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56-399: Fitzsimons (also spelled FitzSimons , Fitzsimmons or FitzSimmons ) is a surname of Norman origin common in both Ireland and England . The name is a variant of "Sigmundsson", meaning son of Sigmund . The Gaelicisation of this surname is Mac Síomóin or Mac an Ridire . The name "FitzSymons" and its pre-standardization variants (Fitzsimons, Fitzsimmons, Fitz-Simons, etc.) is not

112-578: A certain sympathy and understanding for the difficult position of Roman Catholics, as Burke did in his parliamentary career. Others in the gentry such as the Viscounts Dillon and the Lords Dunsany belonged to Old English families who had originally undergone a religious conversion from Rome to Canterbury to save their lands and titles. Some members of the Old English who had thus gained membership in

168-515: A deliberate effort to help promote the languages and to counteract centuries of Anglicisation . The Manx language , which is very similar to Irish , has undergone a major revival in recent years, despite the language being so rarely used that it was even mislabelled as extinct by a United Nations report as recently as 2009. The decline of the language on the island was primarily as a result of stigmatisation and high levels of emigration to England . There are now primary schools teaching in

224-563: A few literary works as well. There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous Statute of Kilkenny and municipal documents. The major literary text is The Song of Dermot and the Earl , a chanson de geste of 3,458 lines of verse concerning Dermot McMurrough and Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as "Strongbow"). Other texts include the Walling of New Ross composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about

280-636: A higher concentration of Gaelic surnames. The term Old English ( Irish : Seanghaill , meaning 'old foreigners') began to be applied by scholars for Norman-descended residents of The Pale and Irish towns after the mid-16th century, who became increasingly opposed to the New English who arrived in Ireland after the Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of the Old English were dispossessed in

336-827: A name which captures the distinctive blended culture which this community created and within which it operated until the Tudor conquest. In an effort to halt the ongoing Gaelicisation of the Anglo-Irish community, the Irish Parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1367, which among other things banned the use of the Irish language, the wearing of Irish clothes, as well as prohibiting the Gaelic Irish from living within walled towns. Despite these efforts, by 1515, one official lamented, that "all

392-644: A sept, or clan, name, but rather an individual patronymic passed down through various, yet discrete, colonial families arriving at different times in Irish history. Some families "went native" during the Gaelic revival of the 14th and 15th centuries, and many refused to endorse the Protestant Reformation. Others became important members of the Protestant Ascendancy and its supporting mittelstand . Two distinct families can be identified: those who arrived when

448-675: A string of revolts which culminated in the Desmond Rebellions (1569–1573 and 1579–1583). The term "Old English" was coined at this time, as the Pale community emphasised their English identity and loyalty to the Stuart Crown and refusing to co-operate with the wishes of the Elizabeth's Parliament as represented in Ireland by the Lord Deputy of Ireland . Originally, the conflict was a civil issue, as

504-471: Is a central reason for the Old English's later support of Roman Catholicism. There was no religious division in medieval Ireland, beyond the requirement that English-born prelates should run the Irish church. However, most of the pre-16th century inhabitants of Ireland continued their allegiance to Roman Catholicism , following the Henrician Reformation of the 1530s, even after the establishment of

560-422: Is known by the description Old English , which only came into use in the late 16th century. Some contend it is ahistorical to trace a single Old English community back to 1169, for the concept of Ireland's "Old English" community only emerged in the sixteenth century Pale. The earliest known reference to the term "Old English" is in the 1580s. Up to that time the identity of such people had been much more fluid; it

616-735: The Anglican Catholic Church of Ireland . In contrast to previous English settlers, the New English , that wave of settlers who came to Ireland from England during the Elizabethan era onwards as a result of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, were more self-consciously English, and were largely (though not entirely) Protestant . To the New English, many of the Old Anglo-Irish were "degenerate", having "gone native" and adopted Irish customs as well as choosing to adhere to Roman Catholicism after

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672-742: The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century, mainly from England and Wales . During the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages , the Hiberno-Normans constituted a feudal aristocracy and merchant oligarchy , known as the Lordship of Ireland . The Hiberno-Normans were also closely associated with the Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church in Ireland and were responsible for

728-667: The Dillons , merged with the New English elite after the Henrician Reformation . Following the Glorious Revolution , many of these Old English families promoted unity with the Gaels under the denominator of " Irish Catholic ", while others were assimilated into a new Irish Protestant identity, which also included later settler groups such as the Ulster Scots further English settlers and Huguenots . Historians use different terms to refer to

784-614: The Papacy 's most radical agents of the Counter-Reformation which, among other aims, sought to topple her from her thrones. Rebels such as James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald portrayed their rebellion as a "Holy War", and indeed received money and troops from the papal coffers. In the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583), a prominent Pale lord, James Eustace, Viscount of Baltinglass, joined the rebels from religious motivation. Before

840-535: The Protestant Ascendancy . The community of Norman descent prior to then used numerous epithets to describe themselves (such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or " English-Irish "), but it was only as a result of the political cess crisis of the 1580s that a group identified as the Old English actually came to be distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Irish who surrendered to Anglican Catholicism . Traditionally, London-based Anglo-Norman governments expected

896-574: The Protestant Irish Nationalists through Old English families (and men of Gaelic origin such as William Conolly ) who chose to comply with the new realities by conforming to the Established Church . In the course of the eighteenth century under the Protestant Ascendancy, social divisions were defined almost solely in sectarian terms of Roman Catholic, Anglican Catholic and Protestant Nonconformist, rather than ethnic ones. Against

952-641: The 1620s and 1630s, however, after they had agreed to pay the higher taxes to the Crown, they found that the Monarch or his Irish viceroy Thomas Wentworth chose instead to defer some of the agreed concessions. This was to prove culturally counterproductive for the cause of the English administration in Ireland, as it led to Old English writers, such as Geoffrey Keating to argue (as Keating did in Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (1634)), that

1008-460: The 2011 Census, these numbers increased to 94,000 and 1.3 million, respectively. Active Irish speakers probably comprise 5 to 10 per cent of Ireland's population. In recent decades there has been a significant increase in the number of urban Irish speakers, particularly in Dublin. The dispersed but large, educated and middle-class urban Gaeilgeoir community enjoys a lively cultural life and is buoyed by

1064-515: The Crown's official split with Rome. The poet Edmund Spenser was one of the chief advocates of this view. He argued in A View on the Present State of Ireland (1595) that a failure to conquer Ireland fully in the past had led the Old generations of English settlers to become corrupted by the native Irish culture. In the course of the 16th century, the religious division had the effect of alienating most of

1120-589: The English language (though sometimes in arcane local dialects such as Yola and Fingallian ), used English law, and in some respects lived in a manner similar to that found in England. However, in the provinces, the Normans in Ireland ( Irish : Gaill meaning "foreigners") were at times indistinguishable from the surrounding Gaelic lords and chieftains. Dynasties such as the Fitzgeralds , Butlers, Burkes, and Walls adopted

1176-708: The Gaelic languages are considered a sub-group of the Celtic languages . Examples of ethnic groups who have gone through a period of Gaelicisation in history include the Norse-Gaels , the Picts , the Britons of southwest Scotland , the Scoto-Normans , and the Hiberno-Normans , Today, Gaelicisation, or more often re-Gaelicisation, of placenames , surnames and given names is often

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1232-568: The Hiberno-Normans declined during the 16th century after the Anglican " New English " elite settled in Ireland from the end of the Tudor period ; and they came to be known as Seanghaill ( Old English ) at this time. Many Roman Catholic Norman-Irish families spread throughout the world as part of the Irish diaspora ceasing, in most cases, to identify as Norman, whether originally Anglo-Norman, Cambro-Norman, or Scoto-Norman. Other Old English families, like

1288-616: The Irish Ascendancy even became adherents of the cause of Irish independence. Whereas the Old English FitzGerald Dukes of Leinster held the premier title in the Irish House of Lords when it was abolished in 1800, a scion of that Ascendancy family, the Irish nationalist Lord Edward Fitzgerald , was a brother of the second duke. The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example,

1344-684: The Irish branch now survives. The name "Fitzsimons" is quite common in England itself. These originating in Norfolk , Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire are thought to be Scandinavian and of the genere Danus , as the area was settled by Danish Vikings and predate the Norman invasion in 1066 AD. Normans in Ireland Hiberno-Normans , or Norman Irish ( Irish : Normánach  ; Old Irish : Gall , 'foreigners'), refer to Irish families descended from Norman settlers who arrived during

1400-493: The Normans in Ireland at different times in its existence, depending on how they define this community's sense of collective identity. In his book Surnames of Ireland , Irish historian Edward MacLysaght makes a distinction between Hiberno-Norman and Anglo-Norman surnames summing up fundamental differences between "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) and "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Normans). The Geraldines of Desmond , for instance, could accurately be described as Old English, for that

1456-642: The Normans in the Lordship of Ireland to promote the interests of the Kingdom of England , through the use of the English language (despite the fact that they spoke Norman French rather than English), law, trade, currency, social customs, and farming methods. The Norman community in Ireland was, however, never monolithic. In some areas, especially in the Pale around Dublin , and in relatively urbanised communities in Kilkenny , Limerick , Cork and south Wexford , people spoke

1512-488: The Old Anglo-Irish community was forced to go over the heads of the New English in Dublin and appeal directly to their sovereign in his role as King of Ireland which further disgruntled them. First from James I , and then from his son and successor, Charles I , they sought a package of reforms known as The Graces , which included provisions for religious toleration and civil equality for Roman Catholics in return for their payment of increased taxes. On several occasions in

1568-525: The Old Anglo-Irish from the state, and bolstered by Jacobite reverts like the Dillons propelled them into making common cause with the Gaelic Irish under the Irish Catholic identity. The first confrontation between the Old English and the English government in Ireland came with the cess crisis of 1556–1583. During that period, the Pale community resisted paying for the English army sent to Ireland to put down

1624-458: The Pale Fitzsimons, it is thought discrete branches settled at Tullynally , County Meath, the line of Sir William Johnson and 'went' native by intermarrying with the O'Reillys and MacMahons of south central Ulster. These are generally the families now with ties to County Cavan and County Longford . The English family which sent its youngest son to Dublin in 1323 died out in the name, only

1680-527: The Pale and the rest of Ireland was therefore in reality not rigid or impermeable, but rather one of gradual cultural and economic differences across wide areas. Consequently, the English identity expressed by representatives of the Pale when writing in English to the English Crown often contrasted radically with their cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world around them, and this difference between their cultural reality and their expressed identity

1736-607: The Palesmen objected to paying new taxes that had not first been approved by them in the Parliament of Ireland . The dispute, however, also soon took on a religious dimension, especially after 1570, when Elizabeth I of England was excommunicated by Pope Pius V 's papal bull Regnans in Excelsis . In response, Elizabeth banned the Jesuits from her realms as they were seen as being among

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1792-632: The Roman Catholic cause and the almost wholesale dispossession of the Old English nobility leading to a revival of the cause before the Williamite war in Ireland (1689–1691) evolving into Jacobitism afterwards. Nevertheless, in the 1700s, Parliamentarians had become the dominant class in the country and with the end of the Jacobites in 1788, the Old Anglo-Irish cause evolved into the Irish Rebellion of 1798

1848-682: The Ulster Fitzsimons. Settling in Dublin, and the north and south reaches of Dublin County, they expanded into Meath, Westmeath, King's and Queen's County of the central English Pale. This branch may have been the root of the Wexford Fitzsimons family which produced a Signer of the Declaration of Independence (or the Wexford family may have sprung from a Norman adventurer arriving with Strongbow ). Of

1904-687: The backdrop of the Penal Laws which discriminated against them both, and a country becoming increasingly Parliamentarian , the old distinction between Old English and Gaelic Irish Roman Catholics gradually faded away, Changing religion, or rather conforming to the State Church , was always an option for any of the King of Ireland's subjects, and an open avenue to inclusion in the officially recognised "body politic", and, indeed, many Old English such as Edmund Burke were newly-conforming Anglican Catholics who retained

1960-707: The common people of the said half counties [of The Pale] that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language." English administrators such as Fynes Moryson , writing in the last years of the sixteenth century, shared the latter view of the Anglo-Irish: "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". Moryson's views on

2016-540: The constituencies of the Irish Parliament were changed so that the New English would have a slight majority in the Irish House of Commons . Thirdly, in the 1630s, many members of the Old English landowning class were forced to confirm the ancient title to their land-holdings often in the absence of title deeds, which resulted in some having to pay substantial fines to retain their property, while others ended up losing some or all of their land in this complex legal process (see Plantations of Ireland ). The political response of

2072-548: The cultural fluidity of the so-called English Pale were echoed by other commentators such as Richard Stanihurst who, while protesting the Englishness of the Palesmen in 1577, opined that "Irish was universally gaggled in the English Pale". Beyond the Pale, the term 'English', if and when it was applied, referred to a thin layer of landowners and nobility, who ruled over Gaelic Irish freeholders and tenants. The division between

2128-501: The customs of Waterford . Normans elsewhere Gaelicised Gaelic , as a linguistic term, refers to the Gaelic languages but can also refer to the transmission of any other Gaelic cultural feature such as social norms and customs , music and sport. It is often referred to as a part of Celtic identity as Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man are all considered Celtic Nations , and

2184-528: The emergence of Hiberno-English . Some of the most prominent Hiberno-Norman families were the Burkes (de Burghs), Butlers , and FitzGeralds who over time were said to have become " more Irish than the Irish themselves " by merging culturally and intermarrying with the Gaels . One of the most common Irish surnames , Walsh , derives from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of this group. The dominance of

2240-618: The growth of Irish medium education and Irish-language media . In some official Gaeltachtaí (Irish-speaking regions) areas, Irish remains a vernacular language alongside English. In Northern Ireland the Gaelicisation process is significantly slower and less-supported than elsewhere on the island and the status of the Irish language in Northern Ireland is the subject of heated political debates. In Scotland, Scottish Gaelic and traditional Gaelic customs such those manifested at

2296-443: The manner of [Roman] Catholic martyrs, proclaiming they were suffering for their religious beliefs". This episode marked an important break between the Pale and the English regime in Ireland, and between the Old English and the New English. In the subsequent Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Pale and the Old English towns remained loyal being in favour of outward loyalty to the English Crown during another rebellion. However, it

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2352-499: The medium of Manx Gaelic, after efforts mainly modelled on the Irish system. The efforts have been widely praised, with further developments such as using technology to teach the language being put into place. Estimates of numbers of native speakers of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland in 2000 ranged from 20,000 to 80,000. According to the 2006 census for the Republic, 85,000 people used Irish daily outside of school and 1.2 million used Irish at least occasionally. In

2408-414: The native language, legal system , and other customs such as fostering and intermarriage with the Gaelic Irish and the patronage of Irish poetry and music. Such people became regarded as " more Irish than the Irish themselves " as a result of this process (see also History of Ireland (1169–1536) ). The most accurate name for the Gaelicised Anglo-Irish throughout the late medieval period was Hiberno-Norman,

2464-501: The poetry books of the Uí Bhroin of Wicklow, as a sign of unity between Gaeil and Gaill; he viewed it as a sign of an emerging Irish nationalism . Breandán Ó Buachalla essentially agreed with him, Tom Dunne and Tom Bartlett were less sure. It was noted in 2011 that Irish nationalist politicians elected between 1918 and 2011 could often be distinguished by surname. Fine Gael parliamentarians were more likely to bear surnames of Norman origin than those from Fianna Fáil , who had

2520-441: The poets referred to hibernicised people of Norman stock as Dubhghaill in order to grant them a longer vintage in Ireland than the Fionnghaill (meaning 'fair-haired foreigners', i.e. Norwegian Vikings as opposed to Dubhghaill meaning 'black-haired foreigners', i.e. Danish Vikings). This follows on from his earlier arguments that the term Éireannaigh (Irish people) as we currently know it also emerged during this period in

2576-444: The political and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to their continued adherence to the Roman Catholic religion. Following the Glorious Revolution the Jacobites attempted to replace the distinction between "Norman" and "Gaelic Irish" under the new denominator of Irish Catholic by 1700, as they were both barred from positions of wealth and power by the so-called New English settlers, who became known as

2632-405: The prefix Fitz meaning "son of", in surnames like FitzGerald appears most frequently in Hiberno-Norman surnames (cf. modern French fils de with the same meaning). However, a few names with the prefix "Fitz-" sound Norman but are actually of native Gaelic origin; Fitzpatrick was the surname Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig had to take as part of his submission to Henry VIII in 1537, and FitzDermot

2688-431: The rebellion was over, several hundred Old English Palesmen had been arrested and sentenced to death, either for outright rebellion, or because they were suspected rebels because of their religious views. Most were eventually pardoned after paying fines of up to 100 pounds, a very large sum for the time. However, twenty landed gentlemen from some of the Pale's leading Old English families were executed; some of them "died in

2744-402: The rebels and fear of government reprisals against all Roman Catholics. The main long-term reason was, however, a desire to reverse the anti-Roman Catholic policies that had been pursued by the English authorities over the previous 40 years in carrying out their administration of Ireland. Nevertheless, despite their formation of an Irish government in Confederate Ireland , the Old English identity

2800-419: The surname was first recorded in Ireland in 1177, attached to an adventurer seeking swordlands in Ulster, known as Sir John de Courcy of Carrickfergus Castle , earl of Ulster. These Fitzsimons are now native to the east-central seaboard of Ulster, in Lecale, Ards and Down . In 1323, a junior member of the Fitzsymons' of Simonshide, Herefordshire , settled in Dublin. This family is thought to be distinct from

2856-422: The true identity of the Old English was now Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English. English policy thus hastened the assimilation of the Old English with the Gaels. In 1641, many of the Old English community made a decisive break with their past as loyal subjects by joining the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . Many factors influenced the decision of the Old English to join in the rebellion; among these were fear of

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2912-448: Was Mac Gilla Mo-Cholmóc of the Uí Dúnchada sept of the Uí Dúnlainge based at Lyons Hill , County Dublin). The annals of Ireland make a distinction between Gaill and Sasanaigh . The former were split into Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill , depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron. There are a number of texts in Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are

2968-412: Was still an important division within the Irish Roman Catholic community. During the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1653), the Old English were often accused by the Gaelic Irish of having been too hasty to sign a treaty with Charles I of England at the expense of the interests of Irish landowners and the Roman Catholic religion. The ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653), saw further defeat of

3024-420: Was the English Government's administration in Ireland along loyalist lines particularly following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 that would lead to severing the main political ties between the Old English and England itself. First, in 1609, Roman Catholics were banned from holding public office in Ireland forcing many Old English like the Dillons to outwardly adopt Anglican Catholicism. Then, in 1613,

3080-446: Was the Loyalist administration's policies which created an oppositional and clearly defined Old English community. Brendan Bradshaw , in his study of the poetry of late-16th century Tír Chónaill , points out that the Normans were not referred to there as Seanghaill ("Old Foreigners") but rather as Fionnghaill and Dubhghaill . He argued in a lecture to the Mícheál Ó Cléirigh Institute in University College Dublin that

3136-460: Was their political and cultural world. Likewise Butlers of Ormond , could accurately be described as Hiberno-Norman in their political outlook and alliances even after they married into the royal family . Some historians refer to them as Cambro-Normans – Seán Duffy of Trinity College Dublin , invariably uses that term. After many centuries in Ireland following just a century in Wales or England it appears odd that their entire history since 1169

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