55-547: Fokienia is a genus of conifer tree belonging to the cypress family . In its characteristics, Fokienia is intermediate between the genera of Chamaecyparis and Calocedrus . Genetically Fokienia is much closer to Chamaecyparis , and not all researchers recognize Fokienia as a separate genus. The genus comprises only one living species , Fokienia hodginsii or Fujian cypress (Chinese: 福建柏 ; pinyin: Fújiànbǎi ; Vietnamese: Pơmu ), and one fossil species ( Fokienia ravenscragensis ). Fokienia hodginsii
110-473: A grade basal to Cupressaceae sensu stricto , containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae . The former Taxodiaceae genus, Sciadopitys , has been moved to a separate monotypic family Sciadopityaceae due to being genetically distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae. In some classifications Cupressaceae is raised to an order, Cupressales. Molecular evidence supports Cupressaceae being the sister group to
165-623: A coil, where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel. Most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is ylang-ylang ( Cananga odorata ) which is purified through a fractional distillation . The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate , or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Hydrosols include rose water , lavender water, lemon balm , clary sage , and orange blossom water . Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically or cold-pressed (similar to olive oil extraction ). Due to
220-744: A danger when misused because of their thin skin and immature livers. This might cause them to be more susceptible to toxic effects than adults. The flash point of each essential oil is different. Many of the common essential oils, such as tea tree, lavender, and citrus oils, are classed as Class 3 Flammable Liquids , as they have a flash point of 50–60 °C. Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity have been reported by in vitro study of tea tree oil and lavender essential oils. Two published sets of case reports suggest that lavender oil may be implicated in some cases of gynecomastia , an abnormal breast tissue growth in prepubescent boys. The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety dismissed
275-552: A facial at an all-natural salon, a person experienced severe skin irritation, which highlighted the potential dangers of using "clean" beauty products marketed as being made from natural ingredients. This incident underscores the misconception that natural compounds are always safe, revealing a growing awareness within the beauty industry about the risks associated with essential oils, which can lead to allergic reactions and skin damage; there has been at least one case of death. Research has shown that some essential oils have potential as
330-539: A feeling of cold followed by a sense of burning. In Australia essential oils (mainly eucalyptus) have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning, mostly of children. In the period 2014–2018, there were 4,412 poisoning incidents reported in New South Wales . Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine in which healing effects are ascribed to the aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. Aromatherapy may be useful to induce relaxation, but there
385-481: A form of alternative medicine in which healing effects are ascribed to aromatic compounds. Aromatherapy may be useful to induce relaxation, but there is not sufficient evidence that it can effectively treat any condition. Improper use of essential oils may cause harm including allergic reactions, inflammation and skin irritation. Children may be particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of improper use. Essential oils can be poisonous if ingested or absorbed through
440-494: A living organism. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation , often by using steam . Other processes include expression , solvent extraction , sfumatura , absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing. They are used in perfumes , cosmetics , soaps , air fresheners and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for adding scents to incense and household cleaning products. Essential oils are often used for aromatherapy ,
495-438: A natural pesticide . In case studies, certain oils have been shown to have a variety of deterring effects on pests, specifically insects and select arthropods. These effects may include repelling, inhibiting digestion, stunting growth, decreasing rate of reproduction, or death of pests that consume the oil. However, the molecules within the oils that cause these effects are normally non-toxic for mammals. These specific actions of
550-828: A seal and piston arrangement which slides inside the pipette, wiping the essential oil off the pipette wall. Some essential oils qualify as GRAS flavoring agents for use in foods, beverages, and confectioneries according to strict good manufacturing practice and flavorist standards. Pharmacopoeia standards for medicinal oils should be heeded. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, cats in particular. The internal use of essential oils can pose hazards to pregnant women, as some can be abortifacients in dose 0.5–10 mL, and thus should not be used during pregnancy. Concern about pesticide residues in essential oils, particularly those used therapeutically, means many practitioners of aromatherapy buy organically produced oils. Not only are pesticides present in trace quantities, but also
605-426: A solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method can avoid petrochemical residues in the product and the loss of some "top notes" when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by merely lowering
SECTION 10
#1732909269922660-600: A very similar phylogeny but with some slight differences, along with the splitting of Cupressus (found to be paraphyletic): Cunninghamia Taiwania Athrotaxis Metasequoia Sequoia Sequoiadendron Cryptomeria Glyptostrobus Taxodium Austrocedrus Papuacedrus Essential oil An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants . Essential oils are also known as volatile oils , ethereal oils , aetheroleum , or simply as
715-594: Is an essential oil derived from garlic . Most eucalyptus oil on the market is produced from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus . Steam-distilled eucalyptus oil is used throughout Asia, Africa, Latin America and South America as a primary cleaning/disinfecting agent added to soaped mop and countertop cleaning solutions; it also possesses insect and limited vermin control properties. Note, however, there are hundreds of species of eucalyptus, and perhaps some dozens are used to various extents as sources of essential oils. Not only do
770-646: Is currently marketed as the most effective mosquito repellent. Although essential oils are effective as pesticides when first applied in uses such as mosquito repellent applied to the skin, it is only effective in the vapor stage. Since this stage is relatively short-lived, creams and polymer mixtures are used in order to elongate the vapor period of effective repellency. In any form, using essential oils as green pesticides rather than synthetic pesticides has ecological benefits such as decreased residual actions. In addition, increased use of essential oils as pest control could have not only ecological, but economical benefits as
825-457: Is native from southeastern China (provinces of Zhejiang , Guizhou , Yunnan and Fujian ) to Northern Vietnam (provinces of Ha Bac , Hà Giang , Hà Tĩnh , Hòa Bình , Sơn La , Nghệ An , Lào Cai , Lai Châu , Thanh Hóa , Tuyên Quang , Yên Bái and Vĩnh Phú ), west central Vietnam (provinces of Đắk Lắk , Gia Lai , Lâm Đồng ), and west to northern Laos . The name derives from the old romanised name of Fujian province, China, from where
880-630: Is not sufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. Scientific research indicates that essential oils cannot treat or cure any chronic disease or other illnesses. Much of the research on the use of essential oils for health purposes has serious methodological errors. In a systemic review of 201 published studies on essential oils as alternative medicines, only 10 were found to be of acceptable methodological quality, and even these 10 were still weak in reference to scientific standards. Use of essential oils may cause harm including allergic reactions and skin irritation; After receiving
935-699: Is occasionally referred to as "coffinwood". In Vietnam, it is considered a precious timber because of its characteristic aroma and its exceptional density; therefore it is used to make art works, pieces of furniture, and charcoal of high heat value. It is considered an ecologically threatened species in Vietnam. Distillation , especially of its root, gives an essential oil called siam wood or pemou oil used in aromatherapy . In China, freshly harvested green cypress branches are burned to smoke and cure salted meat and sausage, sometimes in combination with pomelo and tangerine peels. Cupressaceae Cupressaceae or
990-490: Is produced from the petals of Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia . Steam-distilled rose oil is known as "rose otto", while the solvent extracted product is known as "rose absolute". The potential toxicity of essential oil is related to its level or grade of purity, and to the toxicity of specific chemical components of the oil. Many essential oils are designed exclusively for their aroma-therapeutic quality; these essential oils generally should not be applied directly to
1045-546: Is rare because much higher concentrations are required in real foods. Some or all of this lower effectiveness is due to large differences between culture medium and foods in chemistry (especially lipid content), viscosity, and duration of inoculation/storage. Essential oils are usually lipophilic (literally: "oil-loving" ) compounds that are immiscible (not miscible ) with water. They can be diluted in solvents like pure ethanol and polyethylene glycol . Essential oils are derived from sections of plants. Some plants, like
1100-402: Is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol solution is chilled to −18 °C (0 °F) for more than 48 hours which causes the waxes and lipids to precipitate out. The precipitates are then filtered out and the ethanol is removed from the remaining solution by evaporation, vacuum purge, or both, leaving behind the absolute . Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as
1155-635: The Cenomanian of North America, and they subsequently diversified during the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic. The family is divided into seven subfamilies, based on genetic and morphological analysis as follows: A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters. Phylogeny based on 2000 study of morphological and molecular data. Several further papers have suggested
SECTION 20
#17329092699221210-497: The LD 50 or median lethal dose for common oils; this is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested animal population. LD 50 is intended as a guideline only, and reported values can vary widely due to differences in tested species and testing conditions. In 2002, ISO published ISO 4720 in which the botanical names of the relevant plants are standardized. The rest of the standards with regards to this topic can be found in
1265-469: The bitter orange , are sources of several types of essential oil. Balsam of Peru , an essential oil derived from Myroxylon plants, is used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in animal care products. However, national and international surveys identified balsam of Peru among the "top five" allergens most commonly causing patch test allergic reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics. Garlic oil
1320-399: The citrus peel oils, are photosensitizers , increasing vulnerability of the skin to sunlight. Industrial users of essential oils should consult the safety data sheets to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils. Even certain therapeutic-grade oils can pose potential threats to individuals with epilepsy or pregnant women. Essential oil use in children can pose
1375-539: The cypress family is a family of conifers . The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic ), which include the junipers and redwoods , with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious , subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species. The family reached its peak of diversity during
1430-508: The mesozoic era. The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their lives. Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage ( cladoptosis ); exceptions are leaves on
1485-487: The Cupressaceae, as do six of the ten longest-lived tree species . Molecular and morphological studies have expanded Cupressaceae to include the genera of Taxodiaceae , previously treated as a distinct family, but now shown not to differ from the Cupressaceae in any consistent characteristics. The member genera have been placed into five distinct subfamilies of Cupressaceae, Athrotaxidoideae , Cunninghamioideae , Sequoioideae , Taiwanioideae , and Taxodioideae , which form
1540-461: The alternating pairs not evenly spaced so appearing as whorls of 4 at the same level; they are sub-acute, about 2–5 mm long, glossy green above, and with white stomatal bands below. The lateral leaves are ovate and compressed, and facial leaves are oblanceolate with a triangular apex. On young trees, the leaves are larger, up to 8–10 mm long and 6 mm broad. The male cones are oval or cylindrical, around 2.5 mm long, terminal on
1595-472: The apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus. The seeds are mostly small and somewhat flattened, with two narrow wings, one down each side of the seed; rarely (e.g. Actinostrobus ) triangular in section with three wings; in some genera (e.g. Glyptostrobus and Libocedrus ), one of
1650-595: The claims against tea tree oil as implausible, but did not comment on lavender oil. In 2018, a BBC report on a study stated that tea tree and lavender oils contain eight substances that when tested in tissue culture experiments, increasing the level of estrogen and decreasing the level of testosterone . Some of the substances are found in "at least 65 other essential oils". The study did not include animal or human testing. Exposure to essential oils may cause contact dermatitis . Essential oils can be aggressive toward rubbers and plastics, so care must be taken in choosing
1705-411: The correct handling equipment. Glass syringes are often used, but have coarse volumetric graduations. Chemistry syringes are ideal, as they resist essential oils, are long enough to enter deep vessels, and have fine graduations, facilitating quality control. Unlike traditional pipettes, which have difficulty handling viscous fluids, the chemistry syringe, also known as a positive displacement pipette, has
Fokienia - Misplaced Pages Continue
1760-862: The essential oil market diversifies and popularity increases among organic farmers and environmentally conscious consumers. As of 2012 some EOs are authorized, and in use, in the European Union : Melaleuca oil as a fungicide , citronella oil as a herbicide , Syzygium aromaticum oil as a fungicide and bactericide, Mentha spicata oil as a plant growth regulator ; Citrus sinensis oil (only in France) for Bemisia tabaci on Cucurbita pepo and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on Solanum lycopersicum ; and approvals for oils of Thymus , C. sinensis , and Tagetes as insecticides are pending. In relation with their food applications, although these oils have been used throughout history as food preservatives, it
1815-595: The exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests ); they are also rare in deserts , with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana in the central Sahara . Despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species . The world's largest ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) and current tallest ( Sequoia sempervirens ) trees belong to
1870-453: The extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils. This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide reverts to a gas, leaving no residue. Estimates of total production of essential oils are difficult to obtain. One estimate, compiled from data in 1989, 1990, and 1994 from various sources, gives
1925-480: The first specimen was introduced to Europe, collected by Captain Hodgins in 1908. Fokienia is an evergreen tree, 25–30 m tall. It has greyish-brownish bark that peels off when the tree is young. On older trees, the bark presents longitudinal fissures and becomes aromatic. The leaves are arranged in flattened branchlet systems, with the branchlets in one plane. The leaves on adult trees are in opposite decussate pairs,
1980-562: The following total production, in tonnes, of essential oils for which more than 1,000 tonnes were produced. Taken by mouth, many essential oils can be dangerous in high concentrations. Typical effects begin with a burning feeling, followed by salivation. Different essential oils may have drastically different pharmacology. Some act as local anesthetic counterirritants and, thereby, exert an antitussive (cough suppressing) effect. Many essential oils, particularly tea tree oil , may cause contact dermatitis . Menthol and some others produce
2035-696: The genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils ( Cryptomeria ), in dense clusters ( Cunninghamia and Juniperus drupacea ), or on discrete long pendulous panicle -like shoots ( Metasequoia and Taxodium ). Cupressaceae is a widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 70°N in arctic Norway ( Juniperus communis ) to 55°S in southernmost Chile ( Pilgerodendron uviferum ), further south than any other conifer species. Juniperus indica reaches 4930 m altitude in Tibet . Most habitats on land are occupied, with
2090-479: The high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract the oils. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvents are called concretes , which are a mixture of essential oil, waxes , resins , and other lipophilic (oil-soluble) plant material. Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins. Often, another solvent, such as ethyl alcohol ,
2145-600: The molecules allow for widespread use of these "green" pesticides without harmful effects to anything else other than pests. Essential oils that have been investigated include rose, lemon grass, lavender, thyme, peppermint, basil, cedarwood, and eucalyptus. Although they may not be the perfect replacement for all synthetic pesticides, essential oils have prospects for crop or indoor plant protection, urban pest control, and marketed insect repellents, such as bug spray. Certain essential oils have been shown in studies to be comparable, if not exceeding, in effectiveness to DEET , which
2200-467: The oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove . An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance —the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does not mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid , which are so called because they are nutritionally required by
2255-894: The oils themselves are used in tiny quantities and usually in high dilutions. Where there is a concern about pesticide residues in food essential oils, such as mint or orange oils, the proper criterion is not solely whether the material is organically produced, but whether it meets the government standards based on actual analysis of its pesticide content. Some essential oils may contain impurities and additives that may be harmful to pregnant women. Certain essential oils are safe to use during pregnancy , but care must be taken when selecting quality and brand. Sensitivity to certain smells may cause pregnant women to have adverse side effects with essential oil use, such as headache, vertigo , and nausea. Pregnant women often report an abnormal sensitivity to smells and taste, and essential oils can cause irritation and nausea when ingested. The following table lists
Fokienia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2310-625: The primitive living cypress genera Taiwania and Cunninghamia . By the Middle to Late Jurassic Cupressaceae were abundant in warm temperate–tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The diversity of the group continued to increase during the Cretaceous period. The earliest appearance of the non-taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (the clade containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae) is in the mid-Cretaceous, represented by " Widdringtonia" americana from
2365-427: The products of different species differ greatly in characteristics and effects, but also the products of the very same tree can vary grossly. Lavender oil has long been used in the production of perfume . However, studies have shown it can be estrogenic and antiandrogenic, causing problems for prepubescent boys and pregnant women, in particular. Lavender essential oil is also used as an insect repellent. Rose oil
2420-476: The relatively large quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils are obtained as byproducts of the citrus industry. Before the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing. Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression, but their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by
2475-602: The section of ICS 71.100.60 The resins of aromatics and plant extracts were retained to produce traditional medicines and scented preparations, such as perfumes and incense, including frankincense , myrrh , cedarwood, juniper berry and cinnamon in ancient Egypt may have contained essential oils. In 1923, when archaeologists opened Pharaoh Tutankhamun ’s tomb, they found 50 alabaster jars of essential oils. Essential oils have been used in folk medicine over centuries. The Persian physician Ibn Sina , known as Avicenna in Europe,
2530-778: The segregation Cupressus species into four total genera. Cunninghamia Taiwania Athrotaxis Metasequoia Sequoia Sequoiadendron Cryptomeria Glyptostrobus Taxodium Austrocedrus Papuacedrus Libocedrus Pilgerodendron Widdringtonia Diselma Fitzroya Neocallitropsis Actinostrobus Callitris (sometimes including Actinostrobus and Neocallitropsis ) Thuja Thujopsis Chamaecyparis (sometimes including Fokienia ) Calocedrus Tetraclinis Microbiota Platycladus Cupressus (sometimes split into Callitropsis , Cupressus , Hesperocyparis , and Xanthocyparis ) Juniperus A 2021 molecular study supported
2585-533: The shoots that develop into branches. These leaves eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake. Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera ( Glyptostrobus , Metasequoia and Taxodium ) are deciduous or include deciduous species. The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus ) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at
2640-695: The shoots. They have from 3 to 5 pairs of scales. The female cones are much larger, 15–25 mm long and 14–22 mm broad, globose or sub-globose, and ripen in the second year. They have 5-8 pairs of scales. There are two winged seeds on each scale. They are around 4 mm long, angular and pointed. On the upper and lower surfaces there are 2 large resin blisters. The wings are lateral and very unequal. The tree does not tolerate shade, and requires mild climate and abundant rainfall to grow best. It occurs mainly on humid soil in montane habitats. In Vietnam, it grows on limestone or granite terrain above 900 m elevation. The fossil species Fokienia ravenscragensis
2695-419: The skin in their undiluted form. Some can cause severe irritation, provoke an allergic reaction and, over time, prove toxic to the liver . If ingested or rubbed into the skin, essential oils can be highly poisonous, causing confusion, choking, loss of muscle coordination, difficulty in breathing, pneumonia , seizures , and possibly severe allergic reactions or coma . Some essential oils, including many of
2750-428: The skin. Most common essential oils such as lavender , peppermint , tea tree oil , patchouli , and eucalyptus are distilled. Raw plant material, consisting of the flowers , leaves , wood , bark , roots , seeds , or peel , is put into an alembic (distillation apparatus) over water. As the water is heated, the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through
2805-415: The wings is significantly larger than the other, and in some others (e.g. Juniperus , Microbiota , Platycladus , and Taxodium ) the seed is larger and wingless. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons , but in some species up to six. The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1–20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on
SECTION 50
#17329092699222860-502: The yews (family Taxaceae ), from which it diverged during the early-mid Triassic . The clade comprising both is sister to Sciadopityaceae, which diverged from them during the early-mid Permian . The oldest definitive record of Cupressaceae is Austrohamia minuta from the Early Jurassic ( Pliensbachian ) of Patagonia, known from many parts of the plant. The reproductive structures of Austrohamia have strong similarities to those of
2915-405: Was described from the early Paleocene (66-60 m.a. before present) Ravenscrag formation of southwest Saskatchewan and adjacent Alberta , Canada. The wood is very much like that of other cedars in cypress family with a fine, straight grain and distinct aroma. Laotian and Dao tribesmen use Fujian cypress timber for wall partitioning or roofing. The timber was formerly used for coffins and
2970-553: Was first to derive the fragrance of flowers from distillation, while the earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils may be Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Arab Al-Andalusian (Muslim Spain) physician , pharmacist and chemist . Rather than refer to essential oils themselves, modern works typically discuss specific chemical compounds of which the essential oils are composed, such as referring to methyl salicylate rather than "oil of wintergreen". Essential oils are used in aromatherapy ,
3025-913: Was in the 20th century when essential oils were considered as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA). GRAS substances according to the FDA The most commonly used essential oils with antimicrobial action are: β-caryophyllene , eugenol , eugenol acetate , carvacrol , linalool , thymol , geraniol , geranyl acetate , bicyclogermacrene , cinnamaldehyde , geranial , neral , 1,8-cineole , methyl chavicol , methyl cinnamate , methyl eugenol , camphor , α-thujone , viridiflorol , limonene , ( Z )-linalool oxide , α-pinene , p -cymene , ( E )-caryophyllene , γ-terpinene . Some essential oils are effective antimicrobials and have been evaluated for food incorporation in vitro . However, actual deployment
#921078