. Bennett, a firm Democrat , had established a name in the newspaper business in the 1820s with dispatches sent from Washington, D.C., to the New York Enquirer , most sharply critical of President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay ; one historian called Bennett "the first real Washington reporter". Bennett

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7592-689: The 415th squadron flew escort missions for the airborne invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The squadron was moved to Sicily in early September, and later to the mainland of Italy in December as the Allies continued gain ground on the Axis powers . In Italy, the squadron continued its patrols, and it flew night cover over the Anzio beachhead during January and February 1944. In July 1944, the squadron moved again to Corsica to take part in

7738-406: The 415th, now the 415th Special Operations Squadron , was activated to assume its mission, personnel and equipment. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency <ref New York Herald Tribune The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It

7884-696: The 422nd Night-Fighter Squadron stationed in Occupied Belgium during the first week of October 1944. At the time, these were erroneously believed to be Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket-powered interceptors, which did not operate at night. However, the bulk of the sightings started occurring in the last week of November 1944, when pilots flying over Western Europe by night reported seeing fast-moving round glowing objects following their aircraft. The objects were variously described as fiery, and glowing red, white, or orange. Some pilots described them as resembling Christmas-tree lights and reported that they seemed to toy with

8030-411: The F-117A during the day, but personnel were still ferried to and from work each Monday and Friday from Nellis Air Force Base . Everyone associated with the project was still forbidden to talk about what they did for a living, and the program remained shrouded in secrecy. The 4450th Tactical Group was inactivated on 5 October 1989, and the 4450th Squadron transferred its mission, personnel and F-117s to

8176-501: The F-117A in a clandestine environment. All Tonopah training flights were conducted at night under the cover of darkness until late 1988. On 10 November 1988, the U.S. Air Force brought the F-117A from behind a "black veil" by publicly acknowledging its existence, but the USAF provided few details about it. The official confirmation of the existence of the F-117A, however, had little impact on Tonopah operations. Pilots began occasionally flying

8322-495: The Guild's leadership and thrust ITU to the fore. New technology was also a concern for management and labor. Teletypesetting (TTS), introduced in the 1950s, was used by The Wall Street Journal and promised to be far more efficient than the linotype machines still used by the Tribune and most other New York newspapers. TTS required less skill than the complex linotype machines, and publishers wanted to automate to save money. ITU

8468-466: The Reid family was once again forced to subsidize the newspaper. By 1933, the Herald Tribune turned a profit of $ 300,000, and would stay in the black for the next 20 years, without ever making enough money for significant growth or reinvestment. Through the 1930s Ogden Reid often stayed late at Bleeck's, a popular hangout for Herald Tribune reporters.; by 1945, Tribune historian Richard Kluger wrote, Reid

8614-475: The United Kingdom at the time. Under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. The paper steadily revived under Whitney, but a 114-day newspaper strike stopped the Herald Tribune ' s gains and ushered in four years of strife with labor unions, particularly

8760-487: The air offensive, F-117As obliterated many hardened targets with unprecedented precision. The 37th TFW flew 1271 combat sorties and maintained an 85.5 percent mission-capable rate . The 43 F-117As of the 37th Wing dropped more than 2,000 tons of precision ordnance and attacked some 40 percent of the high-value targets that were struck by the Coalition forces. Not one F-117A was hit, shot down, or lost to mechanical failure. There

8906-503: The aircraft, equipment, personnel, and mission of the squadron were transferred to the 7th Fighter Squadron of the 49th Operations Group at Holloman. Air Education and Training Command had established Detachment 1 of the 58th Special Operations Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base , New Mexico to conduct advanced crew training for the MC-130J Commando II . This operation grew to a squadron sized element and on 22 September 2011,

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9052-508: The aircraft, making wild turns before simply vanishing. Pilots and aircrew reported that the objects flew together in formation with their aircraft and behaved as if they were under intelligent control, but never displayed hostile behavior. However, they could not be outmaneuvered or shot down. The phenomenon was so widespread that the lights earned a name – in the European Theater of Operations they were often called "Kraut fireballs", but for

9198-483: The alleged aircraft may have been Me 262 and for the rest, flak rockets are suggested as the most likely explanation. The whole affair is still something of a mystery and the evidence is very sketchy and varied so that no definite and satisfactory explanation can yet be given. A group of scientists, engineers and former high-ranking Luftwaffe officers were questioned about wartime "Balls of Fire" reports by staff from United States Air Force in Europe's intelligence section in

9344-584: The beginning of the invasion, six F-117As flew to Panama from Tonopah. Their mission was to drop 2000-pound bombs near the Panama Defense Forces barracks at Rio Hato . The purpose of these bomb drops was to stun and disorient the PDF troops living there so that the barracks could be stormed and the troops captured with minimal resistance and casualties. The pilots were instructed to drop their bombs no closer than 50 meters from two separate PDF barracks buildings. On

9490-471: The bomber pilots. Also, Vesco alleges that the devices were also intended to have an "offensive" capability. Electrostatic discharges from the klystron tubes would, he stated, interfere with the ignition systems of the bombers, causing the engines to stall and the planes to crash. Although there is no hard evidence to support the reality of the Feuerball drone, this theory has been taken up by other aviation/ufology authors, and it has even been cited by some as

9636-461: The business side of the paper, combined with an increasing reputation as a "newspaperman's newspaper", led the Herald Tribune to post a profit of nearly $ 1.5 million in 1929, as circulation climbed over the 300,000 mark. The onset of the Great Depression , however, wiped out the profits. In 1931, the Herald Tribune lost $ 650,000 (equivalent to approximately $ 14,515,610 in 2023 dollars ), and

9782-449: The circulation in 1872 —saw the Tribune's readership jump to about 130,000 by 1924. Reid's wife, Helen Rogers Reid , took charge of the newspaper's advertising department in 1919. Helen Reid, "who believed in the newspaper the way a religious person believes in God", reorganized the faltering department, aggressively pursuing advertisers and selling them on the "wealth, position and power" of

9928-459: The city but, like other newspaper unions, had taken a backseat to the Newspaper Guild (which had the largest membership among the unions) in contract negotiations. This arrangement began to fray in the 1950s, as the craft unions felt the Guild was too inclined to accept publishers' offers without concern for those who did the manual work of printing. Powers wanted to call a strike to challenge

10074-402: The city room of his newspaper to read the early edition of the Tribune and sometimes responded with changes, though he ultimately decided Denson's approach would be unsuccessful. But the financial challenges both papers faced led Dryfoos, Thayer, and previous Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger to discuss a possible merger of the Times and the Tribune, a project codenamed "Canada" at

10220-604: The city's newspapers resumed publication on April 1, 1963. The strike added new costs to all newspapers, and increased the Tribune ' s losses to $ 4.2 million while slashing its circulation to 282,000. Dryfoos died of a heart ailment shortly after the strike and was replaced as Times publisher by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , who ended merger talks with the Tribune because "it just didn't make any long-term sense to me." The paper also lost long-established talent, including Marguerite Higgins, Earl Mazo and Washington bureau chief Robert Donovan. Whitney, however, remained committed to

10366-405: The conflict and was consistently ahead of the Herald Tribune ' s. Between 1941 and 1945, advertising space in the Times increased from 42.58 percent of the paper to 49.68 percent, while the Tribune saw its ad space increase from 37.58 percent to 49.32 percent. In 1943 and 1944, more than half the Times ' went to advertising, a percentage the Herald Tribune did not meet until after

10512-407: The conflict. Reid, who helped negotiate the treaty that ended the war had by 1901 become completely disengaged from the Tribune ' s daily operations. The paper was no longer profitable, and the Reids largely viewed the paper as a "private charity case". By 1908, the Tribune was losing $ 2,000 a week. In an article about New York City's daily newspapers that year, The Atlantic Monthly found

10658-417: The early 1930s, first being used by cartoonist Bill Holman , who peppered his Smokey Stover fireman cartoon strips with "foo" signs and puns. The term "foo" was borrowed from Smokey Stover by a radar operator in the 415th Night Fighter Squadron, Donald J. Meiers, who, according to most 415th members, gave the foo fighters their name. Meiers was from Chicago and was an avid reader of Holman's strip, which

10804-426: The early autumn of 1945. None of the thirteen interviewed claimed any knowledge of a German secret weapons program that could have explained the sightings. The author Renato Vesco revived the wartime theory that the foo fighters were a Nazi secret weapon in his work Intercept UFO , reprinted in a revised English edition as Man-Made UFOs: 50 Years of Suppression in 1994. Vesco claims that the foo fighters were in fact

10950-472: The early morning hours, the F-117As of the 37th Wing initiated the air war against Iraq. Mission planners had assigned critical strategic Iraqi command and control installations to the F-117A, counting on the aircraft's ability to hit precisely at well-defended targets without being seen. Other vital targets included key communications centers, research and development facilities for nuclear and chemical weapons, plus hardened aircraft shelters on Iraqi airfields. On

11096-414: The election, but was badly hurt by a piece (intended humorously) that said Greeley's defeat would chase political office seekers from the Tribune and allow the staff to "manage our own newspaper without being called aside every hour to help lazy people whom we don't know and…benefit people who don't deserve assistance". The piece was widely (and incorrectly) attributed to Greeley as a sign of bitterness at

11242-400: The end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of disastrous business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family, left the Herald Tribune far behind its rival. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney , a multimillionaire Wall Street investor who was serving as ambassador to

11388-457: The expense of its advertising, while the Herald Tribune chose to run more ads, trading short-term profit for long-term difficulties. In The Kingdom and the Power , Talese's 1969 book about the Times , Talese wrote "the additional space that The Times was able to devote to war coverage instead of advertising was, in the long run, a very profitable decision: The Times lured many readers away from

11534-402: The extreme". His promotions included printing the sports section on green newsprint and a pocket-sized magazine for television listings that initially stopped the Sunday paper's circulation skid, but proved an empty product. The Tribune turned a profit in 1956, but the Times was rapidly outpacing it in news content, circulation, and ad revenue. The promotions largely failed to hold on to

11680-501: The fireplace or piano of his fiancée's parents (the exact location differed in witnesses' memories) spent the Herald ' s still sizable profits on his own lifestyle, and the Herald's circulation stagnated. Bennett respected Pulitzer, and even ran an editorial praising the publisher of The World after health problems forced him to relinquish the editorship of the paper in 1890. However, he despised William Randolph Hearst , who purchased

11826-569: The first American newspaper to use the Bodoni font for headlines. The font gave a "decided elegance" to the Tribune and was soon adopted by magazines and other newspapers, including The Washington Post , The Boston Globe and the Miami Herald . The Tribune developed a reputation for typographical excellence it would maintain for more than four decades. Reid, who inherited a newspaper whose circulation may have fallen to 25,000 daily—no higher than

11972-477: The first night of the war, an F-117A dropped a 2000-pound laser-guided GBU-27 Paveway III bomb right through the roof of the general communications building in downtown Baghdad . In another attack on the communications building next to the Tigris River, another GBU-27 Paveway III was dropped through an air shaft in the center of the roof atop the building and blew out all four walls. During the first three weeks of

12118-418: The foo fighters. A crude form of collision avoidance radar ensured the craft would not crash into another airborne object, and an onboard sensor mechanism would even instruct the machine to depart swiftly if it was fired upon. The purpose of the Feuerball , according to Vesco, was twofold. The appearance of this weird device inside a bomber stream would (and indeed did) have a distracting and disruptive effect on

12264-592: The hospitals to develop lists of casualties and deliver messages from the wounded to their families. The New-York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire , had begun publishing a weekly paper called The New-Yorker (unrelated to the magazine of the same name ) in 1834, which won attention for its political reporting and editorials. Joining the Whig Party , Greeley published The Jeffersonian , which helped elect William H. Seward Governor of New York State in 1838, and then

12410-504: The journalism community, which had expected Munsey to purchase the Tribune . The Herald management informed its staff of the sale in a brief note posted on a bulletin board; reading it, one reporter remarked "Jonah just swallowed the whale". The merged paper, which published its first edition on March 19, was named the New York Herald New York Tribune until May 31, 1926, when the more familiar New York Herald Tribune

12556-525: The lines at St. Die, and it dropped flares to light up targets for the artillery . Through April 1945, the squadron flew patrols and intruder missions, concentrating its attacks on enemy installations, supplies, communications, and troops. The 415th squadron took part in the Allied invasion of Germany , moving to Braunshardt Airfield , Germany, where it moved from the Beaufighter to the new American nightfighter,

12702-790: The local chapter of the International Typographical Union . Faced with mounting losses, Whitney attempted to merge the Herald Tribune with the New York World-Telegram and the New York Journal-American in the spring of 1966; the proposed merger led to another lengthy strike, and on August 15, 1966, Whitney announced the closure of the Herald Tribune . Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune , Whitney spent $ 39.5 million (equivalent to $ 370,710,006 in 2023 dollars ) in his attempts to keep

12848-463: The morning Sun (which he had purchased in 1916) into the Herald and attempted to revive the newspaper through his financial resources, hoping to establish the Herald as the pre-eminent Republican newspaper within the city. To achieve that end, he approached Elisabeth Mills Reid in early 1924 with a proposal to purchase the Tribune —the only other Republican newspaper in New York—and merge it with

12994-501: The most authentic and thorough list of market prices published anywhere; for these alone it commanded attention in financial circles". Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, "perfected the fresh, pointed prose practiced in the French press at its best". The publisher's coverage of the 1836 murder of Helen Jewett —which, for the first time in the American press, included excerpts from

13140-479: The most likely explanation for the phenomena in at least one recent TV "documentary" on Nazi secret weapons . However, others cite the single-sourced nature of the claims, the complete lack of evidence supporting them, and the implausible capabilities of the supposed device as marking this explanation as nonsense. Any type of electrical discharge from the wings of airplanes (see St. Elmo's Fire ) has been suggested as an explanation, since it has been known to appear at

13286-551: The most part called "foo fighters". The military took the sightings seriously, suspecting that the mysterious sightings might be secret German weapons, but further investigation revealed that German and Japanese pilots had reported similar sightings. On 13 December 1944, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in Paris issued a press release, which was printed in The New York Times

13432-400: The murder victim's correspondence—made Bennett "the best known, if most notorious…journalist in the country". Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the "first systematic foreign coverage" in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Herald ' s circulation exceeded that of The London Times . When

13578-411: The names of jumbled up town and city names in exchange for prizes. Reid also gave more prominent play to crime and entertainment stories. Much of the staff, including Whitelaw Reid, felt there was too much focus on circulation at the expense of the paper's editorial standards, but the promotions initially worked, boosting its weekday circulation to over 400,000. Reid's ideas, however, "were prosaic in

13724-468: The nearby La Senia Airfield . In June 1943, the ground component moved to Tunisia, where it worked with a Royal Air Force night fighter squadron. The air echelon joined the ground troops in early July at Monastir Airfield , Tunisia. The 415th Squadron entered combat as a unit in July 1943, flying British-made Bristol Beaufighter aircraft. The squadron's pilots flew convoy patrols, night patrols, and interception scrambles. As its first important mission,

13870-467: The new front page "all overblown pictures (and) klaxon headlines" —but the newspaper's circulation jumped in 1961 and those within the Tribune said "the alternative seemed to be the death of the newspaper." The Tribune also launched an ad campaign targeting the Times with the slogan "Who says a good newspaper has to be dull?" The Tribune ' s revival came as the Times was bringing on new leadership and facing financial trouble of its own. While

14016-561: The news side, reducing its foreign and crime coverage. Robinson was dismissive of the circulation lead of the Times , saying in a 1948 memo that 75,000 of its rival's readers were "transients" who only read the wanted ads. The Times also began to push the Tribune hard in suburbs, where the Tribune had previously enjoyed a commanding lead. At the urging of Goldstein, Times editors added features to appeal to commuters, expanded (and in some cases subsidized) home delivery, and paid retail display allowances—"kickbacks, in common parlance"—to

14162-536: The newspaper alive. After the New York Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post , joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune , the paper's former Paris publication. By 1967, the paper was owned jointly by Whitney Communications, The Washington Post and The New York Times . The International Herald Tribune , also known as

14308-542: The newspaper also hired columnist Walter Lippmann , seen at the time as a liberal, after The World closed its doors in 1931. Unlike other pro-Republican papers, such as Hearst's New York Journal-American or the Chicago Tribune -owned New York Daily News , which held an isolationist and pro-German stance, the Herald Tribune was more supportive of the British and the French as the specter of World War II developed,

14454-593: The newspaper and done creditable work covering the London Blitz , but had not been trained for the duties of his position and was unable to provide forceful leadership for the newspaper. The Tribune also failed to keep pace with the Times in its facilities: While both papers had about the same level of profits between 1947 and 1950, the Times was heavily reinvesting money in its plant and hiring new employees. The Tribune , meanwhile, with Helen Reid's approval, cut $ 1 million from its budgets and fired 25 employees on

14600-448: The newspaper since the 1924 merger initially attempted to keep editorial control of the paper, but Whitney made it clear he would not invest additional money in the Tribune if the Reids remained at the helm. The family yielded, and Helen, Whitie and Brown Reid announced Whitney's takeover of the newspaper on August 28, 1958. The Reids retained a substantial stake in the Tribune until its demise, but Whitney and his advisors controlled

14746-602: The newspaper to managing editor James Bellows . But Denson's approach would continue at the paper. Daily circulation at the Tribune reached an all-time high of 412,000 in November, 1962. The New York newspaper industry came to an abrupt halt on December 8, 1962, when the local of the International Typographical Union , led by Bert Powers, walked off the job, leading to the 114-day 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike . The ITU, known as "Big Six", represented 3,800 printers, as well as workers at 600 printshops and 28 publications in

14892-451: The newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans , and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. The paper, first owned by the Reid family, struggled financially for most of its life and rarely generated enough profit for growth or capital improvements; the Reids subsidized the Herald Tribune through the paper's early years. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by

15038-458: The newspaper's "financial pages … execrable, its news columns readable but utterly commonplace, and its rubber-stamping of Republican policies (making) it the last sheet in town operated as a servant of party machinery". The Herald also saw its reputation for comprehensiveness challenged by the Times , purchased by Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs in 1896, a few weeks before the paper would have likely closed its doors. Ochs, turning

15184-426: The newspaper's viability. The loan came with the option to take controlling interest of the newspaper if he made a second loan of $ 1.3 million. Brown Reid expected the $ 1.2 million to cover a deficit that would last through the end of 1958, but by that year the newspaper's loss was projected at $ 3 million, and Whitney and his advisors decided to exercise their option. The Reids, claiming to have put $ 20 million into

15330-430: The newspaper, the hiring of female writers, and helped establish a "home institute" that tested recipes and household products. The Herald ' s decline continued in the new decade. With the outbreak of World War I, Bennett devoted most of his attention to the Paris Herald , doing his first newspaper reporting at the age of 73 and keeping the publication alive despite wartime censorship. The New York paper, however,

15476-544: The next day, officially describing the phenomenon as a "new German weapon". Follow-up stories, using the term "Foo Fighters", appeared in the New York Herald Tribune and the British Daily Telegraph . In its 15 January 1945 edition, Time magazine carried a story titled "Foo-Fighter", in which it reported that the "balls of fire" had been following USAAF night fighters for over a month, and that

15622-523: The night of 19 December, two lead F-117As each dropped a conventional 2000-pound bomb on the Rio Hato barracks. Less than a year later, in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, the 415th deployed to King Khalid Air Base in the south-west of Saudi Arabia , near Khamis Mushait on 19 August 1990. On 17 January 1991, coalition forces began an air offensive to eject Iraqi troops from Kuwait. In

15768-419: The once-Republican Times into an independent Democratic newspaper, refocused the newspaper's coverage on commerce, quickly developing a reputation as the "businessman's bible". When the Times began turning a profit in 1899, Ochs began reinvesting the profits make into the newspaper toward news coverage, quickly giving the Times the reputation as the most complete newspaper in the city. Bennett, who viewed

15914-464: The outcome; Reid refused to print Greeley's furious disclaimer of the story, and by the end of the month, Greeley had died. Both newspapers went into gradual decline under their new proprietors. James Gordon Bennett Jr.—"a swaggering, precociously dissolute lout who rarely stifled an impulse" —had a mercurial reign. He launched the New York Telegram , an evening paper, in the late 1860s and kept

16060-575: The overall percentage of advertising for the paper was higher than it was in 1947, the Times was still higher: 58 percent of the average space in The New York Times in 1947 was devoted to advertising, versus a little over 50 percent of the Tribune . The Times would not raise its price until 1950. Ogden Reid died early in 1947, making Helen Reid leader of the Tribune in name as well as in fact. Reid chose her son, Whitelaw Reid , known as "Whitie", as editor. The younger Reid had written for

16206-519: The paper. Whitney initially left management of the newspaper to Walter Thayer, a longtime advisor. Thayer did not believe the Tribune was a financial investment—"it was a matter of 'let's set it up so that (Whitney) can do it if this is what he wants" —but moved to build a "hen house" of media properties to protect Whitney's investment and provide money for the Tribune . Over the next two years, Whitney's firm acquired Parade , five television stations and four radio stations. The properties, merged into

16352-554: The pending Operation Dragoon , the invasion of Southern France. This invasion occurred in August, and the 415th again flew night patrols covering the beachheads. After the Allied ground forces established beachheads , the squadron moved into Southern France, where it supported the U.S 7th Army and the French 1st Army with night interception and anti-night-intruder sorties. The pilots also patrolled

16498-469: The pilots had named it the "foo-fighter". According to Time , descriptions of the phenomena varied, but the pilots agreed that the mysterious lights followed their aircraft closely at high speed. The "balls of fire" phenomenon reported from the Pacific Theater of Operations differed somewhat from the foo fighters reported from Europe; the "ball of fire" resembled a large burning sphere that "just hung in

16644-535: The post-Desert Storm task force in Southwest Asia. After Desert Storm, the 415th was assigned to the new 37th Operations Group , being redesignated the 415th Fighter Squadron as part of the wing's adoption of the Air Force Objective Wing organization. In 1992, the F-117As were moved to Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico. the 37th Fighter Wing and its subordinate organizations were inactivated and

16790-416: The profits to make needed upgrades to the newspaper's pressroom. The investment squeezed the paper's resources, and Robinson decided to make up the difference at the end of the year by raising the Tribune ' s price from three cents to a nickel , expecting the Times , which also needed to upgrade its facilities, to do the same. However, the Times , concerned by the Tribune ' s performance during

16936-439: The same approach to the Tribune . Denson "swept away the old front-page architecture, essentially vertical in structure" and laid out stories horizontally, with unorthodox and sometimes cryptic headlines; large photos and information boxes. The "Densonized" front page sparked a mixed reaction from media professionals and within the newspaper— Tribune copy editor John Price called it "silly but expert silliness" and Time called

17082-655: The sky", though it was reported to sometimes follow aircraft. There was speculation that the phenomena could be related to the Japanese fire balloon campaign. As in Europe, no aircraft were reported as having been attacked by a "ball of fire". The postwar Robertson Panel cited foo fighter reports, noting that their behavior did not appear to be threatening, and mentioned possible explanations, for instance that they were electrostatic phenomena similar to St. Elmo's fire , electromagnetic phenomena, or simply reflections of light from ice crystals. The Panel's report suggested that "If

17228-612: The squadron returned without people and equipment, and then moved to Shaw Field , South Carolina. The unit remained unmanned through July 1946, when new pilots with P-61s and North American B-25 Mitchells arrived. It resumed its training in night fighter techniques until May 1947, when the squadron was reassigned to Alaskan Air Command , and was stationed at Adak Army Air Field to defend the Aleutian Islands . The squadron flew training patrols until being inactivated on 1 September 1947, with its personnel and aircraft being transferred to

17374-514: The squadron was assigned to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics for training in the P-70 night fighter, a converted Douglas A-20 Havoc medium bomber. That training included daylight and nighttime air interceptions, ground-controlled interception , navigation, and instrument flying. On 3 March 1943, the air echelon from the unit left Florida. Twenty days later, the echelon sailed on

17520-482: The stories, Bigart was highly valued by his peers and the military, and won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize. By the end of the conflict, the Herald Tribune had enjoyed some of its best financial years in its history. While the newspaper had just 63 percent of its rival's daily circulation (and 70 percent of the Sunday circulation of The Times ), its high-income readership gave the paper nearly 85 percent of The New York Times ' overall ad revenue, and had made $ 2 million

17666-436: The subsidies as loans, not capital investments. The notes on the paper were willed to Ogden Reid and his sister, Lady Jean Templeton Reid Ward. The notes amounted to a mortgage on the Herald Tribune , which prevented the newspaper from acquiring bank loans or securing public financing. Financial advisors at the newspaper advised the Reids to convert the notes into equity , which the family resisted. This decision would play

17812-456: The term 'flying saucers' had been popular in 1943–1945, these objects would have been so labeled." Foo fighters were reported on many occasions from around the world. Examples include: The 415th Night-Fighter Squadron's Intelligence Officer, Captain Ringwald, sent a report listing 14 separate incidents in December 1944 and early January 1945 to the intelligence section at XII Tactical Air Command,

17958-497: The term have been a corruption of the French feu for fire, and a corruption of the military acronym FUBAR (fucked up beyond all recognition). Royal Air Force personnel had reported seeing lights following their aircraft from as early as March 1942, with similar sightings involving RAF bomber crews over the Balkans starting in April 1944. American sightings were first recorded by crews from

18104-506: The traditions about "Vertigo" which are passed on to them. When a concept thus grows out of anecdotes cemented together with practical necessity, it is bound to acquire elements of mystery. So far as "vertigo" is concerned, no one really knows more than a small part of the facts, but a great deal of the peril. Since aviators are not skilled observers of human behavior, they usually have only the vaguest understanding of their own feelings. Like other naive persons, therefore, they have simply adopted

18250-574: The trial itself. Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House , but the paper quickly folded after the election. After a few years of journalistic piecework, he founded the Herald in 1835 as a penny newspaper , similar in some respects to Benjamin Day's Sun but with a strong emphasis on crime and financial coverage; the Herald "carried

18396-780: The two men. Raymond, who felt he was "overused and underpaid" as a reporter on the Tribune staff, later served in the New York State Assembly and, with the backing of bankers in Albany, founded the Times in 1851, which quickly became a rival for the Whig readership that Greeley cultivated. After the Civil War , Bennett turned over daily operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett Jr. , and lived in seclusion until his death in 1872. That year, Greeley, who had been an early supporter of

18542-671: The unit's immediate superiors at 64th Fighter Wing being unable to offer any answers. Without answers of their own, XII TAC requested assistance from Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), in Paris. SHAEF had no knowledge of the phenomenon and asked if the British Air Ministry in London had any information. The Air Ministry's explanation for the Foo Fighter phenomenon was received on 13 March 1945: Bomber Command crews have for some time been reporting similar phenomena. A few of

18688-478: The war, refused to go along. "We didn't want to give them any quarter," Times circulation manager Nathan Goldstein said. "Our numbers were on the rise, and we didn't want to do anything to jeopardize them. 'No free rides for the competition' was the way we looked at it." The move proved disastrous: In 1947, the Tribune ' s daily circulation fell nine percent, from 348,626 to 319,867. Its Sunday circulation fell four percent, from 708,754 to 680,691. Although

18834-478: The war. However, because the Tribune was generally a smaller paper than the Times and saw its ad space jump more, "the proportionate increase in the Tribune seemed greater than it was in absolute terms. The evidence that this disproportionate increase in the Tribune ' s advertising content left its readers feeling deprived of war news coverage and sent them in droves to the Times is, at best, highly ambiguous." The Herald Tribune always had at least

18980-400: The wingtips of aircraft. It has also been pointed out that some of the descriptions of foo fighters closely resemble those of ball lightning . During April 1945, the U.S. Navy began to experiment on visual illusions as experienced by nighttime aviators. This work began the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Medicine (BUMED) project X-148-AV-4-3. This project pioneered the study of aviators' vertigo and

19126-401: The younger Reid encouraged light touches at the previously somber Tribune , creating an environment where "the windows were opened and the suffocating solemnity of the place was aired out". Under Reid's tenure the Tribune lobbied for legal protection for journalists culminating in the U.S. Supreme Court case Burdick v. United States . In 1917, the Tribune redesigned its layout and became

19272-511: Was also a pioneer in crime reporting; while writing about a murder trial in 1830, the attorney general of Massachusetts attempted to restrict the coverage of the newspapers: Bennett criticized the move as an "old, worm-eaten, Gothic dogma of the Court...to consider the publicity given to every event by the Press, as destructive to the interests of law and justice". The fight over access eventually overshadowed

19418-549: Was created in 1924 when Ogden Mills Reid of the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald . It was regarded as a "writer's newspaper" and competed with The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won twelve Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime. A "Republican paper, a Protestant paper and a paper more representative of the suburbs than the ethnic mix of the city", according to one later reporter,

19564-441: Was extremely agitated and had a copy of the comic strip tucked in his back pocket. He pulled it out and slammed it down on Ringwald's desk and said, "[I]t was another one of those fuckin' foo fighters!" and stormed out of the debriefing room. According to Ringwald, because of the lack of a better name, it stuck. And this was originally what the men of the 415th started calling these incidents: "fuckin' foo fighters". In December 1944,

19710-490: Was having an affair with literary editor Irita Van Doren ) through the election. Dorothy Thompson , then a columnist at the paper, openly supported Franklin Roosevelt 's re-election and was eventually forced to resign. Historians of The New York Times —including Gay Talese , Susan Tifft and Alex S. Jones—have argued that the Times , faced with newsprint rationing during World War II, decided to increase its news coverage at

19856-409: Was in freefall, and posted a loss in 1917. The next year, Bennett died, having taken some $ 30 million out of the lifetime profits of the Herald . Two years later, the Herald newspapers were sold to Frank Munsey for $ 3 million. Munsey had won the enmity of many journalists with his buying, selling and consolidation of newspapers, and the Herald became part of Munsey's moves. The publisher merged

20002-474: Was inactivated in 1947, with its personnel and aircraft being transferred to another squadron. Reactivated in 2011, the squadron replaced the 58th Special Operations Wing, Detachment 1. Its mission is to train special operations personnel operating both the HC-130 J Combat King II and the MC-130J Commando II . During World War II , the 415th Night Fighter Squadron was activated on 10 February 1943. At that time,

20148-534: Was initiated because a wide variety of anomalous events were being reported by nighttime aviators. Edgar Vinacke, who was the prime flight psychologist on this project, summarized the need for a cohesive and systemic outline of the epidemiology of aviators' vertigo: Pilots do not have sufficient information about phenomena of disorientation, and, as a corollary, are given considerable disorganized, incomplete, and inaccurate information. They are largely dependent upon their own experience, which must supplement and interpret

20294-435: Was more interested in cutting costs than producing journalism. "It is no longer the desire even to attempt to run parallel with The New York Times in special dispatches from Europe," Hills wrote in a memo to the Herald Tribune ' s foreign bureaus in late 1937. "Crisp cables of human interest or humorous type cables are greatly appreciated. Big beats in Europe these days are not very likely." The policy effectively led

20440-447: Was not necessarily opposed to TTS—it trained its members on the new equipment —but wanted to control the rate at which automation occurred; assurances that TTS operators would be paid at the same rates as linotype workers; that at least a portion of the savings from publishers would go toward union pension plans (to allow funding to continue as the workforce and union membership declined) and guarantees that no printer would lose their job as

20586-442: Was particularly vicious, as Bennett ordered his reporters to publish every negative item about Hearst's past that they could. Hearst, seeking revenge, sent a reporter to investigate the Herald ' s personal columns, which ran in the front of the paper and, in veiled language, advertised the service of prostitutes; reporters referred to it as "The Whores' Daily Guide and Handy Compendium." The resulting investigation, published in

20732-417: Was popular with the staff—Breslin called him "the only millionaire I ever rooted for" —and once burst out of his office wondering why the Tribune failed to sell more copies when "there's compelling reading on every page." But a second strike in 1965—which led the Tribune to leave the publishers' association in a desperate attempt to survive—pushed the Tribune's losses to $ 5 million and led Thayer to conclude

20878-512: Was referred to as the New Journalism . National editor Dick Wald wrote in one memo "there is no mold for a newspaper story," and Bellows encouraged his reporters to work "in whatever style made them comfortable." Tom Wolfe , who joined the paper after working at The Washington Post , wrote lengthy features about city life; asking an editor how long his pieces should be, he received the reply "until it gets boring." Bellows soon moved Wolfe to

21024-408: Was run daily in the Chicago Tribune . Smokey Stover's catch-phrase was "where there's foo, there's fire". In a mission debriefing on the evening of November 27, 1944, Frederic "Fritz" Ringwald, the unit's S-2 Intelligence Officer, stated that Meiers and Pilot Lt. Ed Schleuter had sighted a red ball of fire that appeared to chase them through a variety of high-speed maneuvers. Ringwald said that Meiers

21170-411: Was struggling with alcoholism . The staff considered the Herald Tribune ' s owner "kindly and likable, if deficient in intelligence and enterprise". Helen Reid increasingly took on the major leadership responsibilities at the newspaper—a fact Time noted in a 1934 cover story. Reid, angered, called her husband "the most independent-minded man I have ever met", to which Time replied that "it

21316-410: Was substituted. Apart from the Herald ' s radio magazine, weather listings and other features, "the merged paper was, with very few changes, the Tribune intact". Only 25 Herald reporters were hired after the merger; 600 people lost their jobs. Within a year, the new paper's circulation reached 275,000. The newly merged paper was not immediately profitable, but Helen Reid's reorganization of

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