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72-752: The Chief Makhanda Regiment (formerly known as the First City ) is a reserve air assault infantry regiment of the South African Army . The regiment was formed from the First City Volunteers (FCV) of Grahamstown that were formed in 1875 in Grahamstown and the Queenstown Rifle Volunteers (QVR) that were formed in 1860 (Re-raised 1883) in Queenstown and these regiments were formed due to

144-406: A strategic offensive operation. Air assault and air mobility are related concepts. However, air assault is distinctly a combat insertion rather than transportation to an area in the vicinity of combat. Air assault units can vary in organization; using helicopters not only in transport but also as close air fire support , medical evacuation helicopters and resupply missions. Airmobile artillery

216-541: A "Cavalry" designation purely for purposes of lineage and heraldry. (True air cavalry organizations are/were helicopter-mounted reconnaissance units.) Light infantry-centric organizations (battalions, brigades, or divisions) that are trained, organized, and equipped to operate with organic (i.e., owned by the joint parent headquarters of both the light infantry organization and the supporting aviation organization) are classified as "Air Assault," previously designated as "Airmobile." The Vietnam-era 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)

288-526: A counter-attack started by local Ukrainian forces. The airport was captured only on the second day by a second air assault combined with an armored push from ground troops. A simultaneous air assault was attempted at Vasylkiv , where VDV paratroopers attempted to seize the Vasylkiv Air Base but the attack was repelled. [REDACTED]   Malaysia Trews Trews (or truis , Scottish Gaelic : triubhas ) are men's clothing for

360-553: A limited capability to perform air assault operations. On September 19, 1994, the 1st Brigade of the 10th Mountain Division conducted the Army's first air assault from an aircraft carrier, the USS ; Dwight D. Eisenhower , as part of Operation Uphold Democracy . This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. This was the Army's largest operation from an aircraft carrier since

432-533: A practical level, virtually any light infantry formation can instantly become "airmobile" simply by dividing the assault elements into "chalks" (aircraft load designations pertaining to order of loading and type of aircraft), embarking them on the aircraft, transporting them to the objective/assembly area, and inserting/disembarking them into a landing zone, etc. However, true "air assault" organizations are specialized light infantry (much like airborne troops), who are trained, organized, and equipped specifically to perform

504-513: A red toorie in 1935. The regiment's Highland company wore a Tam o'shanter without the toorie from 1906 to 1913, while the pipers wore a dark blue Glengarry . The new blue glengarry with blue and white dicing has the Maroon toorie to symbolise the regiment's airborne role. (Worn by officers & WOs) The khaki tam o'shanter when worn by air assault members has a maroon toorie. (Worn by S/Sgt/Rfn) The officers and WOs when in service/combat dress wear

576-759: A side seam , and are often high-waisted, usually to be worn with a short jacket , as an alternative to the kilt . Colonel Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster, proved to his own satisfaction that "the truis" was an older dress than kilts. Until the establishment of the Royal Regiment of Scotland in 2006, military trews were usually worn by members of the lowland Scottish regiments as part of their No 1, mess and full dress uniforms . Members of Highland Scottish regiments were usually authorized to wear kilts with these orders of dress. However, all Highland regiments, in more recent times, wore trews with less formal orders of barracks and training dress. They were also part of

648-625: A side-mounted 20 mm MG 151 autocannon . This helicopter was nicknamed Helicanhão (heli-cannon) by the Portuguese and K-Car by the Rhodesians. Variants of the air mobile warfare tactics used in Africa included the Rhodesian Fireforce and the Portuguese heliborne-horseborne forces cooperation . Meghna Heli Bridge was an aerial operation of Indian and Bangladeshi allied forces during

720-582: A timely fashion. Operation Deep Water was a 1957 NATO naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea that involved the first units of the United States Marine Corps to participate in a helicopter-borne vertical envelopment operation during an overseas deployment. During the Vietnam war the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division conducted the first large scale air assault operation in combat during

792-517: A variegated appearance. Written records of tartan trews date back to 1538, as a style of woven tartan -cloth trousers, a garment preferably used during the Highland winter when the kilt would be impractical in such cold weather. The word is triubhas in Scottish Gaelic; truis or trews are anglicised spellings. Traditional trews were form-fitting garments, similar to the footed hose of

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864-680: Is a division-sized helicopter-borne fighting force. 101st Airborne Division soldiers attend the Sabalauski Air Assault School. Graduates are qualified to insert and extract using fast rope and rappel means from a hover in addition to the ordinary walk on and off from an airlanded helicopter. In addition, all U.S. Marine Corps divisions are capable of, and routinely train for and perform, air assault operations. Forward-deployed Marine Corps infantry battalions/regiments (reinforced, organized, and designated as Battalion Landing Teams/Regimental Combat Teams, or BLTs and RCTs, respectively), form

936-444: Is often assigned to air assault deployments. Units vary in size, but are typically company to brigade sized units. Airmobile units are designed and trained for air insertion and vertical envelopment ("a maneuver in which troops, either air-dropped or air-landed, attack the rear and flanks of a force, in effect cutting off or encircling the force", air resupply, and if necessary air extraction. One specific type of air assault unit

1008-482: Is the US Army air cavalry . It differs from regular air assault units only in fulfilling a traditional cavalry reconnaissance and short raids role. Britain's 16 Air Assault Brigade was formed in 1999 following an amalgamation of elements of 5th Infantry Brigade (5 Airborne Brigade) and 24 Airmobile Brigade , bringing together the agility and reach of airborne forces with the potency of the attack helicopter. Similarly,

1080-555: The 11th Air Assault Division on 11 February 1963, combining light infantry with integral helicopter transport and air support. Opinions vary as to the level of support for the concept within the Army; some have argued that the initial tests against the context of conventional warfare did not prove promising, and, despite opposition from the Joint Chiefs of Staff , it was primarily the Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara who pushed through

1152-446: The 22nd Air Landing Division glider borne paras laid the foundation for modern day air assault operations. In 1941 the U.S. Army quickly adopted this concept of offensive operations initially utilizing wooden gliders before the development of helicopters. Following the war, faster aircraft led to the abandonment of the flimsy wooden gliders with the then new helicopters taking their place. Four YR-4B helicopters saw limited service in

1224-943: The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It took place on 9 December, when the Indian Air Force airlifted the Mukti Bahini and the IV Corps of the Indian Army from Brahmanbaria to Raipura in Narsingdi over the River Meghna , bypassing the destroyed Meghna Bridge and Pakistani defences in Ashuganj . In the United States Army, the air assault mission is the primary role of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) . This unit

1296-700: The Battle of Ia Drang . The use of armed helicopters coupled with helicopter transport during the Algerian War for the French Army to drop troops into enemy territory gave birth to the tactics of airmobile warfare that continues today. The machines of the French Army Light Aviation carried out a considerable number of missions against Algerian insurgents between 1955, when the Groupe d’Hélicoptères No.2 (GH 2)

1368-706: The China Burma India theatre with the 1st Air Commando Group In 1943 the Germans conducted the Gran Sasso raid which implemented many aspects of the air assault concept. Another example was the German Brandenburgers ' glider borne operation at Ypenburg during World War Two. In 1946, U.S. Marine General Roy S. Geiger observed the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll and instantly recognized that atomic bombs could render amphibious landings difficult because of

1440-698: The Doolittle Raid of World War II The 16th Air Assault Brigade of the British Army is the UK's main air assault body. It comprises units of paratroopers from the Parachute Regiment and light infantry units trained in helicopter insertion, as well as light tanks and artillery . Britain's 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines are also highly experienced in air assault, both for boarding ships and in land attacks, see article above. The Battle of Antonov Airport

1512-755: The Graham of Montrose tartan . During World War II , FC served in the Madagascar campaign (1942). On 5 October 1943, First City, South Africa's senior Scottish unit, was temporarily "married up" with the Cape Town Highlanders to form the FC/CTH which was part of the 12th South African Motorised Brigade of the South African 6th Armoured Division . The "marriage" lasted until 8 May 1945. After completing its training in Egypt,

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1584-497: The Highland regiments which were raised insisted on the familiarity of their native dress and great Highland bagpipes , albeit in a modified form to suit a British military identity, as part of their cultural identity. They wore the complex belted plaid and latterly, to encourage recruits unfamiliar with such garb, they adopted the simpler small kilt . However, trews were increasingly worn as off-duty dress and even campaign dress from

1656-519: The Howze Board ) of the U.S. Army in 1962. The Board met at a difficult time; the bulk of the military hierarchy were focused primarily on the Soviet threat to Western Europe, and perceived as requiring heavy, conventional units. The creation of new, light airmobile units could only occur at the expense of heavier units. At the same time, the incoming Kennedy administration was placing a much greater emphasis on

1728-636: The Korean War showing that the helicopter could be a versatile and powerful military tool. The first helicopter airlift and helicopter sling load mission was conducted on September 13, 1951, during the Korean War . "Operation Windmill I" was conducted by the United States Marine Corps in support of a battalion clearing the enemy from a series of ridges around a basin called " The Punchbowl ." In total seven HRS-1 Marine helicopters made 28 flights that delivered 8,550 kg (18,848 pounds) of supplies and evacuated 74 seriously wounded men. On November 5, 1956,

1800-712: The Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979) and the South African Border War (1966–1990). The airmobile warfare was part of the counter-insurgency actions made by the forces of the three countries against guerrilla forces in Angola , Portuguese Guinea , Rhodesia , Mozambique and South-West Africa . The airmobile warfare tactics used by Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa had many similar characteristics. The air forces of

1872-519: The Renaissance , from which they probably evolved. (However, Tacitus says that in 69 BC the Roman general Caecina was considered, by his wearing of the foreign trews when meeting with toga-clad Romans, to show indication of a haughty spirit. ) They could be cut as knee-breeches or full length. These trews were cut on the bias , which allowed the fabric to stretch sufficiently to mould to the body, and placed

1944-619: The Royal Marines ' 45 Commando performed the world's first combat helicopter insertion with air assault during an amphibious landing as part of Operation Musketeer , in Suez , Egypt . 650 marines and 23 tons of equipment were flown in ten Westland Whirlwind Mark 2s of 845 Naval Air Squadron from the deck of HMS Theseus , and six each Whirlwinds and Bristol Sycamore HC.12s and HC.14s off HMS  Ocean ' s embarked Joint Experimental Helicopter Unit (JEHU) ( Royal Air Force ). The plan

2016-753: The South African Border War from 1977 to 1986, and was also involved from 1983 until 1994 in Internal Operations. The regiment was affiliated with 84 Motorised Brigade, part of 8th Armoured Division . In 2004 it was decided to rebuild First City and by 2006 the regiment was training its own members as well as members of the Prince Alfred's Guard , The Buffalo Volunteer Rifles and Regiment Piet Retief these all being Eastern Cape regiments. Many members have also been trained in Air Assault. The Regiment has also sent members on UN & AU peace keeping missions to

2088-626: The Viet Cong (VC) began developing counter helicopter techniques, and at the Battle of Ap Bac in January 1963, 13 of 15 helicopters were hit and four shot down. The Army began adding machine guns and rockets to their smaller helicopters and developed the first purpose built gunship with the M-6E3 armament system . U.S. Marine helicopter squadrons began four-month rotations through Vietnam as part of Operation SHUFLY on 15 April 1962. Six days later, they performed

2160-573: The tartan "sett" on the diagonal. Traditional trews are actually long hose rather than trousers. These hose came all the way up to the waist and were attached to a linen cloth. They were fastened at the lower leg, below the knee, by a garter (the precursor to the flashes of the Highland Dress ) as can be seen in the painting by David Morier of the Battle of Culloden . It is said in Scottish traditional folklore that these triubhas were actually

2232-587: The Citizen Force of the new Union Defence Force as the 4th Infantry (First Eastern Rifles) . It served in German South-West Africa 1914–1915. However, in 1924 the First Eastern Rifles were renamed the 4th Infantry (First City) . The numerical part of the title was dropped in 1932, making the regiment simply First City . In the mid-1930s, the regiment adopted Scottish uniform , including

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2304-713: The DRC, Burundi and the Sudan. 2008 saw First City winning the trophy for the best reserve force regiment in the SA Army Infantry Formation. The regiment retained this award for 2009. In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The First City became the Chief Makhanda Regiment , and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia. Blue Balmoral bonnet with blue and white dicing, with

2376-612: The Elephant Valley south of Da Nang on 13 August 1965 shortly after Marine ground troops arrived in country. HMM-361 commanded by LtCol Tom Ross. On 17 August 1965 in Operation Starlite the 2nd Battalion 4th Marines landed in three helicopter landing zones (LZs) west of the 1st VC Regiment in the Van Tuong village complex, 12 miles (19 km) south of Chu Lai , while the 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines used seaborne landing craft on

2448-553: The Ground Combat Element (GCE) of a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), or Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB). These MEUs and MEBs are capable of embarking aboard amphibious warships and include air assault as one of several means of conducting amphibious landing operations, supported by embarked Marine Corps tilt-rotor, helicopter, and STOVL fixed-wing strike aircraft. The 10th Mountain Division Light Infantry has

2520-778: The H-21 alone) and helped to evacuate over 20,000 French combatants from the combat area, including nearly 2,200 at night. By the time the war in Algeria had ended, eight officers and 23 non-commissioned officers from ALAT had died in the course of their duties. U.S. Army CH-21 helicopter transports arrived in South Vietnam on 11 December 1961. Air assault operations using Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troops began 12 days later in Operation Chopper . These were very successful at first but

2592-465: The Russian BMD-1 are designed to fit most heavy lift helicopters , which enable assaulting forces to combine air mobility with a certain degree of ground mechanization. Invariably the assaulting troops are highly dependent on aerial fire support provided by the attack helicopters , armed helicopters , and/or fixed-wing aircraft escorting them. A concept called mounted vertical maneuver requires

2664-457: The US 101st Airborne Division was originally classed as airborne, then airmobile and now air assault. Air mobility has been a key concept in offensive operations since the 1930s. Initial approaches to air mobility focused on parachutists and the use of military gliders . During World War II many assaults were done by military gliders. The World War Two era German Fallschirmjäger , Brandenburgers , and

2736-467: The US, when taking part in the British campaign to capture New Orleans in January 1815 and during the disastrous Battle of Chalmette Plain itself (lithographs of the battle wrongly depict them wearing kilts). In 1822, following King George IV's successful first visit to Scotland , he ordered the resumption of Highland dress and traditions for one de-kilted regiment. The regiment chosen was the most senior of

2808-473: The Vietnam- Cambodia border. It is known today as the Battle of Ia Drang Valley , and is considered to be the first large scale helicopter air assault. This battalion (vice "squadron," which would have been its nomenclature had it actually been a cavalry organization) gave common currency, albeit incorrectly, to the U.S. term "Air Cavalry." However, 1-7 Cav was in actuality an infantry formation carrying

2880-501: The ability to transport light, motorized, or medium-weight mechanized force by VTOL or super STOL aircraft. Air assault should not be confused with air attack , air strike , or air raid , which all refer to attack using solely aircraft (for example bombing , strafing , etc.). Moreover, air assault should not be confused with an airborne assault , which occurs when paratroopers , and their weapons and supplies, are dropped by parachute from transport aircraft , often as part of

2952-500: The beaches to the east. The transport helicopters were 24 UH-34s from HMM-361 , HMM-261 and HMM-161 in relief, escorted by Marine and Army Hueys from VMO-2 and VMO-6 led by Maj Donald G. Radcliff, US Army who was killed in action. VC losses were 614 killed, Marine losses were 45 KIA and 203 WIA. The need for a new type of unit became apparent to the Tactical Mobility Requirements Board (normally referred to as

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3024-454: The changes in 1965, drawing on support from within the Pentagon which had now begun to establish a counter-insurgency doctrine that would require just such a unit. Others have put more weight on the support of newly appointed senior Army commanders, including the new Chief of Staff General Wheeler , in driving through the changes. Nonetheless, the 11th Air Assault Division assets were merged with

3096-404: The co-located 2nd Infantry Division and reflagged as the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) , continuing the tradition of the 1st Cavalry Division. Within several months it was sent to Vietnam and the concept of air mobility became bound up with the challenges of that campaign, especially its varied terrain – the jungles, mountains, and rivers which complicated ground movement. The first unit of

3168-558: The common garment of the 16th to 18th centuries in the Highlands . When travelling, in order to avoid getting the trews wet when crossing streams, the Highlander would wear shorter hose, ones that would only reach up to the knee, and wrap his "bed-garments" around his waist, a form of the Great Kilt . Modern trews are more like trousers with the fabric cut on the straight grain but without

3240-596: The complex, rapid, and dynamic tasks inherent in air assault vice simply being transported by aircraft. Perhaps a rough comparison can be made between "motorized" and "mechanized" infantry. Any light infantry unit can be transported by truck (viz., "motorized"), however, "mechanized" infantry are specifically trained, organized, and equipped to conduct operations in close-coordination with tanks. The armed forces of Portugal , Rhodesia and South Africa widely conducted airmobile warfare operations in Southern Africa , during

3312-410: The de-kilted regiments, the 72nd. They adopted the Highland feather bonnet, the Highland version of the red coatee , but in lieu of kilts, they were ordered to wear trews for all duties. The tartan chosen was a new form of red or royal Stewart called "Prince Charles Edward Stuart", reflecting the new romantic fashion for all things Jacobite . Due to the military use of trews by the Lowland regiments,

3384-408: The dense concentrations of troops, ships and material at beachheads. During this time, The Commandant of the Marine Corps , Alexander Vandegrift , convened a special board known as the Hogaboom Board . This board recommended that the USMC develop transport helicopters in order to allow a diffused attack on enemy shores. It also recommended that the USMC form an experimental helicopter squadron. HMX-1

3456-408: The division landed at Taranto , Italy on 20 April 1944 and fought exclusively in Italy during its existence. In 1946, the regiment was reconstituted as a component of the country's part-time forces and reformed First City . From 1954 to 1956, FC was amalgamated with the Kaffrarian Rifles , known as First City/Kaffrarian Rifles. In 1956 it reverted to being called First City. The regiment served in

3528-496: The end of 1958. A sixth squadron from the French naval air arm, the Aéronautique navale , had operated with GH 2 for little more than a year. From 1955 to 1962, GH 2 took part in the major battles, which occurred near the frontier between Algeria and Tunisia, including the battle of Souk-Ahras in April 1958. The helicopters, including types such as the H-21, the Alouette II, the Sikorsky H-19 and Sikorsky H-34 , together aggregated over 190,000 flying hours in Algeria (over 87,000 for

3600-401: The firepower, mobility, and total integration of helicopter assets, maneuver on the battlefield under the control of the ground or air maneuver commander to engage and destroy enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain usually behind enemy lines. Due to the transport load restrictions of helicopters, air assault forces are usually light infantry , though some armored fighting vehicles, like

3672-406: The first helicopter assault using U.S. Marine helicopters and ARVN troops. After April 1963, as losses began to mount, U.S. Army UH-1 Huey gunships escorted the Marine transports. The VC again used effective counter landing techniques and in Operation Sure Wind 202 on 27 April 1964, 17 of 21 helicopters were hit and three shot down. The 2nd Battalion 3rd Marines made a night helicopter assault in

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3744-471: The first of the Scottish regiments to be formed in the mid-1660s to late 1680s, the Lowland soldiers wore standard British military uniform and had no desire to wear tartan items and march to the bagpipes, which they considered to be part of a foreign and savage culture. From these early beginnings up to 1881, the famous Lowland regiments ( 1st , 21st , 25th , 26th , 70th , 90th , 94th and 99th ) wore standard British uniform. Meanwhile, from 1739 onward,

3816-407: The hands of the licensee Piasecki given France's urgent need to have them on account of the circumstances. Usually, the H-21 could carry up to 18 troops, yet local operating (as well as climatic) conditions decreed that the French army examples could carry only up to around 12 troops each. In two years, GH 2 received the vast majority of the H-21s acquired by ALAT, which consisted of five squadrons by

3888-403: The late 18th century. Highland regiments stationed in hot or unhealthy surroundings often took to wearing simple white cotton trousers or tartan trews. For example, the 91st Highland Regt of Foot wore trews during the Walcheren campaign of 1809 and more famously, the 93rd Highland Regiment of Foot wore trews and round unfeathered Highland bonnets during the War of 1812 (from 1812 to 1815) against

3960-473: The legs and lower abdomen, a traditional form of tartan trousers from Scottish Highland dress . Trews could be trimmed with leather, usually buckskin , especially on the inner leg to prevent wear from riding on a horse. Tartan trews shared the fate of other items of Highland dress under the proscription of the Dress Act of 1746, which banned men and boys from wearing the truis ("trowse") outside of military service. The Dress Act lasted until 1782 when it

4032-523: The light khaki balmoral. Graham of Montrose. The highland company was kilted in 1906, while the officers and warrant officers were allowed to wear trews from 1935 and the whole regiment was kilted in 1940. New motto: "Expecto" (be alert/be prepared/I await) 11 Field Postal Unit Air assault The United States Army field manual FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1) describes an "air assault operation" as an operation in which assault forces (combat, combat support, and combat service support), using

4104-405: The need to fight 'small wars', or counter-insurgencies, and was strongly supportive of officers such as General Howze who were embracing new technologies. The Board concluded that a new form of unit would be required, and commissioned tests – but justified these at the time on the need to fight a conventional war in Europe. Initially a new experimental unit was formed at Fort Benning , Georgia,

4176-410: The new division to see major combat was the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment , 1st Cavalry Division, led by Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore . The 7th Cavalry was the same regiment that Custer had commanded at the ill-fated Battle of the Little Bighorn . On November 14, 1965, Moore led his troops in the first large unit engagement of the Vietnam War, which took place near the Chu Pong massif near

4248-402: The perception of trews as Lowland dress spilled over into civilian wear, so that for many years, trews began to be viewed as Lowland dress, rather than the Highland kilt. However, in recent years, a resurgence in Highland history and traditions has seen trews re-enter the Highland wardrobe, whilst interested Lowlanders have now encompassed these traditions within a wider Scottish template. Today,

4320-409: The same place that old style landing craft would have put them. In 1956, the United States Marine Corps executed the first Division-strength exercise of vertical envelopment when the 1st Marine Division was helicopter-lifted from converted WWII jeep carriers to landing sites at Camp Pendleton, CA, U.S. Marine Corps Base. One of the ships utilized for this exercise was the USS Thetis Bay . This exercise

4392-418: The seafront in the aftermath of the seaborne landing that had secured the area. This first-ever operational use of helicopters to land troops during an amphibious assault proved successful. With their carriers lying nine miles offshore, the marines were landed far more quickly than could have been achieved using landing craft, and without the need to get their boots wet. However ... they landed the marines in much

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4464-433: The sideways kicking step of Scottish highland dancers performing the seann triubhas dance is said to symbolise the kicking off of the trews or trousers in favour of the kilt. However, D.G. MacLennan writes in Traditional Highland and Scottish Dances that 'this first step has nothing to do with the idea of kicking off the trews, but...is new to the dance and was composed by myself'. Trews were and can still be worn today for

4536-548: The three countries also used the same types of helicopters (mainly Alouette III and later, regarding Portugal and South Africa, SA 330 Puma ), and there were military cooperation agreements and sharing of experience between the three powers, including the secret Alcora Exercise . Portuguese, Rhodesian and South African airmobile tactics often involved air assaults done by small units of special forces or light infantry , transported in four or five Alouette III helicopters. Assaults were often supported by an Alouette III armed with

4608-403: The uniform of the composite regiment known as The Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) formed in 1994. The new Royal Regiment of Scotland comprises all the former Scottish infantry line infantry regiments and continues to wear trews in certain limited orders of dress. Historically trews were part of the Highland cultural tradition, not Lowland. As such, when Lowland regiments became

4680-420: The unrest on the then frontier. The QVR and the FCV fought in the Cape Frontier Wars and the 9th Frontier War (1877–1878). The QVR fought in the Morosi Campaign (1879). The FCV fought in the Basutoland Gun War (1880–1881). The QVR and the FCV later fought in the Bechuanaland campaign (1897), and in the Second Boer War (1899–1902). On 1 July 1913, the QVR amalgamated with the FCV and was incorporated into

4752-400: Was an operation during the opening days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine where the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) attempted an air assault in order to capture Hostomel Airport , in order to use the airport to airlift troops and heavy equipment directly into Kyiv . The VDV was initially able to capture the airport, but without artillery or armored support they were not able to handle

4824-531: Was commissioned in 1947 with Sikorsky HO3S-1s . In 1948 the Marine Corps Schools came out with Amphibious Operations—Employment of Helicopters (Tentative) , or Phib-31 , which was the first US manual for helicopter airmobile operations. The Marines used the term vertical envelopment instead of air mobility or air assault. HMX-1 performed its first vertical envelopment from the deck of an aircraft carrier in an exercise in 1949. American forces later used helicopters for support and transport to great effect during

4896-441: Was created, and 1962 when the French empire in Algeria finally came to an end. GH 2 was based at Sétif – Aïn Arnat in the east of the country, and it was equipped primarily with machines to undertake transport missions, though the Vertol H-21C , would soon join the unit owing to concerns about the lack of machines which could both defend themselves and carry out offensive missions against the insurgents. Acquiring these machines lay in

4968-420: Was not an "air cavalry" division, per se, although it did contain air cavalry squadrons. The division was a new concept that probably was more akin to a modern version of "mounted rifles," owing to its helicopter "mounts," and, as did 1-7 Cav discussed above, carried the "Cavalry" designation primarily for purposes of lineage and heraldry, and not because of its then current mission or organizational structure. On

5040-407: Was repealed under the reign of King George III . Trews appear to date to at least as early as Roman Britain . The triumphal arch of Volubilis completed in 217 AD once featured a bronze statue of Roman Emperor Caracalla ; the only surviving fragment of the statue depicts a Caledonian Pictish prisoner wearing tartan trews. It was carved then inlaid with bronze and silver alloys to give

5112-425: Was the culmination of the Marines' developing strategy of vertical envelopment rather than amphibious assaults on heavily defended beaches. The maneuvers were well-covered by the media of the time, including LIFE Magazine. The Marine Corps subsequently adopted this method as standard operating procedure after proving that helicopters could be used to transport very large numbers of troops and large amounts of supplies in

5184-420: Was to use the helicopters to drop No. 45 Commando at Raswa, to the south of Port Said, in order to secure two vital bridges. Last-minute concerns about their vulnerability to ground fire meant that they were replaced in this role by French paratroops who conducted a daring low-level drop on 5 November, securing one of the two bridges intact. Instead No. 45 Commando was landed the following day, disembarking close to

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