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53-713: The university shares its unusual name with the Museum Folkwang founded in 1902 by arts patron Karl Ernst Osthaus . The term Folkwang derives from Fólkvangr , the Old Norse name of a mythical meadow where the dead gather who are chosen by Freyja , the Norse goddess of love and beauty, to spend the afterlife with her. The school's founders, opera director Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg  [ de ] , stage designer Hein Heckroth and choreographer Kurt Jooss , regarded this Folkwang as

106-630: A feeling of "power and freedom". According to Sanford Schwartz, de Chirico—whose father was a railroad engineer—painted images that suggest "the way you take in buildings and vistas from the perspective of a train window. His towers, walls, and plazas seem to flash by, and you are made to feel the power that comes from seeing things that way: you feel you know them more intimately than the people do who live with them day by day." In 1982, Robert Hughes wrote that de Chirico could condense voluminous feeling through metaphor and association ... In The Joy of Return , 1915, de Chirico's train has once more entered

159-426: A few distant figures, or none at all, in the absence of the film's protagonists. In 1958, Riverside Records used a reproduction of de Chirico's 1915 painting The Seer (originally painted as a tribute to French poet Arthur Rimbaud ) as the cover art for pianist Thelonious Monk 's live album Misterioso . The choice was made to capitalize on Monk's popularity with intellectual and bohemian fans from venues such as

212-428: A mass exhibition of this "degenerate" art—which, ironically, proved to be quite popular—and then began systematically selling the art to raise cash. Many works of art came into the possession of American and other collectors and museums. In the end, approximately 5,000 works of art deemed unsaleable were burned. The Museum Folkwang and the other museums affected have generally not tried to reclaim these works because at

265-607: A novel entitled Hebdomeros, the Metaphysician . Also in 1929, he made stage designs for Sergei Diaghilev . In 1930, de Chirico met his second wife, Isabella Pakszwer Far (1909–1990), a Russian, with whom he would remain for the rest of his life. Together they moved to Italy in 1932 and to the US in 1936, finally settling in Rome in 1944. In 1948 he bought a house near the Spanish Steps ; now

318-532: A symbol for the arts as a unified whole, rather than divided into separate classes. The Folkwangschule für Musik, Tanz und Sprechen (Folkwang School for Music, Dance, and Speech) opened in 1927 in Essen, and in 1928 a previously established school of design merged with the institution. In 1963 the Folkwang school was renamed Folkwang-Hochschule (Folkwang Academy). In 2010 the institution began offering graduate studies and

371-402: A visit in Essen in 1932, Paul J. Sachs called the Folkwang "the most beautiful museum in the world." In 2007, David Chipperfield designed an extension, which was built onto the older building. Ernst Gosebruch  [ de ] , director of the museum in the 1920s and 1930s, and earlier directors, had made the museum's collection of modern art into one of the leading collections in

424-731: Is based on de Chirico's painting The Evil Genius of a King . The music video for the David Bowie song " Loving the Alien " was partly influenced by de Chirico. Bowie was an admirer of his genderless tailors' dummies. A 2018 study by researchers from the Magna Græcia University , published in Frontiers in Neurology , suggested that de Chirico suffered from Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS),

477-550: Is fate ... its voice speaks in riddles which are filled with a peculiarly Roman poetry". De Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea. Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade , a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne , where he exhibited three of his works: Enigma of the Oracle , Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait . During 1913 he exhibited paintings at

530-468: Is still literally "metaphysical", beyond reality. During these years, De Chirico also studied and rediscovered the painting techniques adopted by old masters, such as Titian: "So I started doing copies of the old masters. In Rome... in Florence... and then I also got interested in their techniques, I consulted numerous treatises on painting, both ancient and modern." De Chirico's later paintings never received

583-578: Is that, together with the city of Essen, it is co-owner of the collections of the Folkwang Museum. The association publishes its own periodical for its members, the Folkwang newsletter . Its chairman since 2015 is Ulrich Blank . The purpose and tasks of the Folkwang Museum Association are determined in its statutes as follows: "1. The purpose of the association is to manage, expand and public

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636-518: The Five Spot Café , where the album had been recorded, but Monk biographer Robin Kelley later observed deeper connections between the painting and the pianist's music; Rimbaud had "called on the artist to be a seer in order to plumb the depths of the unconscious in the quest for clairvoyance ... The one-eyed figure represented the visionary. The architectural forms and the placement of the chalkboard evoked

689-561: The Giorgio de Chirico House Museum , a museum dedicated to his work. In 1939, he adopted a neo- Baroque style influenced by Rubens . This artistic phase, which lasted until the late 60s, is sometimes referred to as the 'Baroque season'. During this time, de Chirico draws inspiration from artists such as Tintoretto , Dürer , Raphael , Delacroix and Renoir . The artist, far from willing to achieve realism in his paintings, strives to create images charged with myths and visions, for an art that

742-568: The Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne; his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso and Guillaume Apollinaire , and he sold his first painting, The Red Tower . His time in Paris also resulted in the production of de Chirico's Ariadne . In 1914, through Apollinaire, he met the art dealer Paul Guillaume , with whom he signed a contract for his artistic output. At the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Italy. Upon his arrival in May 1915, he enlisted in

795-644: The 1960s, Massimiliano Fuksas worked in his atelier. In 1974 de Chirico was elected to the French Académie des Beaux-Arts . He died in Rome on 20 November 1978. In 1992 his remains were moved to the Roman church of San Francesco a Ripa . De Chirico's best-known works are the paintings of his metaphysical period. In them he developed a repertoire of motifs—empty arcades, towers, elongated shadows, mannequins, and trains among others—that he arranged to create "images of forlornness and emptiness" that paradoxically also convey

848-726: The City of Essen was won by David Chipperfield (against competing designs by David Adjaye , Volker Staab , and Zaha Hadid ) in March 2007. The new building, adding 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft) to the existing museum, opened in January 2010, when Essen and the Ruhr Area became European Capital of Culture – Ruhr.2010 . The museum has collections on 19th and 20th century art, Modern art, Photography, Prints and drawings, German Posters, Ancient and Non-European art. The photographic collection

901-646: The Eastern Bloc. The collaboration with museums in the USA was particularly close. In the early 1970s, works from the Folkwang Museum were loaned to partner museums in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Des Moines, Louisiana, Philadelphia, San Francisco and St. Louis. Giorgio de Chirico Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( / ˈ k ɪr ɪ k oʊ / KIRR -ik-oh ; Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo de ˈkiːriko] ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978)

954-456: The Folkwang Museum founded by Dr. Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen together with the city of Essen 2. To make the collection permanently usable for the purposes of research and popular education. 2. In addition, the association has the general task of promoting the fine arts . 3. The association also has the task of maintaining and promoting the international status and character of the museum by supporting

1007-569: The Museum Association, the work of the Folkwang Museum became increasingly international from the beginning 1960s. Under the direction of Paul Vogt  [ de ] as museum director (in office since 1962), works from the Folkwang Collection were loaned to outstanding museums around the world. In addition, the FMV also began to cooperate more and more closely with museums in what was then

1060-717: The Museum Folkwang. It comprises up to 20 people, ten representatives of the city, five from the museum association and also up to five representatives from the Karl Ernst Osthaus Foundation, as well as the director of the museum ( Peter Gorschlüter since 2018) as advisory member. The chair of the board of trustees changes annually between the mayor of Essen and the chairman of the museum association. The Folkwang Museum Association has around 400 members, including legal entities (mostly companies). Its chairmen (since 1960 "first chairperson") were: With strong support of

1113-520: The Oracle while in Florence. In July 1911 he spent a few days in Turin on his way to Paris. De Chirico was profoundly moved by what he called the 'metaphysical aspect' of Turin , especially the architecture of its archways and piazzas. The paintings de Chirico produced between 1909 and 1919, his metaphysical period, are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images. At the start of this period, his subjects were motionless cityscapes inspired by

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1166-758: The Poet (1914), The Uncertainty of the Poet (1913), and Ariadne (1913), works in the Peggy Guggenheim Collection , the Tate , and the Metropolitan Museum of Art , respectively. The poems were read by actor Burt Young at the Met in 2016 . The box art for Fumito Ueda 's PlayStation 2 game Ico sold in Japan and Europe was strongly influenced by de Chirico. The cover art of New Order 's single " Thieves Like Us "

1219-414: The army, but he was considered unfit for work and assigned to the hospital at Ferrara. The shop windows of that town inspired a series of paintings that feature biscuits, maps, and geometric constructions in indoor settings. In Ferrara he met with Carlo Carrà and together they founded the pittura metafisica movement. He continued to paint, and in 1918, he transferred to Rome. Starting from 1918, his work

1272-487: The board of directors. In the early days, the board of directors had eight members (at least five according to the Articles of Association), while the executive board consisted of only three people, who at that time still had to belong to the board of directors. Cooperation with the city of Essen and the heirs of Karl Osthaus as well as the supervision of the museum's operations take place in the board of trustees (Kuratorium) of

1325-425: The bright daylight of Mediterranean cities, but gradually he turned his attention to studies of cluttered storerooms, sometimes inhabited by mannequin -like hybrid figures. De Chirico's conception of Metaphysical art was strongly influenced by his reading of Nietzsche, whose style of writing fascinated de Chirico with its suggestions of unseen auguries beneath the appearance of things. De Chirico found inspiration in

1378-399: The category of government-controlled institutions and was therefore part of the purge. Over 1,200 works of art were removed from the museum (among others by Georges Braque , Paul Cézanne , Giorgio de Chirico , Henri-Edmond Cross , André Derain , Henri Matisse , and Edvard Munch ), part of over 17,000 works of art removed from museums throughout Germany. The Nazi government first organized

1431-434: The city ... a bright ball of vapor hovers directly above its smokestack. Perhaps it comes from the train and is near us. Or possibly it is a cloud on the horizon, lit by the sun that never penetrates the buildings, in the last electric blue silence of dusk. It contracts the near and the far, enchanting one's sense of space. Early de Chiricos are full of such effects. Et quid amabo nisi quod aenigma est? ("What shall I love if not

1484-539: The eldest son of Gemma Cervetto and Evaristo de Chirico. His mother was a Genoese baroness of Greek origins from Smyrna , and his father a Sicilian barone of Greek ancestry (the Kyriko or Chirico family was of Greek origin, having moved from Rhodes to Palermo in 1523 together with 4,000 other Greek Catholic families). De Chirico's family was in Greece at the time of his birth because his father, an engineer,

1537-411: The enigma?")—this question, inscribed by the young artist on his self-portrait in 1911, is their subtext. In this, he resembles his more representational American contemporary, Edward Hopper : their pictures' low sunlight, their deep and often irrational shadows, their empty walkways and portentous silences creating an enigmatic visual poetry. De Chirico won praise for his work almost immediately from

1590-556: The family relocated in 1906 to Germany, after first visiting Florence . De Chirico entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich , where he studied under Gabriel von Hackl and Carl von Marr and read the writings of the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche , Arthur Schopenhauer and Otto Weininger . There, he also studied the works of Arnold Böcklin and Max Klinger . The style of his earliest paintings, such as The Dying Centaur (1909), shows

1643-542: The influence of Böcklin. De Chirico returned to Italy in the summer of 1909 and spent six months in Milan. By 1910, he was beginning to paint in a simpler style with flat, anonymous surfaces. At the beginning of 1910, he moved to Florence where he painted the first of his 'Metaphysical Town Square' series, The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon , after the revelation he felt in Piazza Santa Croce . He also painted The Enigma of

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1696-573: The leading photographers of the time from Germany, Austria and France were represented. The Museum Folkwang owns the copyright for the photographers Errell (Richard Levy), Germaine Krull , Helmar Lerski , Walter Peterhans , Fee Schlapper  [ Wikidata ] and Otto Steinert . The museum is supported by the Folkwang Museumsverein e.V. ( Folkwang Museum Association ), a non-profit association of citizens, patrons and companies interested in art, founded on June 1, 1922. According to

1749-527: The most moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought for the first time." Other artists as diverse as Giorgio Morandi , Carlo Carrà , Paul Delvaux , Carel Willink , Harue Koga , Philip Guston , Andy Warhol and Mark Kostabi were influenced by de Chirico. De Chirico's style has influenced several filmmakers, particularly in the 1950s through 1970s. The visual style of the French animated film Le Roi et l'oiseau , by Paul Grimault and Jacques Prévert ,

1802-474: The mythology of his birthplace. After 1919, he became a critic of modern art, studied traditional painting techniques, and later worked in a neoclassical or neo- Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work. In 2018 it was suggested that de Chirico may have suffered from Alice in Wonderland syndrome . Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico was born in Volos , Greece, as

1855-614: The post-war return to order in the arts. He became an outspoken opponent of modern art . In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer André Breton discovered one of de Chirico's metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaume's Paris gallery, and was enthralled. Numerous young artists who were similarly affected by de Chirico's imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around Breton. In 1924 de Chirico visited Paris and

1908-764: The region, such as the Philharmonie Essen  [ de ] , the Schauspiel Bochum , Musiktheater im Revier , the Duisburg Philharmonic , the Wuppertaler Bühnen and the Ruhrfestspiele . Undergraduate courses: Advanced programs: Faculty have included: Alumni include: Museum Folkwang Museum Folkwang is a major collection of 19th- and 20th-century art in Essen , Germany. The museum

1961-535: The same critical praise as did those from his metaphysical period. He resented this, as he thought his later work was better and more mature. He nevertheless produced backdated "self-forgeries" both to profit from his earlier success, and as an act of revenge—retribution for the critical preference for his early work. He also denounced many paintings attributed to him in public and private collections as forgeries. In 1945, he published his memoirs. He remained extremely prolific even as he approached his 90th year. During

2014-533: The statutes only later, in fact it had existed from the beginning – only interrupted during the National Socialist era. The two governing bodies of the association are the board of directors elected by the general assembly (currently 14 members, at least seven according to the articles of association) and the executive board (currently six members). This is elected by the General Assembly on the proposal of

2067-427: The statutes, its main aim is "to manage and expand the Folkwang Museum founded by Karl Ernst Osthaus together with the city of Essen and to make it permanently available for research and popular education purposes as a public collection". The association is based in Essen, where the Folkwang Museum has been located since October 1922. A special feature of the association compared to almost all other museum associations

2120-507: The time, the removal and sale of the works of art were legal under German law. The works of art were ultimately the property of the German government, which had the legal right to dispose of them as it saw fit. A €55m reconstruction was financed by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation under its chairman Berthold Beitz . An international architectural competition organized by

2173-598: The unexpected sensations that familiar places or things sometimes produced in him: In a manuscript of 1909 he wrote of the "host of strange, unknown and solitary things that can be translated into painting ... What is required above all is a pronounced sensitivity." Metaphysical art combined everyday reality with mythology, and evoked inexplicable moods of nostalgia, tense expectation, and estrangement. The picture space often featured illogical, contradictory, and drastically receding perspectives. Among de Chirico's most frequent motifs were arcades, of which he wrote: "The Roman arcade

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2226-578: The unity of art and science—a perfect symbol for an artist whose music has been called 'mathematical.'" Writers who have appreciated de Chirico include John Ashbery , who has called Hebdomeros "probably ... the finest [major work of Surrealist fiction]." Several of Sylvia Plath 's poems are influenced by de Chirico. In his book Blizzard of One Mark Strand included a poetic diptych called "Two de Chiricos": "The Philosopher's Conquest" and "The Disquieting Muses". Gabriele Tinti composed three poems inspired by de Chirico's paintings: The Nostalgia of

2279-402: The work of the scientific staff in the field of teaching and research as well as all efforts of the museum for international cooperation in the artistic field." The purpose of the association determined in point 1 has been valid since 1922 (in the wording as quoted), the task of promoting the fine arts (analogously). The deliberate internationality of the museum and its activities was enshrined in

2332-566: The world. However, when the National Socialists came to power in Germany in the early 1930s, they instituted a government-wide purge of what they termed " degenerate art ", by which they meant abstract, cubist, expressionist, surrealist and impressionist art. In 1937, Joseph Goebbels created a commission headed by Adolf Ziegler whose mission was to purge all German government-owned museums of such "degenerate" works. The Museum Folkwang fell into

2385-562: The writer Guillaume Apollinaire , who helped to introduce his work to the later Surrealists. De Chirico strongly influenced the Surrealist movement: Yves Tanguy wrote how one day in 1922 he saw one of de Chirico's paintings in an art dealer's window, and was so impressed by it he resolved on the spot to become an artist—although he had never even held a brush. Other Surrealists who acknowledged de Chirico's influence include Max Ernst , Salvador Dalí , and René Magritte , who described his first sighting of de Chirico's The Song of Love as "one of

2438-769: Was accepted into the group, although the surrealists were severely critical of his post-metaphysical work. De Chirico met and married his first wife, the Russian ballerina Raissa Gurievich (1894-1979) in 1925, and together they moved to Paris. His relationship with the Surrealists grew increasingly contentious, as they publicly disparaged his new work; by 1926 he had come to regard them as "cretinous and hostile". They soon parted ways in acrimony. In 1928 he held his first exhibition in New York City and shortly afterwards, London. He wrote essays on art and other subjects, and in 1929 published

2491-418: Was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. In the years before World War I , he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists . His best-known works often feature Roman arcades , long shadows, mannequins , trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and of Friedrich Nietzsche , and for

2544-454: Was established as an independent department in the Museum Folkwang in 1978; today it contains more than 50,000 photographs and a number of artists' estates. The Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation has been granting fellowships for contemporary German photography since 1982 in cooperation with the photographic collection of the Museum Folkwang. The museum was the site of the seminal Fotografie der Gegenwart exhibition in 1929 at which

2597-628: Was established in 1922 by merging the Essener Kunstmuseum , which was founded in 1906, and the private Folkwang Museum of the collector and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen , founded in 1902. The term Folkwang derives from the name of the afterlife meadow of the dead, Fólkvangr , presided over by the Norse goddess Freyja . Museum Folkwang incorporates the Deutsche Plakat Museum (German poster museum), comprising circa 340,000 posters from politics, economy and culture. During

2650-502: Was exhibited extensively in Europe. In November 1919, de Chirico published an article in Valori plastici entitled "The Return of Craftsmanship", in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography. This article heralded an abrupt change in his artistic orientation, as he adopted a classicizing manner inspired by such old masters as Raphael and Signorelli , and became part of

2703-452: Was in charge of the construction of a railroad. His younger brother, Andrea Francesco Alberto, became a famous writer, painter and composer under the pseudonym Alberto Savinio . Beginning in 1900, de Chirico studied drawing and painting at Athens Polytechnic — mainly under the guidance of the Greek painters Georgios Roilos and Georgios Jakobides . After Evaristo de Chirico's death in 1905,

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2756-607: Was influenced by de Chirico's work, primarily via Tanguy, a friend of Prévert. The visual style of Valerio Zurlini 's film The Desert of the Tartars (1976) was influenced by de Chirico's work. Michelangelo Antonioni , the Italian film director, also said he was influenced by de Chirico. Some comparison can be made to the long takes in Antonioni's films from the 1960s, in which the camera continues to linger on desolate cityscapes populated by

2809-675: Was renamed Folkwang University of the Arts. This coincided with Ruhr.2010 , the festival in which the Ruhr district was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2010. The Folkwang University unites training in music, theatre, dance, design, and scholarship, in order to encourage collaboration among the arts. Public events take place at the Folkwang University on its six in-house stages and in collaboration with cultural institutions of

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