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73-440: The governor of Virginia Colony, John Murray , Earl of Dunmore and Viscount of Fincastle , had succeeded Lord Botetourt , the namesake of Fincastle's "parent" county, upon the latter's death in 1770. Botetourt County was established that same year, and two years later, the newly laid out town of Fincastle was chosen as its county seat. Fincastle County's name, like the town's, may have been selected to honor George, Lord Fincastle,

146-551: A Glen in Scotland, lives on in, among other places, towns of the same name in Virginia and, Kentucky . 37°0′0″N 81°0′0″W  /  37.00000°N 81.00000°W  / 37.00000; -81.00000 John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore PC (1730 – 25 February 1809) was a Scottish peer and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Virginia from 1771 to 1775. Dunmore

219-862: A Posture of War." Dunmore threatened to impose martial law and eventually retreated to Porto Bello to join his family. Dislodged by the Virginia rebels and wounded in the leg, on 8 June, Dunmore took refuge on the British warship HMS  Fowey in the York River. Over the following months, Dunmore sent many raiding parties to plunder plantations along the James , York , and Potomac rivers, particularly those owned by rebels. The British raiding parties exacerbated tensions by plundering Patriot supplies and encouraging their slaves to rebel. In December, George Washington , who had been installed only months before as commander in chief of

292-674: A conditional pardon. John Murray was now aged twenty and joined the British Army . In 1756, after the deaths of his uncle and father, he became the fourth Earl of Dunmore. In 1759, Dunmore married Lady Charlotte Stewart (1740 – 11 November 1818), a daughter of Alexander Stewart, 6th Earl of Galloway . They had five sons and three daughters: Dunmore was named the British governor of the Province of New York from 1770 to 1771. Soon after his appointment, in 1770, Virginia's governor, Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt (Lord Botetourt), died, and Dunmore

365-575: A disease the Africans were far less susceptible to than Native American slaves. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Native American slavery , the enslavement of Native Americans by European colonists , was common. Many of these Native slaves were exported to the Northern colonies and to off-shore colonies, especially the "sugar islands" of the Caribbean . The exact number of Native Americans who were enslaved

438-710: A percentage higher than in the cities of Boston and Philadelphia , and second only to Charleston in the South. The French introduced legalized slavery into their colonies in New France both near the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River . They also used slave labor on their island colonies in the Caribbean: Guadeloupe and especially Saint-Domingue . After the port of New Orleans was founded in 1718 with access to

511-744: A result of taking captives in raids and warfare, both before and after Europeans arrived. This practice continued into the 1800s. In some cases, especially for young women or children, Native American families adopted captives to replace members they had lost. Among those native to the modern Southeastern United States , the children of slaves were considered free. Slaves included captives from wars and slave raids; captives bartered from other tribes, sometimes at great distances; children sold by their parents during famines; and men and women who staked themselves in gambling when they had nothing else, which put them into servitude in some cases for life. In three expeditions between 1514 and 1525, Spanish explorers visited

584-574: A series of campaigns against the Indians known as Lord Dunmore's War . The Shawnee were the main target of these attacks. He aimed to strengthen Virginia's claims in the west, particularly in the Ohio Country . However, as a byproduct, it was known he would increase his power base. Some even accused Dunmore of colluding with the Shawnees and arranging the war to deplete the Virginia militia and help safeguard

657-697: A smaller part of the New England economy, which was based on yeoman farming and trades, than in the South, and a smaller fraction of the population, but they were present. Most were house servants, but some worked at farm labor. The Puritans codified slavery in 1641. The Massachusetts Bay royal colony passed the Body of Liberties , which prohibited slavery in some instances, but did allow three legal bases of slavery. Slaves could be held if they were captives of war, if they sold themselves into slavery, were purchased from elsewhere, or if they were sentenced to slavery by

730-410: A week later, Dunmore thereby formally offered freedom to slaves who abandoned their Patriot masters to join the British. The proclamation appeared to respond to the legislature's proclamation that Dunmore had resigned his position by boarding a Royal Navy warship off Yorktown nearly six months earlier. However, by the end of the war, an estimated 800 to 2000 formerly enslaved people sought refuge with

803-436: A woman and her children (if she was still enslaved), education for the mixed-race children of the union, especially boys; and sometimes a property settlement. Free people of color became an intermediate social caste between whites and enslaved blacks; many practiced artisan trades, and some acquired educations and property. Some white fathers sent their mixed-race sons to France for education in military schools. Gradually in

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876-605: Is not clear if it exported any slaves. Native Americans were enslaved by the Spanish in Florida under the encomienda system. New England and the Carolinas captured Native Americans in wars and distributed them as slaves. Native Americans captured and enslaved some early European explorers and colonists. Larger societies structured as chiefdoms kept slaves as unpaid field laborers. In band societies , owning enslaved captives attested to

949-612: Is unknown because vital statistics and census reports were at best infrequent. Historian Alan Gallay has estimated that from 1670 to 1715, slave traders in the Province of Carolina sold between 24,000 and 51,000 Native Americans into slavery as part of the Indian slave trade in the American Southeast . Andrés Reséndez estimates that between 147,000 and 340,000 Native Americans were enslaved in North America, excluding Mexico. Even after

1022-533: The Indiana Grant (including part of southwestern PA), Vandalia Colony and Transylvania Colony . That the county was named for a loyalist was reason for the American rebels to change its name in 1776. Lord Dunmore in absentia led the military opposition to the rebels in Virginia. He had already issued Dunmore's Proclamation , offering freedom to any of the rebels' slaves who fled their Virginia masters and joined

1095-605: The Cherokee-American wars . Initially, land claims in the county were pursuant to warrants for service in the French and Indian War ; later preemption claims were allowed. Many of the earliest settlements in Kentucky, including its first town, Harrod's Town , Boonesborough , Logan's Station , and Lexington were founded when it was known as part of Fincastle County. Attempts at organized settlement, ultimately unsuccessful, included

1168-720: The Loyalist cause, should there be a colonial rebellion. Dunmore, in his history of the Indian Wars, denied these accusations. Lacking diplomatic skills, Dunmore tried to govern without consulting the House of Burgesses of the Colonial Assembly for more than a year, which exacerbated an already tense situation. When Dunmore finally convened the Colonial Assembly in March 1773, which was

1241-593: The Narváez expedition in Florida. The group headed south on the mainland in 1529, trying to reach Spanish settlements. They were captured and held by Native Americans until 1535. They traveled northwest to the Pacific Coast, then south along the coast to San Miguel de Culiacán , which had been founded in 1531, and then to Mexico City. Spanish Texas had few African slaves, but the colonists enslaved many Native Americans. Beginning in 1803, Spain freed slaves who escaped from

1314-617: The Narváez expedition in Tampa Bay in April 1528 and marched north with the expedition until September, when they embarked on rafts from the Wakulla River , heading for Mexico. African slaves arrived again in Florida in 1539 with Hernando de Soto , and in the 1565 founding of St. Augustine, Florida . When St. Augustine was founded in 1565, the site already had enslaved Native Americans, whose ancestors had migrated from Cuba. The Spanish settlement

1387-418: The Province of North Carolina . The first African slaves in what is now Georgia arrived in mid-September 1526 with Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 's establishment of San Miguel de Gualdape on the current Georgia coast. They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months. Two centuries later, Georgia was the last of Britain's Thirteen Colonies to be established and

1460-508: The Seven Years' War . Spain evacuated its citizens from St. Augustine, including the residents of Fort Mose, transporting them to Cuba . As British colonists developed the colony for plantation agriculture, the percentage of slaves in the population in twenty years rose from 18% to almost 65% by 1783. An African slave, Estevanico , reached Galveston island in November 1528, with the remnants of

1533-590: The West Indies . Historian Alan Gallay estimates that between 1670 and 1715, an estimated 24,000 to 51,000 captive Native Americans were exported from South Carolina to the Caribbean. This was a much higher number than the number of Africans imported to the English mainland colonies during the same period. In 1733, royal governor George Burrington complained that no ships brought their slave cargoes from Africa directly to

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1606-648: The Williamsburg magazine to Lieutenant Henry Colins, commander of HMS Magdalen , and ordered him to remove the powder, provoking what became known as the Gunpowder Incident . On the night of 20 April 1775, royal marines loaded fifteen half-barrels of powder into the governor's wagon, intent on transporting it down the Quarterpath Road to the James River and the British warship. Local militia rallied, and word of

1679-743: The early modern period , and both Africans and indigenous peoples were targets of enslavement by Europeans during the era. As the Spaniards , French , Dutch , and British gradually established colonies in North America from the 16th century onward, they began to enslave indigenous people , using them as forced labor to help develop colonial economies. As indigenous peoples suffered massive population losses due to imported diseases , Europeans quickly turned to importing slaves from Africa, primarily to work on slave plantations that produced cash crops . The enslavement of indigenous people in North America

1752-436: The 1640s. These groups conducted enslaving raids in what is now Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and possibly Alabama. The Carolina slave trade, which included both trading and direct raids by colonists, was the largest among the British colonies in North America, estimated at 24,000 to 51,000 Native Americans by Gallay. Historian Ulrich Phillips argues that Africans were inculcated as slaves and

1825-520: The 18th century. African slaves arrived on August 9, 1526, in Winyah Bay (off the coast of present-day South Carolina ) with a Spanish expedition. Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón brought 600 colonists to start a colony at San Miguel de Gualdape . Records say the colonists included enslaved Africans, without saying how many. After a month Ayllón moved the colony to what is now Georgia. Until the early 18th century, enslaved Africans were difficult to acquire in

1898-606: The British Crown against Patriot rebels in Virginia. Dunmore fled to New York after the burning of Norfolk in 1776 and later returned to Britain. He was Governor of the Bahamas from 1787 to 1796. Murray was born in Taymouth, Scotland, the eldest son of William Murray, 3rd Earl of Dunmore, by his marriage to Catherine Nairne; he was a nephew of John Murray, 2nd Earl of Dunmore . In 1745, both Murray, then only 15, and his father joined

1971-612: The British forces, which was much resented by the rebel planters and slaveholders. In December 1776, the Virginia General Assembly abolished Fincastle County and organized three new counties from it: Montgomery , Washington , and Kentucky . In 1792, the successor counties established from Kentucky County were collectively admitted to the Union as the 15th state , the Commonwealth of Kentucky . The name Fincastle , originally

2044-532: The British mainland colonies. Most were sold from Africa to the West Indies for the labor-intensive sugar trade. The large plantations and high mortality rates required continued importation of slaves. One of the first major centers of African slavery in the English North American colonies occurred with the founding of Charles Town and the Province of Carolina (later, South Carolina) in 1670. The colony

2117-568: The British; some served in a military role, though the majority served in noncombatant roles. Dunmore organized these Black Loyalists into the Ethiopian Regiment . However, despite winning the Battle of Kemp's Landing on 17 November 1775, Dunmore lost decisively at the Battle of Great Bridge on 9 December 1775. Following that defeat, Dunmore loaded his troops and many Virginia Loyalists onto Royal Navy ships waiting offshore. Smallpox spread in

2190-468: The Carolinas and enslaved Native Americans, who they took to their base on Santo Domingo . The Spanish Crown's charter for its 1526 colony in the Carolinas and Georgia was more restrictive. It required that Native Americans be treated well, paid, and converted to Christianity, but it also allowed already enslaved Native Americans to be bought and exported to the Caribbean if they had been enslaved by other Native Americans. This colony did not survive, so it

2263-647: The Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul, an idea that had not been acknowledged until then. The Code Noir forbade interracial marriages, but interracial relationships were formed in La Louisiane from the earliest years. In New Orleans society particularly, a formal system of concubinage, known as plaçage , developed. Usually formed between young white men and African or African-American women, these relationships were formalized with contracts that sometimes provided for freedom for

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2336-550: The Christian Indians documented how hundreds of Praying Indians , who were allied with the New England Colonies , were enslaved and sent to the West Indies in the aftermath of King Philip's War by the colonists. Captive indigenous opponents, including women and children, were also sold into slavery at a substantial profit, to be transported to West Indies colonies. African and Native American slaves made up

2409-501: The Congress but failed to take serious action. In March 1775, Patrick Henry's " Give me Liberty, or give me Death! " speech delivered at St. John's Episcopal Church in Richmond helped convince delegates to approve a resolution calling for armed resistance. In the face of rising unrest in the colony, Dunmore sought to deprive Virginia's militia of military supplies. Dunmore gave the key to

2482-489: The Continental Army, commented, "I do not think that forcing his lordship on shipboard is sufficient. Nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia, as motives of resentment actuate his conduct to a degree equal to the total destruction of that colony." Dunmore is noted for Dunmore's Proclamation , also known as Lord Dunmore's Offer of Emancipation . Dated 7 November 1775 but proclaimed

2555-768: The English colonies, slavery became known as a racial caste system that generally encompassed all people of African descent, including those of mixed race. From 1662, Virginia defined social status by the status of the mother, unlike in England, where under common law fathers determined the status of their children, whether legitimate or natural. Thus, under the doctrine of partus sequitur ventrum , children born to enslaved mothers were considered slaves, regardless of their paternity. Similarly, children born to mothers who were free were also free, whether or not of mixed-race. At one time, Virginia had prohibited enslavement of Christian individuals, but lifted that restriction with its 1662 law. In

2628-623: The Gulf Coast, French colonists imported more African slaves to the Illinois Country for use as agricultural or mining laborers. By the mid-eighteenth century, slaves accounted for as much as one-third of the limited population in that rural area. Slavery was much more extensive in lower colonial Louisiana , where the French developed sugar cane plantations along the Mississippi River. Slavery

2701-513: The Indian Slave Trade ended in 1750 the enslavement of Native Americans continued in the west, and also in the Southern states mostly through kidnappings. Slavery of Native Americans was organized in colonial and Mexican California through Franciscan missions, theoretically entitled to ten years of Native labor, but in practice maintaining them in perpetual servitude, until their charge

2774-556: The Louisiana territory, recently acquired by the United States. More African-descended slaves were brought to Texas by American settlers. The first recorded Africans in Virginia arrived in late August 1619. The White Lion , a privateer ship owned by Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick but flying a Dutch flag, docked at what is now Old Point Comfort (located in modern-day Hampton) with approximately 20 Africans. They were captives from

2847-516: The area of present-day Angola and had been seized by the privateer's crew from a Portuguese slave ship, the "São João Bautista". To obtain the Africans, the Jamestown colony traded provisions with the ship. Some number of these individuals appear to have been treated like indentured servants , since slave laws were not passed until later, in 1641 in Massachusetts and in 1661 in Virginia. But from

2920-511: The assembly had made a public decision to enslave Native Americans. In the years to follow, other laws resulted in Native Americans being grouped with other non-Christian servants who had been imported to the colonies (Negro slaves) as slaves for life. Puritan New England, Virginia, Spanish Florida, and the Carolina colonies engaged in large-scale enslavement of Native Americans, often through

2993-1076: The beginning, in accordance with the custom of the Atlantic slave trade , most of this relatively small group, appear to have been treated as slaves, with "African" or "negro" becoming synonymous with "slave". Virginia enacted laws concerning runaway slaves and 'negroes' in 1672. Some number of the colony's early Africans earned freedom by fulfilling a work contract or for converting to Christianity. At least one of these, Anthony Johnson , in turn, acquired slaves or indentured servants for workers himself. Historians such as Edmund Morgan say this evidence suggests that racial attitudes were much more flexible in early 17th-century Virginia than they would later become. A 1625 census recorded 23 Africans in Virginia. In 1649 there were 300, and in 1690 there were 950. Over this period, legal distinctions between white indentured servants and "Negros" widened into lifelong and inheritable chattel-slavery for Africans and people of African descent. The 1677 work The Doings and Sufferings of

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3066-570: The best answer to the labor shortage in the New World because Native American slaves were more familiar with the environment, and would often successfully escape into the frontier territory they knew. Africans had more difficulty surviving in unknown territory. Africans were also more familiar with large scale indigo and rice cultivation, of which Native Americans were unfamiliar. The early colonial America depended heavily on rice and indigo cultivation producing disease-carrying mosquitoes caused malaria ,

3139-531: The captor's military prowess. Some war captives were subjected to ritualized torture and execution. Alan Gallay and other historians emphasize differences between Native American enslavement of war captives and the European slave trading system, into which numerous native peoples were integrated. Richard White , in The Middle Ground , elucidates the complex social relationships between Native American groups and

3212-629: The colonial history of the United States The institution of slavery in the European colonies in North America , which eventually became part of the United States of America , developed due to a combination of factors. Primarily, the labor demands for establishing and maintaining European colonies resulted in the Atlantic slave trade . Slavery existed in every European colony in the Americas during

3285-409: The colony fell to the English in the 1660s, the company freed all its slaves, which created an early nucleus of free Negros in the area. The English continued to import slaves to New York. Slaves in the colony performed a wide variety of skilled and unskilled jobs, mostly in the burgeoning port city and surrounding agricultural areas. In 1703 more than 42% of New York City 's households held slaves,

3358-439: The colony's governor until 1783, when Britain recognized American independence. From 1787 to 1796, Dunmore served as governor of the Bahamas . During his tenure as governor, the British issued land grants to American Loyalists who went into exile. The sparse population of the Bahamas tripled within a few years. The Loyalists developed cotton as a commodity crop, but it dwindled from insect damage and soil exhaustion. In addition to

3431-745: The confined quarters, and some 500 of the 800 members of the Ethiopian Regiment died. On New Year's Day in 1776, Dunmore gave orders to burn waterfront buildings in Norfolk from which patriot troops were firing on his ships. However, the fire spread. The city burned , and with it, any hope that Dunmore's loyalists could return to Virginia. Dunmore retreated to New York. Some ships of his refugee fleet were sent south, mainly to Florida . When he realized he could not regain control in Virginia, Dunmore returned to Britain in July 1776. Dunmore continued to draw his pay as

3504-543: The early empires, including 'slave' culture and scalping. Robbie Ethridge states, Let there be no doubt...that the commercial trade in Indian slaves was not a continuation and adaptation of pre-existing captivity patterns. It was a new kind of slave, requiring a new kind of occupational specialty ... organized militaristic slavers. One example of militaristic slaving can be seen in Nathaniel Bacon 's actions in Virginia during

3577-569: The eldest son of Lord Dunmore. The county was the site of Lord Dunmore's War against the Ohio country Shawnee concluded by Virginia's victory at the Battle of Point Pleasant in Oct. 1774. This resulted in the de facto resetting of the boundary between Indian and colonial lands decreed in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 : south of Ohio lands were now colonial lands, though conflicts reignited later, in

3650-451: The form of domestic labor or doing other forms of unpaid work alongside non-enslaved counterparts. The American Revolution led to the first abolition laws in the Americas, although the institution of chattel slavery would continue to exist and expand across the Southern United States until finally being abolished at the time of the American Civil War in 1865. Native Americans enslaved members of their own and other tribes, usually as

3723-445: The furthest south (Florida was not one of the Thirteen Colonies). Founded in the 1730s, Georgia's powerful backers did not necessarily object to slavery as an institution, but their business model was to rely on labor from Britain (primarily England's poor) and they were also concerned with security, given the closeness of then Spanish Florida, and Spain's regular offers to enemy-slaves to revolt or escape. Despite agitation for slavery, it

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3796-509: The governing authority. The Body of Liberties used the word "strangers" to refer to people bought and sold as slaves, as they were generally not native born English subjects. Colonists came to equate this term with Native Americans and Africans. The New Hampshire General Court passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night" in 1714, prefiguring the development of sundown towns in the United States: Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in

3869-416: The ill-fated Rising of " Bonnie Prince Charlie " (Charles Edward Stuart). The young Murray was appointed as a page to Prince Charles. The second Earl, his uncle, remained loyal to the Hanoverians . After the Jacobite Army was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, William Murray was imprisoned in the Tower of London , and his family was put under house arrest. By 1750, William Murray had received

3942-437: The incident spread across the colony. The Hanover militia, led by Patrick Henry, arrived outside Williamsburg on 3 May. That same day, Dunmore evacuated his family from the Governor's Palace to his hunting lodge, Porto Bello in nearby York County . On 6 May, Dunmore issued a proclamation against "a certain Patrick Henry... and a Number of deluded Followers" who had organised "an Independent Company... and put themselves in

4015-410: The late 1670s. In June 1676, the Virginia assembly granted Bacon and his men what equated to a slave-hunting license by providing that any enemy Native Americans caught were to be slaves for life. They also provided soldiers who had captured Native Americans with the right to "reteyne and keepe all such Indian slaves or other Indian goods as they either have taken or hereafter shall take." By this order,

4088-611: The nascent province of New Netherland . The Dutch colony expanded across the North River (Hudson River) to Bergen (in today's New Jersey). Later, slaves were also held privately by settlers in the area. Although enslaved, the Africans had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. They were admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, and their children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When

4161-442: The new taxes, perceived corruption, and lack of representation in England. When Dunmore reconvened the Assembly in 1774, the burgesses passed a resolution declaring 1 June 1774 a day of fasting and prayer in Virginia. In response, Dunmore dissolved the House. The burgesses again reconvened as the Second Virginia Convention and elected delegates to the Continental Congress . Dunmore issued a proclamation against electing delegates to

4234-513: The night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty's subjects, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock. Notices emphasizing and re-affirming the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven enslaved blacks who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders to New Amsterdam (present day New York City), capital of

4307-434: The only way he could deal with fiscal issues to finance his war through additional taxation, the burgesses instead first resolved to form a committee of correspondence to communicate their continued concerns about the Townshend Acts and Gaspee Affair to Great Britain. Dunmore immediately postponed the Assembly. Many burgesses gathered a short distance away at the Raleigh Tavern and continued discussing their problems with

4380-623: The period less dependent on slavery than the Caribbean colonies, or those of New Spain, or Brazil, and slavery did not develop significantly until later in the colonial era. Nonetheless, slavery was legal in every colony prior to the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), and was most prominent in the Southern Colonies (as well as, the southern Mississippi River and Florida colonies of France, Spain, and Britain), which by then developed large slave-based plantation systems. Slavery in Europe's North American colonies which did not have warm climates and ideal conditions for plantations to exist primarily took

4453-432: The present-day United States of America arrived in Puerto Rico in the early 16th century, at the hands of the Portuguese . The island's native population was conquered by the Spanish settler Juan Ponce de León with the help of a free West African conquistador, Juan Garrido , by 1511. The slave population on the island grew after the Spanish crown granted import rights to its citizens, but did not reach its peak until

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4526-560: The slave trade and the institution of slavery in the French colonies. As a result, Louisiana and the Mobile, Alabama areas developed very different patterns of slavery compared to the British colonies. As written, the Code Noir gave some rights to slaves, including the right to marry. Although it authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture slaves, to separate married couples, and to separate young children from their mothers. It required owners to instruct slaves in

4599-424: The slaves they brought with them, the Loyalist planters' descendants imported more enslaved people from Africa for labour. Dunmore sat as a Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords from 1761 to 1774 and from 1776 to 1790. Dunmore died on 25 February 1809 in Ramsgate in Kent . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, George . The Countess of Dunmore died in 1819. Slavery in

4672-431: The use of Indian proxies to wage war and acquire the slaves. In New England, slave raiding accompanied the Pequot War and King Philip's War but declined after the latter war ended in 1676. Enslaved Native Americans were in Jamestown from the early years of the settlement, but large-scale cooperation between slave-trading English colonists and the Westo and Occaneechi peoples, whom they armed with guns, did not begin until

4745-479: Was eventually named to replace him. William Nelson was named as interim Governor. Dunmore became royal governor of the Colony of Virginia on 25 September 1771. Despite growing issues with Great Britain, his predecessor, Lord Botetourt, was a popular governor in Virginia, even though he served only two years before his death. Like many in the ruling class of Virginia, Dunmore acquired ownership over several slaves . As Virginia's colonial governor, Dunmore directed

4818-435: Was founded mainly by sugar planters from Barbados , who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island to develop new plantations in the Carolinas. To meet agricultural labor needs, colonists also practiced Indian slavery for some time. The Carolinians transformed the Indian slave trade during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by treating such slaves as a trade commodity to be exported, mainly to

4891-537: Was later fortified. There were two known Fort Mose sites in the eighteenth century, and the men helped defend St. Augustine against the British. It is "the only known free black town in the present-day southern United States that a European colonial government-sponsored. The Fort Mose Site, today a National Historic Landmark , is the location of the second Fort Mose." During the nineteenth century, this site became marsh and wetlands. In 1763, Great Britain took over Florida in an exchange with Spain after defeating France in

4964-429: Was later replaced during the 18th century by the enslavement of black African people. Concurrent with the development of slavery, racist ideology was developed among Europeans, the rights of free people of color in European colonies were curtailed, slaves were legally defined as chattel property, and the condition of slavery as hereditary . The Thirteen Colonies of northern British America , were for much or all of

5037-561: Was maintained during the French (1699–1763, and 1800–1803) and Spanish (1763–1800) periods of government. The first people enslaved by the French were Native Americans, but they could easily escape into the countryside which they knew well. Beginning in the early 18th century, the French imported Africans as laborers in their efforts to develop the colony. Mortality rates were high for both colonists and Africans, and new workers had to be regularly imported. Implemented in colonial Louisiana in 1724, Louis XIV of France 's Code Noir regulated

5110-431: Was named governor of New York in 1770. He succeeded to the same position in the colony of Virginia the following year after the death of Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt . As Virginia's governor, Dunmore directed a series of campaigns against the trans-Appalachian Indians , known as Lord Dunmore's War . He is noted for issuing a 1775 document, Dunmore's Proclamation , offering freedom to slaves who fought for

5183-399: Was not until a defeat of the Spanish by Georgia colonials in the 1740s that arguments for opening the colony to slavery intensified. To staff the rice plantations and settlements, Georgia's proprietors relented in 1751, and African slavery grew quickly. After becoming a royal colony, in the 1760s Georgia began importing slaves directly from Africa. One African slave, Estevanico arrived with

5256-410: Was revoked in the mid-1830s. Following the 1847–48 invasion by U.S. troops , the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved in the new state from statehood in 1850 to 1867. Slavery required the posting of a bond by the slave holder and enslavement occurred through raids and a four-month servitude imposed as a punishment for Indian " vagrancy ". The first African slaves in what would become

5329-406: Was sparse and they held comparatively few slaves. The Spanish promised freedom to refugee slaves from the English colonies of South Carolina and Georgia in order to destabilize English settlement. If the slaves converted to Catholicism and agreed to serve in a militia for Spain, they could become Spanish citizens. By 1730 the black settlement known as Fort Mose developed near St. Augustine and

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