Philosophers
34-624: The First Valls government was the thirty-seventh government in the Fifth Republic of France . It was led by Manuel Valls , who was appointed prime minister of France on 31 March 2014. It was composed of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party (PS) and two from the Radical Party of the Left (PRG). It was the third cabinet declared by President Hollande and replaced the second Ayrault Cabinet . It
68-525: A French national in 1982, aged 19, Valls is the first French prime minister during the Fifth Republic who was not born a French citizen. Fifth Republic of France – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) In Alsace-Moselle The Fifth Republic ( French : Cinquième République ) is France 's current republican system of government . It
102-409: A hereditary monarchy dies or abdicates, the crown typically passes to the next generation of the family. If no qualified child exists, the crown may pass to a brother, sister, nephew, niece, cousin, or other relative, in accordance with a predefined order of succession , often enshrined in legislation. Such a process establishes who will be the next monarch beforehand and avoids disputes among members of
136-536: A parliamentary majority, prime ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms. The trigger for the collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958 . France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization . French West Africa , French Indochina , and French Algeria still sent representatives to
170-462: Is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another member of the same family. A series of rulers from the same family would constitute a dynasty . It is historically the most common type of monarchy and remains the dominant form in extant monarchies. It has the advantages of continuity of the concentration of power and wealth and predictability of who one can expect to control
204-426: The heir apparent may be physically or temperamentally unfit to rule. Other disadvantages include the inability of a people to choose their head of state , the ossified distribution of wealth and power across a broad spectrum of society, and the continuation of outmoded religious and social-economic structures mainly for the benefit of monarchs, their families, and supporters. In most extant hereditary monarchies ,
238-671: The hereditary , feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic ( 4 September 1870 – 10 July 1940 ). It is expected that the Fifth Republic will overtake the Third Republic as the second-longest French regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 8 August 2028. The Fourth Republic had suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since 1946. With no party or coalition able to sustain
272-477: The 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances . Traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy : no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens. In 1971, however, the Constitutional Council , arguing that the preamble of the constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of
306-736: The Ayrault Cabinet: Ségolène Royal , who had previously been a minister in the Bérégovoy Cabinet and junior minister in the Jospin Cabinet , and François Rebsamen , who came from the position as leader of the Socialist Party group in the French Senate was included in a cabinet for the first time, becoming minister of labour. Apart from the prime minister, the cabinet had full gender parity, with eight female and eight male ministers. The average age of government ministers at
340-505: The British monarch has the title of supreme governor of the Church of England and may not profess Roman Catholicism . Elective monarchy can function as de facto hereditary monarchy. A specific type of elective monarchy known as tanistry limits eligibility to members of the ruling house. But hereditary succession can also occur in practice despite any such legal limitations. For example, if
374-526: The French Union with the French Community , which allowed fourteen member territories (excluding Algeria) to assert their independence. 1960 became known as the " Year of Africa " because of this wave of newly independent states. Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962. The president was initially elected by an electoral college but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by
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#1732898128623408-552: The French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union . Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France . The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as European settlers , native Jews , and Harkis (native Muslims who were loyal to France), who wanted to maintain
442-553: The Republic Since 1848] (in French). Présidence de la République française. Socialist ( PS ) Centrist ( RE ) Republican ( UDF ) Gaullist ( UNR ; UDR ; RPR ) Neo-Gaullist ( UMP ; LR ) Source: "Former Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic" . Government of France. [REDACTED] Hereditary monarchy Works A hereditary monarchy
476-696: The Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and so declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association . Only the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, or the president of either house of Parliament could ask for a constitutional review before a statute was signed into law—which greatly reduces
510-456: The basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc. ). These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958 . The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958. Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic. The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending
544-491: The citizens and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists , the change was approved by the French electorate. The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum. The president is now elected every five years, changed from seven by a constitutional referendum in 2000 , to reduce
578-457: The eldest child can succeed to the throne regardless of sex; this system was adopted in 2011 by the monarchies in the Commonwealth (though not retrospectively affecting the order of succession). Another factor which may be taken into account is the religious affiliation of the candidate or the candidate's spouse , specifically where the monarch also has a religious title or role; for example,
612-470: The government and create a new constitutional system. The parliament was unable to choose a government amid popular protest, and De Gaulle was carried to power when the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its own dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention. De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The president, under
646-745: The likelihood of such a review if all these officeholders happened to be from the same side of politics, which was the case at the time. Then in 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the senate . From that date, the opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes examined for constitutionality. Socialist ( PS ) Centrist ( CD ) Centrist ( REM ) Republican ( UDF ) Gaullist ( UDR ; RPR ) Neo-Gaullist ( UMP ) Source: "Les présidents de la République depuis 1848" [Presidents of
680-409: The means of governance and patronage. Provided that a monarch is competent, not oppressive, and maintains an appropriate dignity, it might also offer the stabilizing factors of popular affection for and loyalty to a ruling family. The adjudication of what constitutes oppressive, dignified and popular tends to remain in the purview of the monarch. A major disadvantage of hereditary monarchy arises when
714-540: The period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained president of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France by an electoral college . The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the constitutional council , proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as prime minister. The 1958 constitution also replaced
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#1732898128623748-453: The president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means the president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term. The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after
782-468: The prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly, the president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a cohabitation . In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant
816-433: The probability of cohabitation due to former differences in the length of terms for the National Assembly and presidency. The president is elected in one or two rounds of voting : if one candidate gets a majority of votes in the first round that person is president-elect; if no one gets a majority in the first round, the two candidates with the greatest number of votes go to a second round. Two major changes occurred in
850-466: The proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government ; on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France , and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to
884-414: The royal family. Usurpers may resort to inventing semi-mythical genealogies to bolster their respectability. Historically, there have been differences in systems of succession , mainly revolving around the question of whether succession is limited to males, or whether females are also eligible (historically, the crown often devolved on the eldest surviving male child, as ability to lead an army in battle
918-539: The smallest of the fifth republic , having 16 full ministers as opposed to the 20 in the Ayrault Cabinet. Valls came from the position as minister of the interior, and 14 other ministers also held positions as ministers or junior ministers in the outgoing Ayrault Cabinet. Nine ministers kept the same ministry (with some change in portfolio for some), including Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Minister of Defence Jean-Yves Le Drian . Two ministers had not been part of
952-609: The time of appointment was 54, with Laurent Fabius at 67 being the oldest and Najat Vallaud-Belkacem at 36 being the youngest. On 9 April 2014, fourteen secretaries of states were appointed. They included Fleur Pellerin , who was deputy minister in Ayrault's cabinet, and First Secretary of the French Socialist Party Harlem Désir who both became secretaries to the foreign minister. Born in Barcelona and becoming
986-410: The typical order of succession uses some form of primogeniture , but there exist other methods such as seniority and tanistry (in which an heir-apparent is nominated from among qualified candidates). Research shows that hereditary regimes, in particular primogeniture , are more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Theoretically, when the monarch of
1020-511: The union with France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war . Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation. Charles de Gaulle , who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend
1054-505: Was a requisite of kingship ). Agnatic succession refers to systems where females are neither allowed to succeed nor to transmit succession rights to their male descendants (as according to the Salic law ). An agnate is a kinsman with whom one has a common ancestor by descent in an unbroken male line. Cognatic primogeniture allows both male and female descendants to succeed, but males are usually given preference . In absolute primogeniture ,
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1088-485: Was established following the 2014 French municipal elections . Europe Ecology – The Greens , who had been part of the Ayrault Cabinet, chose not to be part of the cabinet. The Socialist Party, with 290 representatives, and the Radical Party of the Left, with 16 representatives, together have 306 of the 577 representatives in the National Assembly . The cabinet was smaller than the preceding Ayrault Cabinet, and one of
1122-523: Was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic . The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic , replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government . Charles de Gaulle , who
1156-483: Was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic, the president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and
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