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67-399: The personification of a nation as a woman was widespread in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. The earliest image of Iceland personified as a woman seems to have appeared first in association with the poem Ofsjónir við jarðarför Lovísu drottningar 1752 ('Visions at the funeral of Queen Louise , 1752') by Eggert Ólafsson (1752), but this image does not survive. The word fjallkonan

134-698: A child of the sovereign, Louise was granted use of the arms of the realm without the inescutcheon containing the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire , differenced by a label argent of three points, each bearing torteaux gules . Westminster Westminster is a cathedral city and the main settlement of the London Borough of the City of Westminster in Central London , England. It extends from

201-557: A community of Benedictine monks on the site. Between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was completed around 1060 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he

268-503: A few months on 14 September. On 19 October, the 18 year old Princess Louise left London and began her journey towards Copenhagen. The Lord Chamberlain ordered the provision of supplies for the Princess, including "sets of royal bedding, portmanteaus, a travelling tea equipage, and items for Mrs. Dives and the "Fubbs" yacht: all to an estimate of £503". She first sailed aboard the royal yacht HMY Fubbs to her father's German possession,

335-507: A fisherman himself, coming to the island to consecrate the newly built church, which later developed into Westminster Abbey . He rewarded Edric with a bountiful catch when he next dropped his nets. Edric was instructed to present the king and St. Mellitus, Bishop of London , with a salmon and various proofs that the consecration had already occurred. Every year on 29 June, St Peter's Day, the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers presents

402-566: A foreign princess, unless it was with an English princess, none of whom were available at the time, a new marriage for the king was arranged by Count Adam Gottlob von Moltke, who thought it best that the king remarry as soon as possible. Thus, the king's second marriage took place at the chapel of Fredensborg Palace on 8 July 1752 to Frederick the Great of Prussia's sister-in-law Duchess Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , daughter of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . The marriage

469-450: A good temper and is known for her piety and excellent qualities. She finds pleasure in reading and music, she plays the clavichord well and teaches her daughters to sing. Her effort to speak the Danish language, including with her children, was much appreciated, as the royal Danish court spoke mostly German. The Dano-Norwegian writer Ludvig Holberg thus wrote in one of his epistles : It

536-567: A large aristocratic townhouse in Westminster , where a rival court grew up, and which became a frequent meeting place for his father's political opponents. It was here that Louise was born. She was baptised "Louisa" at Leicester House on 22 December. Her godparents were her elder sister and two cousins: Princess Amelia of Great Britain , Princess Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (for whom Sarah Lennox, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox , stood proxy), and Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia , later Frederick

603-479: A marriage alliance. The Danish government was in favor of the proposal, while Frederick's father, King Christian VI , was initially reluctant. But he was convinced, as he hoped the marriage would lead to British support for his, or his son's, claim to the throne of Sweden. On a more personal level, there were hopes that marriage would suppress the frequent drinking and debauched behaviour of the Crown Prince. As for

670-401: A pinched umbilical hernia while pregnant with her sixth child. The court surgeon operated on her but could not save her life, nor that of her unborn child. She died at Christiansborg Palace on 19 December 1751, the day after her 27th birthday, after 8 years of marriage and after just 5 years as queen. The news of the popular queen's death was met with dismay at court and sincere mourning among

737-523: A sign of the new times, the heavy iron chains that had previously surrounded Christiansborg to keep the people at distance disappeared, court life regained its luster, and the palace's halls and salons once again became the setting for balls and social gatherings. Queen Louise was very popular in Denmark, and the great popularity of the royal couple has been attributed to Louise. Louise had a vivacious personality, allowing her to socialise easily with others. She

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804-508: Is a typical Central London property distinction within the area which is very acute, epitomised by grandiose 21st-century developments, architectural high-point listed buildings and nearby social housing (mostly non- council housing ) buildings of the Peabody Trust founded by philanthropist George Peabody . Given the focus on Westminster in English and British public life over centuries,

871-608: Is attested for the first time in the poem Eldgamla Ísafold by Bjarni Thorarensen from the first decade of the nineteenth century. From that moment onwards the Lady of the Mountain became a well-known symbol in Icelandic poetry. An image of Lady of the Mountain was published in the last volume of an English translation of Icelandic folk-tales by Eiríkur Magnússon and G. E. J. Powell , Icelandic Legends, Collected by Jón Arnason (1864–66). It

938-524: Is impossible to describe with what sincere Pleasure a common man hears Her Majesty, though an English Princess, to speak Danish with the Royal Children. Interested in music, dance and theatre, she arranged in 1747 for the Italian opera company of Pietro Mingotti to be invited to Copenhagen, where they performed opera and ballet for the court at Charlottenborg Palace until 1750. Its members included

1005-588: Is the German poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock , who felt great devotion and esteem for Queen Louise; he was deeply moved by her hardships and early death and vented his own and the people's feelings in the ode An den König (later called Die Königin Luise ) from 1752. Compared to this ideal, the following queens, both her husband's second wife Juliana Maria and her niece and later daughter-in-law Caroline Matilda , were so much more harshly judged. On 30 August 1727, as

1072-449: Is the work of the German painter Johann Baptist Zwecker , who drew it to specifications provided by Eiríkur. Eiríkur described the picture in a letter to Jón Sigurðsson (11 April 1866) thus: Also very popular is the image designed by Benedikt Gröndal on a memorial card of the national holiday in 1874. The idea of the Lady of the Mountain as motherland was a counterweight to the idea of

1139-447: The City and Liberty of Westminster , Middlesex . The exceptions to this were St Clement Danes , St Mary le Strand and possibly some other small areas. The ancient parish was St Margaret ; after 1727 this became the civil parish of 'St Margaret and St John', the latter a new church required for the increasing population. The area around Westminster Abbey formed the extra-parochial Close of

1206-622: The City of London (until the English Reformation there was also an Eastminster , near the Tower of London , in the East End of London ). The abbey's origins date from between the 7th and 10th centuries, but it rose to national prominence when rebuilt by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. Westminster has been the home of England's government since about 1200, and from 1707 the Government of

1273-561: The Electorate of Hanover , where on 10 November a proxy wedding ceremony was conducted in Hanover with her brother, the Duke of Cumberland , as the representative of the groom. After this, the entourages of Louise and Frederick met in the border city of Altona in the then Danish Duchy of Holstein , where Louise met her husband for the first time a week after the wedding. There her English retinue

1340-555: The Georgian period became connected through urban ribbon development with the City along the Strand. Henry VIII 's Reformation in the early 16th century abolished the abbey and established a cathedral – thus the parish ranked as a "City", although it was only a fraction of the size of the City of London and the Borough of Southwark at that time. Indeed, the cathedral and diocesan status of

1407-620: The River Thames to Oxford Street and has many famous landmarks, including the Palace of Westminster , Buckingham Palace , Westminster Abbey , Westminster Cathedral , Trafalgar Square and much of the West End cultural centre including the entertainment precinct of West End Theatre . The name ( Old English : Westmynstre ) originated from the informal description of the abbey church and royal peculiar of St Peter's (Westminster Abbey), west of

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1474-465: The Royal Courts of Justice in the late-19th century. The settlement grew up around the palace and abbey, as a service area for them. The parish church, St Margaret's Westminster served the wider community of the parish; the servants of the palace and abbey as well as the rural population and those associated with the high status homes developing on the road from the city. The area became larger and in

1541-767: The Sólstafir last album, Endless Twilight of Codependent Love . The image of the Lady of the Mountain has also been prominent among Vestur Íslendingar in Canada. A woman dressed as the Lady of the Mountain first appeared at the Iceland Days in Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada in 1924. There too, the Lady of the Mountain has been deployed to promote feminism. Louise of Great Britain Louise of Great Britain (originally Louisa ; 18 December [ O.S. 7 December] 1724 – 19 December 1751)

1608-655: The composer Christoph Willibald Gluck , who stayed with the Danish court from 1748 to 1749. At the occasion of the Queen's birth of an heir to the throne, Crown Prince Christian , he composed the opera La Contesa dei Numi ("The Contention of the Gods"), in which the Olympian Gods gather at the banks of the Great Belt and discuss who in particular should protect the new prince. It was first performed on 12 March 1749 at Charlottenborg on

1675-508: The natural ford which is thought to have carried Watling Street over the Thames in the vicinity. The wider district became known as Westminster in reference to the church. The legendary origin is that in the early 7th century, a local fisherman named Edric (or Aldrich) ferried a stranger in tattered foreign clothing over the Thames to Thorney Island . It was a miraculous appearance of St Peter ,

1742-400: The old Roman road from the City to western England, which is now locally called Oxford Street . {{{annotations}}} Thorney Island lay between the arms of the former River Tyburn at its confluence with the Thames, while the western boundary with Chelsea was formed by the similarly lost River Westbourne . The line of the river still forms (with very slight revisions) the boundaries of

1809-561: The 'older set', born in Hanover, whom King George I had separated from their parents in 1717. Her favorite sister was Princess Mary , who later married Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel ; The future marriages of the two sisters would become a basis for the many dynastic marriages between the Danish royal family and the House of Hesse-Kassel in the following generations. On 11 June 1727, when Louise

1876-554: The Abbey with a salmon in memory of this event. A charter of 785, possibly a forgery, grants land to the needy people of God in Thorney, in the dreadful spot which is called Westminster . The text suggests a pre-existing monastic community who chose to live in a very challenging location. The recorded origins of the Abbey (rather than a less important religious site) date to the 960s or early 970s, when Saint Dunstan and King Edgar installed

1943-543: The Collegiate Church of St Peter . Like many large parishes, Westminster was divided into smaller units called Hamlets (meaning a territorial sub-division, rather than a small village). These would later become independent daughter parishes. Until 1900 the local authority was the combined vestry of St Margaret and St John (also known as the Westminster District Board of Works from 1855 to 1887), which

2010-403: The Crown Prince, after having been presented with a portrait of the princess and finding her appearance appealing, and having been told of her amiability, he declared himself willing to marry Louise, all the more so as he too could see that the political circumstances made the marriage desirable. Thus, the marriage negotiations began during the year of 1743, and were successfully concluded within

2077-653: The Danish architect and royal building master Nicolai Eigtved in Rococo style , and located just across the Frederiksholm's Canal from Christiansborg Palace. Although the marriage was arranged, the couple got along quite well, and at least during the first years, their relationship was apparently amicable. The couple had five children, of whom the eldest son, the heir to the throne Crown Prince Christian, did not survive infancy. Although Frederick came to feel high regard for her and always treated her with kindness, he reportedly

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2144-466: The Danish King as "father" in nineteenth-century Iceland under Danish rule. After independence in 1944, it became one of the images through which feminism and the idea of powerful women, such as Iceland's first female president Vigdís Finnbogadóttir , were made to seem a natural part of Icelandic culture. Since the establishment of the Icelandic republic in 1944 it has been traditional for a woman to play

2211-463: The Danish court. The two elder sons, Prince William and Prince Charles , would later marry their Danish cousins, Princess Wilhelmina and Princess Louise , while the two younger, Charles and Frederick would remain and have careers in Denmark. Because she was extremely popular and loved by the Danes, the memory of the young queen became more and more glorified over time. An example of this glorification

2278-420: The Danish royal family located at Copenhagen's largest square, Kongens Nytorv . Here, their home quickly became the setting for a lively and entertaining court which differed greatly from the rigid and heavy etiquette that prevailed at the court of Louise's in-laws at Christiansborg Palace. They lived there until, in 1745, they could move into the completed Prince's Mansion , a city mansion remodeled for them by

2345-537: The Great (for whom Henry de Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham , stood proxy). Princess Louise's mother was pregnant 11 times, but lost four of the children, so Princess Louise had six older siblings who lived to adulthood. Of these, Louise lived only with the two youngest, Prince William and Princess Mary and their parents in Leicester House. They constituted the 'younger set', born in London, in contrast to

2412-572: The Palace of Westminster and in Government ministries. The area has a substantial residential population. By the 20th century Westminster saw rising numbers of residential apartments with wealthy inhabitants. Hotels, large Victorian homes and barracks exist near to Buckingham Palace . Westminster hosts the High Commissions of many Commonwealth countries: Within the area is Westminster School ,

2479-508: The United Kingdom . In 1539, it became a city. Westminster is often used as a metonym to refer to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which sits in the Palace of Westminster . The City and Liberty of Westminster and other historical Westminster administrative units (except the broader modern City of Westminster , a London Borough created in 1965) extended from the River Thames to

2546-562: The United Kingdom and for those other nations, particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations and for other parts of the former British Empire that adopted it. The term "Westminster Village", sometimes used in the context of British politics, does not refer to a geographical area at all; employed especially in the phrase "Westminster Village gossip", it denotes a supposedly close social circle of members of parliament, political journalists, so-called spin-doctors and others connected to events in

2613-508: The church lasted only from 1539 to 1556, but the "city" status remained for a mere parish within Middlesex. As such it is first known to have had two Members of Parliament in 1545 as a new Parliamentary Borough , centuries after the City of London and Southwark were enfranchised. The growing Elizabethan city had a High Constable, Bailiff, Town Clerk, and a keeper of the ponds. Charles Booth 's poverty map showing Westminster in 1889 recorded

2680-428: The citizens of Copenhagen, due to her natural and straightforward behavior. Unlike her mother-in-law, Queen Sophie Magdalene , she made an effort to learn Danish , and studied the Danish language right from her arrival under the court priest Erik Pontoppidan . She also hired teachers so that her children could learn to speak their country's language. At the death of Christian VI on 6 August 1746, her husband ascended

2747-584: The five-year-old Princess Sophie Magdalene , and the heir apparent to the Swedish throne, Crown Prince Gustav , the later King Gustav III. She feared that her daughter would not be treated well by the queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika . Queen Louisa Ulrika was known for her anti-Danish views and for being opposed to the match, and it was known that she was the real ruler at the Swedish court. Reportedly, Louise also disliked arranged marriages because of her own experience. That same year, Louise became seriously ill with

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2814-477: The following year. What Louise and her husband on a small scale had begun at Charlottenborg Palace and the Prince's Mansion, they now continued at a larger scale at Christiansborg . Indeed, Frederick V's accession to the throne brought about a great change in life at the Danish court, which now became far more festive and acquired a more easy-going tone than under Louise's strictly religious parents-in-law. Almost as

2881-555: The full range of income- and capital-brackets living in adjacent streets within the area; its central western area had become (by 1850) (the) Devil's Acre in the southern flood-channel ravine of the River Tyburn , yet Victoria Street and other small streets and squares had the highest colouring of social class in London: yellow/gold. Westminster has shed the abject poverty with the clearance of this slum and with drainage improvement, but there

2948-531: The local government of Westminster was further reformed in 1900, when the court of burgesses and the parish vestries were abolished and replaced by the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster . The borough was given city status at the same time, allowing it to be known as the City of Westminster and its council as Westminster City Council . The City and Liberty of Westminster and the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster were very similar in extent, covering

3015-728: The modern borough with the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Further north, away from the river mouth, Westminster included land on both sides of the Westbourne, notably Knightsbridge (including the parts of Hyde Park west of the Serpentine lake (originally formed by damming the river) and most of Kensington Gardens). Westminster includes the sub-districts of Soho , St James , Mayfair , Covent Garden , Pimlico , Victoria , Belgravia and Knightsbridge (shared with neighbouring Kensington ). The former City of Westminster merged with

3082-592: The monastic dormitory, an extension of the south transept, survive in the Norman Undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community that increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum of about eighty monks. Most of the parishes of Westminster originated as daughter parishes of St Margaret's parish , in

3149-478: The name "Westminster" is casually used as a metonym for the UK Parliament and for the political community of the United Kingdom generally. (The civil service is similarly referred to using the name of the northern sub-neighbourhood which it inhabits, " Whitehall ".) "Westminster" is consequently also used in reference to the Westminster system , the parliamentary model of democratic government that has evolved in

3216-472: The neighbouring boroughs of Paddington and Marylebone in 1965 to form a larger modern borough. These neighbouring areas (except for a small area of Paddington in part of Kensington Gardens), lie north of Oxford Street and its westward continuation, Bayswater Road. The district's open spaces include: The development of the area began with the establishment of Westminster Abbey on a site then called Thorney Island . The site may have been chosen because of

3283-579: The occasion of the Queen's first church service after the birth. In 1748, the French theatrical troupe Du Londel Troupe under the leadership of Jeanne Du Londel was invited for dramatic performances to Copenhagen, where they performed until 1753, and also performed in Oslo in Norway during the king's stay there in 1749. In 1751, Queen Louise unsuccessfully opposed the planned dynastic marriage between her daughter,

3350-423: The palace housed the developing Parliament and England's law courts . Thus, London developed two focal points: the City of London (financial/economic) and Westminster (political and cultural). The monarchs moved their principal residence to the Palace of Whitehall (1530–1698), then to St James's Palace in 1698, and eventually to Buckingham Palace and other palaces after 1762. The main law courts moved to

3417-536: The parts of the wider modern City of Westminster south of the Oxford Street , and its continuations Hyde Park Place. The exception is that part of Kensington Gardens , south of that road, are part of Paddington . Westminster merged with St Marylebone and Paddington in 1965, but the combined area was allowed to keep the title City of Westminster . For a list of street name etymologies for Westminster see Street names of Westminster The former Thorney Island ,

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3484-528: The people who had come to appreciate their queen immensely during her short tenure. After lying in state with great pomp at the chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, she was interred in Roskilde Cathedral on the island of Zealand , the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century. Frederick V survived Queen Louise by 14 years. Although initially unwilling to remarry

3551-467: The recently completed principal residence of the Danish Monarchy in central Copenhagen. Just a week later, on 18 December 1743, Louise celebrated her 19th birthday. To celebrate the birthday of the new crown princess the German poet Johann Elias Schlegel wrote a cantata . After the wedding, the newlyweds initially took up residence at Charlottenborg Palace , a Baroque style minor residence of

3618-482: The role of the Lady of the Mountain during the Icelandic National Day celebrations (17 June). The woman chosen for the role is typically a well-known actress or an otherwise notable individual. She is dressed in skautbúningur (the national costume) and presents herself to read a single poem. In 2019, actress Aldís Amah Hamilton was named Lady of the Mountain. The Lady of the Mountain apparead on cover of

3685-435: The site of Westminster Abbey , formed the historic core of Westminster. The abbey became the traditional venue of the coronations of the kings and queens of England from that of Harold Godwinson (1066) onwards. From about 1200 the Palace of Westminster , near the abbey, became the principal royal residence, a transition marked by the transfer of royal treasury and financial records to Westminster from Winchester . Later

3752-472: The throne as King Frederick V, and Louise became Queen of Denmark and Norway at the age of 21. The new king and queen then moved the short distance from the Prince's Mansion across the Frederiksholm's Canal into the large Christiansborg Palace. The ceremonies of the accession to the throne were concluded as the new king and queen were solemnly anointed in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace on 4 September

3819-409: Was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1746 until her death, as the first wife of King Frederick V . She was the youngest surviving daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach . The marriage between Louise and Frederick V of Denmark was arranged solely for political reasons (King George's ministers wanted Danish support in disputes with Prussia ). Although the marriage

3886-496: Was arranged, the couple got along quite well, at least during the first years of marriage. Louisa, who encouraged performances by actors and musicians, was a popular figure at the Danish court even though she never exerted significant influence over her husband's decision-making. Princess Louise was born as the fifth daughter and youngest child of the then Prince and Princess of Wales, on 18 December [ O.S. 7 December] 1724, at Leicester House , Westminster , London . She

3953-590: Was based at Westminster Town Hall in Caxton Street from 1883. The Liberty of Westminster, governed by the Westminster Court of Burgesses , also included St Martin in the Fields and several other parishes and places . Westminster had its own quarter sessions , but the Middlesex sessions also had jurisdiction. Under local government reforms in 1889, the area fell within the newly created County of London , and

4020-478: Was born ten years after her paternal grandfather, Elector George Louis of Hanover , had succeeded to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 as George I , and her father had become Prince of Wales and moved to London with his family. Her father had a strained relationship with his own father, and in 1717, after a quarrel, the King had banished his son from court. He had subsequently lived at Leicester House ,

4087-517: Was buried in the church; and, nine years later, his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II , was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster , is in the Bayeux Tapestry . Some of the lower parts of

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4154-456: Was described as well educated and good at conversation, not beautiful but very dignified and well suited to her role as queen. A Swedish diplomat stationed in Denmark described her as follows: She has good sense and is easy with words, friendly in tone, knows how to converse on many subjects and can speak several languages; while giving court, she seldom leaves anyone without saying something nice; she very much enjoys dance and dances well, she has

4221-483: Was exchanged for a Danish one, headed by her new chamberlain Carl Juel and her Chief Court Mistress Christiane Henriette Louise Juel . Louise and Frederick then travelled together to Copenhagen , where they held their official entry into the Danish capital on 11 December to great cheers from the population. That same day a second wedding ceremony with the groom present was held in the chapel of Christiansborg Palace ,

4288-640: Was frowned upon by the people who saw it as too early for the King to remarry. Neither did the formal princess appeal to his own taste, and with the court she was never popular — with no other identifiable cause than her sense of rigid etiquette, practised in German princely courts, that may have seemed less friendly than the English Louise. In 1756, Louise's sister, Mary , who was estranged from her husband, Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel , moved to Denmark to take care of her deceased sister's children. She brought her three sons with her, who were brought up at

4355-423: Was not in love with her and continued his debauched lifestyle. However Frederick was comfortable with her, and Louise pretended not to notice his adultery and random liaisons with others, notably with his favorite mistress Else Hansen . Louise quickly made herself popular in the Danish court, and her father-in-law remarked that she seemed to him to be kind and agreeable. She was also met with great enthusiasm from

4422-430: Was then raised mainly by her older sister, Princess Caroline . In 1743, a dynastic marriage was negotiated between Louise and Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway . The marriage was proposed by Great Britain for political reasons. At the time of the marriage, both France and Great Britain wished to make an alliance with Denmark-Norway , and being protestant , Great Britain had the advantage of being able to make

4489-429: Was two years old, her grandfather, George I , died, and her father ascended the throne as George II. The family subsequently moved to St James's Palace , the London residence of the British monarch . Here Louise grew up, spending holidays at her parents' summer residence, Richmond Lodge , located near the River Thames in Richmond . In 1737, when Louise was almost 13 years old, her mother, Queen Caroline, died, and she

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