82-465: Flinders Chase National Park (formerly Flinders Chase ) is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located at the west end of Kangaroo Island about 177 kilometres (110 miles) west-south west of the state capital of Adelaide and 110 kilometres (68 miles) west of the municipal seat of Kingscote . It is a sanctuary for endangered species and home to a few geological phenomena . It
164-406: A South Australian politician. Its extent includes parts of the localities of Gosse , Karatta and Stun'Sail Boom . The Hundred of Seddon ( 35°51′38″S 137°18′02″E / 35.860470°S 137.300540°E / -35.860470; 137.300540 ( Hundred of Seddon ) ) was proclaimed on 31 January 1908. It covers an area of 400 square kilometres (156 sq mi) and
246-491: A critical factor in their success. Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous) cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as; Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to
328-616: A global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss ." In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity , known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states: In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes,
410-418: A likely refuge for the lyre bird , "pheasant" (perhaps the malleefowl , [ Leipoa ocellata ]) and "bush turkey" (perhaps Australian brushturkey , [ Alectura lathami ]), all threatened on the mainland due to depredations by foxes. The Rocky River was touted as a platypus reserve. Parts of the national park first acquired protected area status as a 'flora and fauna reserve' declared on 16 October 1919 under
492-482: A nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas. The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected areas and non-protected areas". Protected areas had
574-708: A protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine ecoregions (see Global 200 ), or a Crisis Ecoregions for example. As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others. Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge
656-662: A protected area. Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico. PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon. 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least 14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization. PADDD challenges
738-570: A ranger and visitors. It was constituted as a national park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 on 27 April 1972 which repealed five items of existing legislation including the Fauna and Flora Reserve Act 1919 . At proclamation in 1972, it consisted of the following land in the following cadastral units as well as the entirety of the Casuarina Islets - section 11 in
820-520: A source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage. Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself. Therefore,
902-482: A specific class of protected area. China, a megadiverse country , has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly 10,000 to 12,000 protected areas , 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster biodiversity conservation. These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats. These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area. Natura 2000
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#1732883786063984-529: Is a private protected area , also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International. O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor known as the Paso del Istmo , located along
1066-399: Is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians . Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form
1148-521: Is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated respectively under the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive . 787,767 km (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of
1230-411: Is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection. The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of
1312-512: Is limited. The term "protected area" also includes marine protected areas and transboundary protected areas across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica). For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas. In contrast, only 0.25% of
1394-481: Is located at the north-western end of Kangaroo Island in South Australia approximately 110 kilometres (68 miles) west of Kingscote. It is located within the gazetted localities of Flinders Chase , Gosse and Karatta . As of 1993, the national park consists of three separate parcels of land: The national park is classified as an IUCN category II protected area . Following a deputation of scientists in 1906,
1476-764: Is now the Dudley Peninsula and was named after the American jurist, Dudley Field who was the father-in-law of Governor Musgrave. Its extent includes the localities of American Beach , Antechamber Bay , Baudin Beach , Brown Beach , Cuttlefish Bay , Dudley East , Dudley West , Island Beach , Kangaroo Head , Ironstone , Pelican Lagoon , Penneshaw , Porky Flat , Sapphiretown , Willoughby and Willson River . The Hundred of Duncan ( 35°44′52″S 137°06′57″E / 35.747740°S 137.1159°E / -35.747740; 137.1159 ( Hundred of Duncan ) )
1558-425: Is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal bushmeat or trophy trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence. Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible. This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce laws and implement new policies to adhere to
1640-488: Is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means". As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At
1722-664: Is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776. Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on then- Khan Uul , a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling Qing China Tenger Tetgegch Khaan . However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While
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#17328837860631804-572: Is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030. In the United Kingdom, the term conservation area almost always applies to an area (usually urban or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and/or trees, thus it has some of
1886-546: Is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of biodiversity also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys. Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture. Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include carbon sequestration , climate regulation, and protection against disease. Supporting ecosystem services include nutrient cycling , while cultural services are
1968-470: The 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 ( 30 by 30 ). In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of
2050-589: The Fauna and Flora Reserve Act 1919 , an act whose specific purpose was: …to establish a Reserve on Kangaroo Island for the Protection, Preservation, and Propagation of Australasian Fauna and Flora, and to provide for the Control of such Reserve, and for other purposes. No funds were made available for fencing or provision of a ranger however, and the laws regarding burning, shooting, poisoning and taking of protected species were unenforceable and broken with impunity. In 1922
2132-579: The Geological Society of Australia : Cape du Couedic and Remarkable Rocks. Remarkable Rocks are naturally sculptured formations precariously balanced atop a granite outcrop. They remind visitors of the sculptures of Henry Moore . Lightning strikes on Thursday 6 December 2007 caused approximately 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of land in both the national park and the adjoining Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area to be burnt, before being brought under control ten days later. The national park
2214-550: The Hundred of Borda , section 64 in the Hundred of Gosse , section 17 in the Hundred of McDonald and section 66 in "South out of Hundreds". On 15 October 1993, land in section 11 of the Hundred of Borda, section 64 of Hundred of Gosse and Allotments 50 and 52 in DP 38340 and with an area of 416.63 square kilometres (160.86 sq mi) was removed from the national park and constituted under
2296-631: The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the COP15, which includes the 30 by 30 initiative. Protected areas are implemented for biodiversity conservation , often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and endangered species . Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes. Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of fortress conservation for
2378-523: The Millennium Development Goals and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning. The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that
2460-531: The United Nations Environment Programme , the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. According to a report from the Center for American Progress ,
2542-625: The Wilderness Protection Act 1992 as the Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area . Since creation in November 1919, it has become a sanctuary for endangered species, some of them introduced from the mainland in the 1920s and 1930s. During the 1940s, 23 additional species were introduced, including koalas (1923) and platypus (1928). Most of these species can still be observed today. Kangaroos , goannas and echidnas are commonly seen in
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2624-638: The World Charter for Nature in 1982, the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992, and the Johannesburg Declaration 2002. Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced global heating and the understanding of the necessity to consume natural resources in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas
2706-527: The 12-mile-wide isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. On 21 May 2019, The Moscow Times cited a World Wildlife Fund report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data. As of 31 January 2008 , according to
2788-457: The 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern territorial states emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and
2870-636: The CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through
2952-514: The EU land mass is designated. Protected areas of India include National parks , Wildlife sanctuaries , biosphere reserves , reserved and protected forests , conservation and community reserves , communal forests , private protected areas and conservation areas . Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the Mediterranean basin , hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on
3034-513: The United Nations. The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their management aims. IUCN Protected Area Management Categories : Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be indigenous communities guarding sacred sites or
3116-455: The abundance of 2,239 terrestrial vertebrate populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year). Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital ecosystem services , unbeknownst to human society. Although biodiversity
3198-401: The administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenous people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden
3280-473: The closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power. Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international consensus on
3362-534: The convention of European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example, it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves). The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history
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3444-519: The draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in Montreal , Canada. How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of
3526-498: The effectiveness of most of them remains unclear. Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits. The Asian country Bhutan achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through biological corridors . Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan
3608-708: The first of its constituent hundreds, the Hundred of Dudley . The county was named after Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Caernarfon , Wales who served two terms as the British Secretary of State for the Colonies . The following twelve hundreds were proclaimed within the County between the years 1874 and 1960 - Dudley in 1874, Menzies in 1878, Haines in 1883, Cassini in 1884, MacGillivray in 1906, Seddon in 1908, Newland in 1909, Duncan in 1909, Ritchie in 1909, McDonald in 1910, Gosse in 1931, and Borda in 1960. A thirteenth hundred
3690-524: The generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced. The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas. The definition is as follows: A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve
3772-610: The government brought the Chase's total area close to 200 square miles (520 km) by the addition of the Rocky River freehold and leases south of Rocky River to the landing reserve by the Cape du Couedic lighthouse. The Chase's eastern boundary was now a straight line running south from the De Mole River mouth to the island's south coast. It also gave the board a couple of cottages for the use of
3854-446: The highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.). The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as Chinese pangolin , Indian pangolin , mountain weasel ( Mustela altaica ) , small-toothed ferret badger , Asian small clawed otter ,
3936-501: The idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common. The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In
4018-537: The implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies. Through its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), the IUCN has developed six Protected Area Management Categories that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and
4100-453: The importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management. This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas. Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged
4182-585: The infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food, feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation. Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) events are processes that change
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#17328837860634264-713: The initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked. There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people. In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without
4346-528: The legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments. Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area. Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of
4428-504: The legislative and policy characteristics of listed buildings and tree preservation orders . The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England. Hundred of Borda Download coordinates as: County of Carnarvon is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia which covers the full extent of Kangaroo Island . It
4510-454: The lessees, who had yet to make any improvements, demanded £28,000 as compensation for losing what they had been getting for £28 per year Professor Stirling urged that when those leases expired they be turned over to the Board. The reserve was named Flinders Chase at the suggestion of Samuel Dixon (died 1927). Apart from its intended use as a habitat for koalas and other mammals, it was considered
4592-427: The localities of Birchmore and Nepean Bay . The Hundred of Newland ( 35°55′16″S 137°06′27″E / 35.921050°S 137.107450°E / -35.921050; 137.107450 ( Hundred of Newland ) ) was proclaimed on 4 March 1909. It covers an area of 400 square kilometres (154 sq mi) and was named after John Newlands , a South Australian politician. Its extent includes part of
4674-418: The localities of Gosse , Karatta , Newland , Seddon , Stun'Sail Boom and Vivonne Bay . The Hundred of Ritchie ( 35°55′44″S 136°56′06″E / 35.928750°S 136.935060°E / -35.928750; 136.935060 ( Hundred of Ritchie ) ) was proclaimed on 9 December 1909. It covers an area of 400 square kilometres (154 sq mi) and was named after George Ritchie ,
4756-686: The long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected Areas alleviate climate change effects in a variety of ways: The objective of protected areas is to conserve biodiversity and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as Important Bird Areas (IBA) and Endemic Bird Areas (EBA), Centres of Plant Diversity (CPD), Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA), Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites (AZE) and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) among others. Likewise,
4838-430: The longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence. A main goal of protected areas is to prevent loss of biodiversity . However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence
4920-424: The maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing climate change , invasive species , and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources. In addition, the type of habitat, species composition, legal issues and governance, play important roles. One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence
5002-479: The many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set of guidelines. Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement. This has troubled relationships between conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and
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#17328837860635084-489: The national park. Little penguins have been recorded in Flinders Chase in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. It is believed that these colonies have since gone extinct, partly due to the increase of long-nosed fur seal populations after the end of commercial sealing. In 1886, little penguins were seen at Admiral's Arch. The national park contains two geological features that have been listed as geological monuments by
5166-682: The networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including
5248-496: The north coast of the island, MacDonald, Ritchie, Newland, Seddon and MacGillivray overlooking the south coast of the island, with Haines occupying the full extent of the island south of Nepean Bay and Dudley occupying the full extent of the Dudley Peninsula . The Hundred of Borda ( 35°47′40″S 136°40′50″E / 35.794490°S 136.680450°E / -35.794490; 136.680450 ( Hundred of Borda )
5330-567: The premier, Tom Price , agreed to set aside the Cape Borda lighthouse reserve of 61 square miles as a nature reserve. and in 1909 the South Australian government converted another 79 square miles of what had been pastoral reserve to a nature reserve, under the control of the Fauna and Flora Board. The board had asked for 300 square miles but the additional properties needed had already been leased, and
5412-734: The standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the Industrial Revolution had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established. Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and non-government organisations to maintain
5494-653: The term ' other effective area-based conservation measures ' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values." Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins. Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of
5576-506: The tiger, dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Binturong , clouded leopard and Tibetan fox ( Vulpes ferrilata ) . Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo Bubalus arnee , golden langur , musk deer , and Asian elephant . The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them. The National Heritage List
5658-518: The western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations: There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the UNESCO : O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation
5740-566: The world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs. In recent years, the 30 by 30 initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the European Union in its Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 , Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the Convention on Biodiversity 's COP15 Summit and the G7 . In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with
5822-491: Was again damaged during the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season , with the Visitor Centre completely destroyed. Protected area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the exploitation of natural resources (e.g. firewood, non-timber forest products , water, ...)
5904-449: Was named after the headland, Cape Cassini . Its extent includes most of the locality of Cassini and a small section of the locality of Duncan . The Hundred of Dudley ( 35°48′16″S 137°58′09″E / 35.804490°S 137.969110°E / -35.804490; 137.969110 ( Hundred of Dudley ) ) was proclaimed on 13 August 1874. It covers an area of 390 square kilometres (149 sq mi) principally on what
5986-453: Was proclaimed in 1874 by Governor Musgrave in response to the demand for agriculture land on Kangaroo Island. The County of Carnarvon covers the full extent of Kangaroo Island and “all islands adjacent thereto.” The County of Carnarvon was gazetted in 1874 in response to the demand for agricultural land on Kangaroo Island. The county was proclaimed by Anthony Musgrave, the ninth Governor of South Australia on 13 August 1874 along with
6068-500: Was proclaimed on 10 May 1883. It covers an area of 370 square kilometres (141 sq mi) and was named after William Haines , a South Australian politician. Its extent includes the localities of American River , Ballast Head , D'Estrees Bay , Haines , Muston and nearly all of Nepean Bay . The Hundred of MacGillivray ( 35°52′51″S 137°28′40″E / 35.880840°S 137.477840°E / -35.880840; 137.477840 ( Hundred of Macgillivray ) )
6150-422: Was proclaimed on 11 April 1878. It covered an area of 320 square kilometres (124 sq mi) and was named after a Lord Menzies who is described as being a friend of William Jervois, the tenth Governor of South Australia . Its extent includes the localities of Bay of Shoals , Brownlow KI , Cygnet River , Emu Bay , Kingscote , North Cape and Wisanger , nearly all of the locality of Menzies and parts of
6232-587: Was proclaimed on 20 December 1906. It originally covered an area of 374.9 square kilometres (144.75 sq mi) which was expanded in 1945 to 553.6 square kilometres (213.75 sq mi). It was named after Ivor MacGillivray , a South Australian politician. Its extent includes nearly all of the localities of Macgillivray and Birchmore and parts of Kohinoor and Menzies . The Hundred of McDonald ( 35°56′14″S 136°46′05″E / 35.93724644°S 136.76808607°E / -35.93724644; 136.76808607 ( Hundred of McDonald ) )
6314-610: Was proclaimed on 25 June 1931. It covers an area of 364 square kilometres (140.5 sq mi) and was named after William Christie Gosse , an explorer and a former Deputy Surveyor-General in South Australia. Its extent includes the locality of De Mole River , most of the locality of Western River , and parts of the localities of Gosse and Flinders Chase . The Hundred of Haines ( 35°49′13″S 137°39′10″E / 35.820280°S 137.652840°E / -35.820280; 137.652840 ( Hundred of Haines ) )
6396-590: Was proclaimed on 27 January 1910. It was named after Alexander McDonald , a South Australian politician. It includes parts of the localities of Flinders Chase , Karatta and Gosse , with most of the hundred being located within parts of the Flinders Chase National Park and the Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area . The Hundred of Menzies ( 35°39′35″S 137°29′11″E / 35.659630°S 137.486430°E / -35.659630; 137.486430 ( Hundred of Menzies ) )
6478-441: Was proclaimed on 4 February 1960 and was named after the headland, Cape Borda . Its extent includes the locality of Cape Borda and part of Flinders Chase . The Hundred of Cassini ( 35°40′20″S 137°18′02″E / 35.672090°S 137.3005°E / -35.672090; 137.3005 ( Hundred of Cassini ) ) was proclaimed on 8 May 1884. It covers an area of 270 square kilometres (104 sq mi) and
6560-549: Was proclaimed on 9 December 1909. It covers an area of 400 square kilometres (156 sq mi) and was named after John Duncan , a South Australian politician and pastoralist. Its extent includes the localities of Middle River and Stokes Bay , most of the locality of Duncan , and parts of the localities of Gosse , Newland , Seddon and Western River . The Hundred of Gosse ( 35°45′52″S 136°53′30″E / 35.764350°S 136.891610°E / -35.764350; 136.891610 ( Hundred of Gosse ) )
6642-401: Was proposed during the 1930s but was never proclaimed - the Hundred of Baudin ( 35°53′45″S 136°37′14″E / 35.895710°S 136.620470°E / -35.895710; 136.620470 ( Hundred of Baudin (proposed) ) ). The hundreds located within the County of Carnarvon are laid out as follows (from west to east) - Borda, Gosse, Duncan, Cassini and Menzies overlooking
6724-455: Was the second national park to be declared in South Australia. Flinders Chase National Park consists of three sections - an area of coastal landscapes around Cape du Couedic in the south west corner of the island, the Gosse Lands in the centre of the west end of the island and the former Cape Borda Lightstation reserve in the north west corner of the island. Flinders Chase National Park
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