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57-461: Finnart Oil Terminal , also known as Finnart Ocean Terminal or Chap Point , is an oil depot on the eastern shore of Loch Long , Firth of Clyde on the west coast of Scotland, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Garelochhead on the A814 road to Arrochar . It has piers extending a short distance into the loch, providing a deep water berth for oil tankers up to 324,000 tonnes . Two pipelines connect

114-686: A refinery which are stored in the terminal are in their final form suitable for delivery to customers. Blending of products may be undertaken, and additives may be injected into products, but there is usually no manufacturing plant on site. Modern terminals have a high degree of site automation. Marine oil terminals have jetties to provide a deep water mooring for tankers. Jetties have loading/unloading arms for transferring cargo to/from ship to shore. Facilities for vapor recovery may be provided. Some oil terminals receive crude oil production from offshore installations. Crude oil received by pipeline may have been ‘spiked’ with natural gas liquids (NGL), and

171-532: A director of Inspec, established Ineos for the purpose of purchasing Inspec's ethylene oxide facility in Antwerp , Belgium. The £84 million purchase was funded by three entities: the Scottish investment house Murray Johnstone (£10 million), Ineos management (£1.5 million), and the investment bank BT Alex Brown (£72.5 million, raised through high-yield, non-investment grade bonds ). The company grew quickly through

228-462: A gasification fermentation process to convert cellulosic waste materials, such as yard and vegetative waste, into ethanol. In addition to having the capacity to produce 8 million gallons of ethanol, the plant could also produce up to 6 MW of electricity. Texas-based Frankens Energy purchased the former Ineos Bio Indian River Biorefinery in Vero Beach, Florida in 2018. On 23 October 2013 Ineos announced

285-459: A loss of £150 million per year for the previous four years, started in protest. A 48-hour strike was set for 20 October. Ineos announced the plant would be shut down before the strike and put forward a new deal direct to the workforce, warning that the plant might close permanently if it was rejected. Two-thirds of workers voted against accepting Ineos's proposal, which would have reduced pension, shift pay and redundancy entitlements in addition to

342-500: A month. In June 2020, Ineos signed a letter of intent to acquire the petrochemicals unit of BP for $ 5 billion. The business is focused on aromatics and acetyls. It has interests in 14 plants in Asia, Europe and the U.S., and prouced 9.7 million metric tons in 2019. The deal was expected to close prior to the end of 2020. In September 2020, Ineos signed a 10-year deal to acquire offshore wind power from Engie ’s Northern wind farm. Terms of

399-625: A new headquarters building at Grangemouth as part of a "site rejuvenation plan". In April 2017, Ineos reached an agreement to buy the Forties pipeline system in the North Sea from BP for $ 250 million. The sale included termini at Dalmeny and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform. Towards the start of 2019, in the wake of British MPs rejecting Theresa May 's Brexit Deal,

456-679: A new parliamentary candidate was taking place after the de-selection of Eric Joyce . A Labour Party head office investigation into allegations that people had been made new members without them knowing or signing cleared Deans of the accusations, who had been suspended from the Labour party pending the investigation as well as the Unite candidate he was supporting. Unite said Deans was being subjected to "sinister" treatment, and in October an overtime ban at Grangemouth plant, which according to Ineos had operated at

513-431: A pay freeze. On 23 October Ineos announced the permanent closure of the petrochemical site at Grangemouth. The next day the Unite union reversed its position and agreed to Ineos's proposals, which included an undertaking not to strike for three years. Deans resigned from his job at Grangemouth on 28 October 2013 after Ineos presented its findings to his team. In March 2016, Ineos's Port of Runcorn ChlorVinyls facility

570-424: A period of consolidation as the company tackled the impact of the global recession. As production of consumer goods, cars, and construction fell during this period, the company saw sales and earnings fall. During this period a major competitor LyondellBasell filed for bankruptcy. Some predicted a similar fate for Ineos but the company emerged from this period intact. The third phase commenced in 2011. In this phase

627-681: A personnel depot was constructed in the grounds of the house. Fuel was supplied by an oil pipeline from the Grangemouth Refinery via the Mountblow fuel depot near Old Kilpatrick , with a spur of the pipeline serving the Rosneath base. After the war, the grounds were cleared leaving only the jetty and a wooden pier, and the hotel resumed business. The Finnart estate was then taken over by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company , which later became

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684-589: A prominent politician. When World War II began, a jetty was constructed at the site together with pumps and tanks to supply fuel oil to naval vessels, by the same team of engineers who had covertly built an American base known as Rosneath naval base on the Gare Loch before the United States entered the war. Finnart House was requisitioned to be used as an administration block for the United States Navy , and

741-427: A vapor space above the product, which breathes in or out as the product is removed or the tank is filled. Some tanks may be fitted with internal heating coils using hot water or steam to keep the contents warm. This reduces the viscosity of the product to ease transfer and pumping. Terminals may also have Horton spheres which are used to store liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane (see left foreground of

798-482: A £500 million bailout from the UK government for its Grangemouth refinery, due to declining oil sales. But environmental groups wrote to the Scottish first minister and the UK's prime minister, urging them to reject the appeal. The request came a year after Sir Jim Ratcliffe, who is said to be the UK's third-wealthiest person, relocated to Monaco , apparently for tax reasons. In November 2023, Petroineos revealed plans to begin

855-507: Is a free initiative for primary schools, whereby all children participate in 15 minutes of daily physical activity outside in fresh air, to improve their health and wellbeing. In 2022, over 3 million children participated in 86 countries worldwide. In January 2021, also in the field of public health, INEOS announced a donation of £100M to establish the INEOS Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Research , to help tackle

912-580: Is extracted from fossil fuel gas. Petroineos is a refining and trading joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina formed in 2011. It is Europe's leading independent crude oil refiner, with a turnover of $ 15 billion. It has two refineries, one in Lavéra (part of Martigues ), France, and one in Grangemouth , Scotland. The value of the Grangemouth chemicals plant, which Ineos had once valued at 400 million pounds

969-428: Is involved in renewable energy and is one of the world's leading pioneers in the development of generating sustainable energy from waste material. Ineos reportedly runs operations with minimal head office management, feeling that "work teams" are better suited for handling of the workflow day to day, without middle-management. In November 2014, Ineos announced plans to invest up to £640m in shale gas exploration in

1026-425: Is known as live crude. Such oil needs to be processed or stabilised to remove the lighter fractions such as ethane , propane and butane to produce a dead or stabilised crude that is suitable for storage and transport. Such oil terminals may include processing facilities to treat the oil to achieve an oil Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of 10 to 12 psi (70 to 82 kPa). The process facilities include oil heaters to warm

1083-412: Is organised into about 20 standalone business units, each with its own board and operating almost entirely independently, although founder Jim Ratcliffe , who owns a controlling interest, and his associates, who collectively own a minority share, sit on their boards occasionally. Ineos is derived from INspec Ethylene Oxide and Specialities, a previous name of the business. It is also named after Eos ,

1140-475: Is owner of French Ligue 1 side OGC Nice and Swiss Super League side FC Lausanne-Sport . On February 21, 2024 Sir Jim Ratcliffe also completed the purchase of a 27.7% minority stake of Manchester United F.C which plays in the Premier League , which had been announced on Christmas Eve 2023 as being completed under a separate company known as Trawlers Ltd. INEOS is Principal Partner and third equal owner of

1197-415: Is stored prior to being discharged into aircraft fuel tanks. Fuel is transported from the depot to the aircraft either by road tanker or via a hydrant system. The storage tanks at an oil terminal may include fixed roof tanks , internal floating roof tanks and external floating roof tanks . Floating roof tanks are generally used for more volatile products to reduce evaporation loss. Fixed roof tanks have

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1254-699: The Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team . INEOS fully funds the INEOS Grenadiers cycling team and INEOS Britannia , Challenger of Record at the 37th America's Cup. INEOS is Performance Partner to the All Blacks and New Zealand's Teams in Black and to Eliud Kipchoge and the NN Running Team . In October 2019, INEOS supported Eliud Kipchoge to break the elusive 2-hour marathon barrier with Kipchoge completing

1311-781: The University of Oxford accepted a £100 million donation from Ineos in order to establish the Ineos Oxford Institute for AMR Research . On May 1, 2024, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment suspended Environmental Compliance Approval for Ineos Styrolutions' Sarnia, Ontario site, citing excessive benzene emission levels; the site must shut down operations until benzene emissions can be returned to "acceptable levels". INEOS has invested in elite sport across football, running, rugby, cycling, sailing, and Formula One . INEOS

1368-537: The 1930s the house was converted into a hotel. Arddarroch House went from the McVicar family to the Rutherglen industrialist John White ( J & J White Chemicals ) and his wife Amelia - later Lady Henry Lennox after she re-married following White's death in 1881. Her son Richard Brooman-White inherited the estate, and the family continued to live there for many years, including his grandson Richard Brooman-White who became

1425-514: The B listed Finnart House has been boarded up and lies empty, at high risk. The register also has an entry for the B listed lodge at the roadside, also designed by Burn, which is disused and was at moderate risk as of October 2012. Both are shown as Crown property owned by the Ministry of Defence. In September 2024, the owners Petroineos confirmed that the Grangemouth Refinery which connects to

1482-603: The British Petroleum Company (BP). They built a direct 58 miles (93 km) long pipeline to deliver imported crude oil from the terminal to the Grangemouth refinery, and this was connected in 1954. A deep-water jetty was constructed to accommodate the larger supertankers then coming into use, and the terminal also took over the Arddarroch estate, with the whole site leased from the Ministry of Defence . A second pipeline

1539-503: The Grangemouth plant where he worked, and also head of the Falkirk branch of the Labour party, was suspended from his employment at Grangemouth by Ineos in the summer of 2013, while they investigated what they said were accusations he had been using company resources for political campaigning; related to recruitment of Unite members in Ineos workforce to the local Labour branch, where the selection of

1596-650: The Greek goddess of dawn, and "neos" is Greek for something new and innovative. As well as being an acronym, Ineos states its name represents the "dawn of something new and innovative". In 1992, Inspec was formed by Jim Ratcliffe , previously a director of the U.S. private equity group Advent International , and by John Hollowood, for the purpose of executing a management buy-in of British Petroleum 's (BP) chemicals arm. In 1995, Inspec bought BP's ethylene oxide and glycol businesses for £78 million, to become Inspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities . In 1998, Ratcliffe, then

1653-648: The UK. The company planned to use the gas as a raw material for its chemicals plants, including Grangemouth near Falkirk. Ineos CEO, Jim Ratcliffe, has criticized restrictions on fracking in the UK. Ineos announced in July 2021 it was investing £25m in HydrogenOne Capital Growth, a fund that was aiming to raise £250m and float on the London Stock Exchange. HydrogenOne would invest in ' green hydrogen ', made from renewable energy, and ' blue hydrogen ' that

1710-462: The US and China. Most recently Ineos announced a joint venture with Solvay bringing together their European polyvinyl chloride businesses. In October 2005 Ineos agreed to purchase Innovene, BP's olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary, which had an estimated 2005 turnover of US$ 25 billion, for $ 9 billion. The deal, which was completed on 14 December 2005, roughly quadrupled Ineos's turnover, which

1767-447: The above Kowloon oil depot). The design, construction, operation and maintenance of an oil terminal must be in accordance with local, national, regional and international codes, standards, and legal and statutory requirements. Relevant standards include: Maintaining health, safety and environment (HSE) requires operators of a depot to ensure that products are safely stored and handled. There must be no leakages (etc.) which could damage

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1824-489: The acquisition of commodity chemical businesses from corporate giants such as BP, ICI and BASF . There have been three distinct phases of Ineos's growth. The first phase spanned over ten years, with Ineos acquiring 22 companies between 1998 and 2008. The two most notable of these were Innovene, the olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary of BP, in October 2005 for $ 9 billion, and ICI's commodity chemicals business in 2001. The second phase between 2008 and 2010 saw

1881-466: The closure of its petrochemical plant in Grangemouth , Scotland, following a dispute with the Unite trade union over pensions and an attempt to impose a wage freeze and new contract on the workforce. However, by 25 October 2013 the union capitulated to the closure threats and agreed to all Ineos's demands meaning the plant would stay open and strike-free for three years. In September 2016 the company completed

1938-575: The codename Projekt Grenadier . In September 2019, it was initially announced that vehicle, now officially named Ineos Grenadier, would be manufactured in two new factories in Estarreja , Portugal (chassis and body) and Bridgend , South Wales (final assembly), with powertrains supplied by BMW . The launch was planned for 2022. In December 2020 Ineos announced the final assembly would take place in Hambach , France, instead of South Wales. The announcement

1995-521: The company chose to fund a €3bn investment (£2.6bn) in petrochemical production in Antwerp, Belgium. In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , hand sanitiser was in short supply due to high demand. Ineos set up new plants to produce it using key ingredients the company had used to manufacture polymers , and provided it free to hospitals. Ineos has the capacity to produce a million bottles of hand sanitiser

2052-597: The company has continued to grow through a series of strategic joint ventures. In June 2011, the largest of these, Petroineos, was completed. It is a 50:50 joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina . It combines Ineos's refining interests at Grangemouth , Scotland , and at Lavéra near Martigues , France (about 30 miles west of Marseille ), with PetroChina's access to upstream raw materials. In June 2011, Ineos and BASF combined their styrene businesses to form another 50:50 partnership, Styrolution . Ineos's growth has continued through this period, expanding production in

2109-465: The country and the Forties production pipeline, a third of Britain's North Sea oil production, being closed. Ineos has been accused by some of buying assets then cutting costs through the introduction of new working practices, lower wages, and terminating pension schemes. According to Ratcliffe, some 65 per cent of salary costs at Grangemouth related to pensions. Stephen Deans, convener for Unite union at

2166-773: The deal were not disclosed. In January 2021, it was announced that Ineos was to donate £100 million to Oxford University for a new research institute for tackling antibiotic resistance. INEOS announced the acquisition of the LyondellBassells Ethylene Oxide business. Ineos provides products for many markets including: Fuels and Lubricants (23.3%), Packaging and Food (18.5%) and Construction (16.1%). Other markets include Automotive & Transport, White Goods & Durables, Pharmaceutical & Agrochemical and Textiles. The majority of Ineos's geographic earnings are distributed across Germany (16.8%), USA (16.1%), UK (12.3%), France (11.6%) and Benelux (10.8%). Ineos

2223-421: The feat in a time of 1:59.40.2. Beyond elite sport, INEOS supports The Daily Mile Foundation — a running initiative for school children to get them moving for 15 minutes a day. INEOS have invested in wide range of charitable projects in the fields of health, education, conservation and the community. In 2016, INEOS helped to establish The Daily Mile Foundation with former Headteacher Elaine Wyllie. The Daily Mile

2280-622: The inscription "This road was made from the Castle Rosneath to Tenne Clauch in the year 1777 by his Grace John Duke of Argyll. Erected by John Fraser". The stone can still be seen in the wall, opposite the main jetty of the terminal. The terminal takes its name from Finnart House, a country house to the east of the A814, constructed about 1832 for the Glasgow shipbuilder John Macgregor . It was designed by William Burn , who also designed Arddarroch House on

2337-414: The oil which then routed to separator vessels. In the separators the lighter fractions flash off from the oil and are further processed to separate them into their individual components. The now stabilised oil can be routed to storage and then sold or sent for further processing. Most airports also have their own dedicated oil depots (usually called "fuel farms") where aviation fuel ( Jet A or 100LL )

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2394-433: The other side of the road, built in 1838 for the Glasgow merchant John McVicar. Both estates are now occupied by the oil depot. Finnart House was the birthplace in 1855 of John Macgregor's son William York Macgregor , who became known as a landscape painter. The house subsequently became the home of the philosopher Edward Caird , who was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1866 to 1893. Around

2451-792: The reservoir size and type. By 1890, 130 vertical cylindrical reservoirs using Shukhov design were built in Russia. Oil terminals may be located close to, or be part of, oil refineries ; or be located in coastal locations where marine tankers can discharge or load cargo. Some terminals are connected to pipelines from which they draw or discharge their products. Terminals can also be served by rail, barge and road tanker (sometimes known as "bridging"). Oil terminals are also located near cities from which road tankers transport products to petrol stations or other domestic, commercial or industrial users. In many oil terminals there are no facilities for processing or other product transformation on site. The products from

2508-506: The soil or the water table . Fire protection is a primary consideration, especially for the more flammable products such as petrol (gasoline) and Jet A1 aviation fuel . The Buncefield incident occurred in December 2005. A petrol tank overflowed and spilt petrol down the outside of the tank which created a flammable fuel air mixture. This exploded and damaged and set fire to adjoining tanks and burnt for several days destroying much of

2565-450: The terminal across Scotland to the Grangemouth Refinery on the Firth of Forth on the east coast, and extensive oil storage tanks have been built into the hillside on both sides of the main road. The road from Gare Loch rises over high ground before descending steeply to Loch Long, and at the foot of the hill the last owner of the croft on the site built a stone into the roadside wall with

2622-490: The terminal via two cross-country pipelines, would cease refining operations no later than June 2025. This will mean that the terminal and both cross-country pipelines will also close in the same timescale. 56°06′54″N 4°49′55″W  /  56.115°N 4.832°W  / 56.115; -4.832 Oil depot Originally, open pits and cubic reservoirs were used for industrial oil storage. The vertical cylindrical steel reservoir  [ ru ] structure

2679-563: The terminal. The ownership of oil depots falls into three main categories: The owners may also provide "hospitality" or "pick up rights" at the facility to other companies. Ineos Ineos Group Limited is a British multinational conglomerate headquartered and registered in London. As of 2021, it was the fourth largest chemical company in the world, with additional operations in fuel, packaging and food, construction, automotive, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and professional sports. Ineos

2736-459: The types of fuels produced at Grangemouth. As of 2014, PQ Corporation is a joint venture between Ineos (31%), CCMP (58%), and PQ management (11%). PQ is a global producer of inorganic chemicals, catalysts , and engineered glass products. As of 2013, Solvay and Ineos were to create a 50:50 joint venture, which will see them combine their chlorvinyls sites in Europe. This joint venture will become

2793-406: The work necessary to convert its operations at Scotland's only oil refinery, Grangemouth , into a business that imports finished fuel products, by 2025. No formal decision on the date of the transition to refinery to import terminal has been taken by the company, but it is reported that the announcement was attributed to the challenges faced due to global market pressures and the shift in demand for

2850-485: The world's third-largest producer of PVC . INEOS acquired a company called Texas City Operations, on December 1 from its competitor, Eastman Chemical Company . This includes a 600kt acetic acid plant and all associated third party activities. Ineos Automotive Ltd. was formed in 2017 to develop and manufacture an off-road utility vehicle , intended as a "spiritual successor" to the Land Rover Defender , under

2907-553: Was condemned by Welsh Labour MP Chris Elmore , who contrasted the decision to relocate production to the European Union with Ratcliffe's support for Brexit . Ineos manufactures and distributes a wide range of petrochemicals, speciality chemicals and oil products: * Ineos Enterprises consists of the following sub-businesses: ammonia/nitric acid, Baleycourt, chlorotoluenes, compounds, ethanol, melamines, paraform, salt, solvents and sulphur chemicals. In April 2008 Ineos, which

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2964-542: Was constructed to take finished products from the refinery to the terminal for export, primarily to Northern Ireland . The import of crude oil reached a peak in the 1970s, before North Sea oil began coming onshore in quantity. In 2005 the terminal was bought by the INEOS Group . Arddarroch House has been converted into offices and accommodation, but the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland records that at least since 1994

3021-443: Was experiencing adverse economic conditions, was at the centre of an industrial relations dispute with Unite over pension entitlements of the workforce at its Grangemouth Refinery , when the company decided to close the final salary pension scheme to new employees. Unite claimed the Grangemouth workers were paid £6,000 less than those at comparable facilities. The 48-hour strike that followed caused panic buying of petrol throughout

3078-609: Was found guilty of releasing caustic soda into the Manchester Ship Canal . The company was ordered to pay a fine of £166,650. In 2018, Ineos applied for a test core drilling for shale gas at Woodsetts (United Kingdom). It was met by protests of residents. New plans for drilling at Woodsetts and Harthill had been applied and eventually approved by the Planning Inspectorate. In January 2021, concerns were raised over Ineos's alleged poor environmental record after

3135-507: Was pioneered by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov during his work for Branobel oil company. He published an article "Mechanical structures in oil industry" (" Механические сооружения нефтяной промышленности ") in 1883, mathematically proving that cylindrical shape would require the least amount of steel, modelling structural stresses specific to oil storage. Shukhov also developed construction methods, including tables that allowed to calculate required amount of steel and components depending on

3192-557: Was previously around $ 8 billion. In 2007 Ineos formed a joint venture with Lanxess and created Ineos ABS, comprising Lanxess's activities in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene production, located in Tarragona . Ineos paid €35 million in a first tranche. In March 2010 Ineos Healthcare terminated its drug development programme for commercial reasons. Ineos Bio broke ground on the Vero Beach demonstration plant in February 2011. The facility used

3249-441: Was written down to nothing by them in October 2013 during conflict with the union. Later that month it was reported that PetroChina was unhappy with the return on the billion dollars cash they had paid for a 50% stake in the Grangemouth and Lavera refineries. According to a Hong Kong business analyst: "The European refineries are pretty much loss making. In future there won't be any similar investments". In May 2020 Petroineos sought

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