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21-549: Scientists believe that the Fire Mummies were created by the Ibaloi between 1200 and 1500 CE in five towns in Benguet and buried in caves. Others believe that the process of mummification began in 2000 BCE. What makes the Fire Mummies unique is their mummification process, which would begin shortly before a person died, where he would ingest a very salty drink. After the death, the corpse

42-745: A geological collection and natural history artifacts on local death rites and rituals, mummies, plants used in mummification process and Kabayan- Ibaloi people items. The Museum also conserves and protects the Timbac burial caves and the mummy rocks, which features the famous “Apo Anno” mummy, a revered ancestor, in Buguias, Benguet . Timbac fire mummies are kept and preserved in the Timbac Mummy Rock Shelters or Timbac Caves in Mount Timbak (Mt. Singakalsa, 2717 meters above sea level, Luzon's 3rd highest and

63-522: A Benguet folk hero, Apo Anno ; the burial caves in Kabayan and Buguias will collectively be called as the Benguet Mummy Burial Caves or Mummy Burial Caves in Kabayan and Buguias. Ibaloi people The Ibaloi (also spelled Ibaloy ; Ibaloi : ivadoy , /ivaˈdoj/ ) are an indigenous ethnic group found in Benguet province of the northern Philippines . Ibaloi is derived from i- ,

84-649: A family member sick. Ibaloi language The Ibaloi language ( ësël ivadoy , /əsəl ivaˈdoj/ ) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages family. It is closely related to the Pangasinan language , which is spoken primarily in central and southern Benguet , and western Nueva Vizcaya and eastern La Union . Its dialects include Daklan, Kabayan, and Bokod. Ibaloi phonemes are similar to those found in other Philippine languages with

105-545: A few exceptions. Many variants of the Ibaloi tongue have naturally occurring / f / , / dʒ / and / v / , as in sifa (interrogative 'who'), ibjag ('to lose one's grip on something or someone, to let go') and devit (a traditional wrap-around skirt). / ʃ / is also commonly heard in the La Trinidad valley and nearby areas, as in xima (a particle usually equivalent to the prepositions in , on , or to depending on

126-515: A prefix signifying "pertaining to" and badoy or house, together then meaning "people who live in houses". The Ibaloi are one of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Igorot ( igudut , "hill-dwellers"), who live in the Cordillera Central of Luzon . The Ibaloi inhabit the southeastern part of Benguet Province. The area is rich in mineral resources like copper , gold , pyrite , and limestone . Plants and animals are also abundant in

147-467: Is also important among the Ibaloi, with the Jew's harp ( kodeng ), nose flute ( kulesheng ), native guitar ( kalsheng or Kambitong ), bamboo striking instruments, drums ( solibao ), gongs ( kalsa ), and many others. They are considered sacred, and must always be played for a reason, such as a cañao feast . Men wear a g-string ( kuval ), and the wealthy include a dark blue blanket ( kulabaw or alashang ) while

168-659: The 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund . Funding through American Express was used for emergency conservation and the creation of a comprehensive management plan. Additionally, local authorities from surrounding municipalities collaborated in cultural awareness campaign to introduce the Mummies to Filipinos. Tourist facilities were also constructed in order to control visitation and prevent harmful intrusions. The Fire Mummies remain in natural caves with relatively small security and have been designated as one of

189-772: The National Museum of the Philippines pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 260 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in August 1973. It is also under consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Scholars are also pushing for the inclusion of the mummy burial caves in neighboring Buguias town in the Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves nomination of the Philippines in the UNESCO Tentative List. The caves in Buguias are home to

210-542: The 100 world's most endangered heritage sites. Officials know 50-80 other mummies, but they will not give their locations because of their fear of vandalism . A small museum in Kabayan also displays a few mummies. In May 2024 the National Museum of the Philippines RAOD Chief Paolo Mar Chan announced the PHP25 million rehabilitation of National Museum-Kabayan's Site 1, the home to female mummies. It houses

231-597: The 9th highest in the Philippines, especially in Barangay Pacso, Kabayan). Kabayan is home to Ibaloi Bendian festival where the 15th Eco-Tourism and Bindiyan Festival-Bendian dance 2024 was held in May 1. Kabayan mummies sites are the Opdas Mass Burial Cave, Tinongchol Burial Rock, Timbac Burial Rock Shelter, Pongasan and Kangal and Kabayan Museum. The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves are listed as National Cultural Treasures by

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252-453: The Ibaloi consume fish from the few rivers in their area. Smoked pork called kinuday is a prominent food for the Ibaloi people. Many Ibalois are now Christians of various denominations, though many of them still practice traditional Ibaloi faith. The Ibaloi believe in two kinds of spirits ( anitos ). The nature spirits are associated with calamities, while the ancestral ones ( ka-apuan ) make their presence known in dreams or by making

273-545: The Ibaloi people is Ibaloi , also known as Inibaloi or Nabaloi. It has three dialects: Bokod, Daklan and Kabayan. The Ibaloi often also speak Ilocano and Tagalog as a second language. Ibaloi society is composed of the rich ( baknang ) and three poor classes, the cowhands ( pastol ), farmhands ( silbi ), and non-Ibaloi slaves ( bagaen ). The Ibaloi have a rich material culture, most notably their mummification process, which makes use of saltwater to prevent organ decomposition. Pounded guava and patani leaves are applied to

294-732: The balatin-naw which is soft and sticky when cooked, the shaya-ut which is also soft, and the putaw which is slightly rough on the palate when eaten. This variety of rice is also used to make the native rice wine called tafey. The second variety of rice, the talon, on the other hand, is the white lowland type that is planted during the rainy season. Ibalois also plant root crops like camote, gabi, cassava and potatoes. Vegetation includes cabbage, celery and pechay. There are also several kinds of wild mushrooms in addition to fruits like avocados, bananas and mangoes grown in many areas. Meat consumed includes pigs, cows, goats and chickens as well as wild deer (olsa), wild pigs (alimanok) and big lizard (tilay). Lastly,

315-450: The caves were mostly unprotected. Because of this, Monument Watch, a nonprofit organization , declared the site as one of the 100 most endangered sites in the world. After logging operations intensified in the area, the location of many caves became known. Unfortunately, this has led to looting , as unconscientious visitors have been eager to leave their mark, including graffiti , on the Kabayan mummies. The Kabayan Mummies were listed in

336-495: The corpse to prevent maggot or worm infestation while the body dries, the process taking anywhere from two months to even a year until the body is hardened. The Ibaloi build their houses ( balai or baeng ) near their farms. These are usually built on five foot posts ( tokod ) and contain only one room with no windows. Pine trees are usually used to build the houses, especially for wealthy families, while bark bamboo for floors and walls, and cogon grass for roofs ( atup ), are used by

357-552: The forests and mountain areas, and there is an extensive water system that includes the Bued River , Agno River , and Amburayan River . Mount Pulag , the third highest mountain of the Philippines, is found in their territory and is a culturally important area as well, considered the place where spirits join their ancestors. The Ibaloi are distributed in the mountain valleys and settlements. Ancestral land claims by Ibaloi communities include parts of Baguio . The native language of

378-898: The poor. For cooking, they use pots are made of copper ( kambung ), and food compartments ( shuyu ) and utensils made of wood. Baskets and coconut shells are also used as containers. A wooden box filled with soil serves as the cooking place ( Shapolan ), and three stones as the stove ( shakilan ). Traditional weapons of the Ibalois are the spear ( kayang ), shield ( kalasai ), bow and arrow ( bekang and pana ), and war club ( papa ), though they are rarely used in present times. The Ibaloi also employ cutting tools like knives, farm tools, and complete pounding implements for rice: mortars ( dohsung ), which are round or rectangular for different purposes, and pestles ( al-o or bayu )of various sizes, carved from sturdy tree trunks and pine branches. Their rice winnower ( dega-o or kiyag ) are made of bamboo or rattan. Music

399-420: The rest use a white one ( kolebao dja oles ). Women wear a blouse ( kambal ) and a skirt ( aten or divet ). Gold-plated teeth covers ( shikang ), copper leglets ( batding ), copper bracelets ( karing ), and ear pendants ( tabing ) reflect the benefits of mining for gold and copper. Lode or placer mining is followed by ore crushing using a large flat stone ( gai-dan ) and a small one ( alidan ). The gold in

420-443: The resultant fine sand is then separated ( sabak ) in a water trough ( dayasan ). The gold is then melted into cakes. Older Ibaloi people may have tattooed arms as a sign of prestige. Because of fertile soils and climate of Benguet, the Ibaloi are predominantly farmers. There are two varieties of rice. These are the kintoman and talon. The kintoman is the red variety of rice that is long grained, tastier and comes in various forms;

441-542: Was washed and set over a fire in a seated position, drying the fluids. Smoke from tobacco was blown into the mouth to dry the body's internal organs. Eventually, herbs were rubbed into the body. Mummified bodies were then placed in a coffin made of pinewood and laid to rest in rock shelters, natural caves or man made burial niches. When the Fire Mummies were uncovered in the early 20th century by Westerners (the mummies have been known to local communities for hundreds of years), many of them were stolen by white people, because

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