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56-474: Final Scratch uses special vinyl records pressed with a digital timecode, which are then played on normal turntables. The timecode signal is interpreted by a computer, connected to the turntables through an interface called the ScratchAmp. The signal represents where the stylus is on the record, in which direction it is traveling, and at what speed. This information is interpreted by the computer and used to play back

112-526: A Native Instruments MASCHINE. While repetition is used in the music of all cultures, the first musicians to use loops in the sense meant by this article were musique concrete and electroacoustic music pioneers of the 1940s, such as Pierre Schaeffer , Halim El-Dabh , Pierre Henry , Edgard Varèse and Karlheinz Stockhausen . These composers used tape loops on reel-to-reel machines, manipulating pre-recorded sounds to make new works. In turn, El-Dabh's music influenced Frank Zappa 's use of tape loops in

168-490: A USB and RCA device in a round aluminium shell. The technical specifications of this device have been closely guarded by Stanton as an anti-piracy measure, though some users, unsatisfied with the latency and instability of the system, have alleged the use of faulty Philips sound chips which had already been withdrawn from the market. However, the same chipset was being used in several other USB audio devices manufactured by companies like Griffin and Roland at that time. FS 1.0

224-442: A WDM driver can run on a version of Windows newer than what the driver was initially written for, but doing that would mean that the driver cannot take advantage of any new features introduced with the new version. WDM is generally not backward-compatible , that is, a WDM driver is not guaranteed to run on any older version of Windows. For example, Windows XP can use a driver written for Windows 2000 but will not make use of any of

280-609: A Woman” also from the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. That same loop was also use – though slowed down quite a bit, for the Streisand recording of “Woman in Love” produced by Albhy Galuten, Karl Richardson and Barry Gibb. When Jeff Porcaro of the band TOTO came to work with Galuten and Gibb on a Bee Gees record, he was shown the technique of creating drum loops with analog tape. Porcaro subsequently went back to California where he used

336-517: A digital audio file which has been 'mapped' to the turntable. In practical terms, this means that any audio file can be manipulated as though it were pressed on vinyl. Final Scratch offers the ability to play audio tracks unavailable on vinyl e.g. pre-arranged loops , unreleased music or rare tracks. Furthermore, it allows the use of CD deck features (software permitting) such as keylock, pitch shift , looping , instant cue locating and visual indicators of audio features such as loud or quiet parts, and

392-599: A looper pedal, a device that records the signal from a guitar or other audio source and then plays the recorded passage over and over again. In the early 1990s, dedicated digital devices were invented specifically for use in live looping , i.e. loops that are recorded in front of a live audience. Many hardware loopers exist, some in rack unit form, but primarily as effect pedals . The discontinued Lexicon JamMan , Gibson Echoplex Digital Pro, Electrix Repeater, and Looperlative LP1 are 19" rack units. The Boomerang "Rang III" Phrase Sampler, DigiTech JamMan , Boss RC-300 and

448-484: A port on the mainboard. Each driver that processes an I/O request for a device has a corresponding object, which is loaded into main memory . A device object is created by the Windows operating system from the associated device class. Device objects contain structures of type DEVICE_OBJECT, which store pointers to their driver. At run time these pointers are used to locate a driver's dispatch routine and member functions. In

504-497: A previous version of Windows may not work correctly or at all with other versions. Because many device drivers run in kernel mode installing drivers for a previous operating system version may destabilise the Windows operating system. Migrating a computer to a higher version of a Windows operating system therefore requires that new device drivers are installed for all hardware components. Finding up to date device drivers and installing them for Windows 10 has introduced complications into

560-465: A resemblance to the interface of Traktor , a Native Instruments software DJing product. This version was once again available on Linux, but was also ported to Mac OS X . The next major revision was version 1.5, which added a Windows XP version, but dropped Linux support. This version also added the ability to keep the pitch of the record constant whilst shifting the tempo . The interface changed very little, but some users initially had issues with

616-707: A significant improvement over the VxD and Windows NT Driver Model used before it, has been criticised by driver software developers, most significantly for the following: There were also a number of concerns about the quality of documentation and samples that Microsoft provided. Because of these issues, Microsoft has released a new set of frameworks on top of WDM, called the Windows Driver Frameworks (WDF; formerly Windows Driver Foundation), which includes Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) and User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF). Windows Vista supports both pure WDM and

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672-409: A similar effect on the time code. The time code implements very little error checking, an attribute strong in a number of other vinyl control systems. Music loop In music , a loop is a repeating section of sound material. Short sections can be repeated to create ostinato patterns. Longer sections can also be repeated: for example, a player might loop what they play on an entire verse of

728-427: A slapback echo effect by using both mechanical and handmade tape loops. These techniques were later adopted by hip hop musicians in the 1970s. Grandmaster Flash 's turntablism is an early example in hip hop . The first commercial drum loop was created for the song “Stayin’ Alive” for the movie Saturday Night Fever by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson. It was created by recording two measures of drums from

784-407: A song in order to then play along with it, accompanying themselves. Loops can be created using a wide range of music technologies including turntables , digital samplers , looper pedals , synthesizers , sequencers , drum machines , tape machines , and delay units , and they can be programmed using computer music software . The feature to loop a section of an audio track or video footage

840-508: A user interface does not mean that the installation of the device driver is not successful. Besides, Windows 10 device drivers are not allowed to include a user interface. The Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) 10.x is used for network devices by the Windows 10 operating system. Network device drivers for Windows XP use NDIS 5.x and may work with subsequent Windows operating systems, but for performance reasons network device drivers should implement NDIS 6.0 or higher. Similarly, WDDM

896-770: A variety of computer systems with different I/O bus architectures. The execution of an IRP is finished when any of the driver objects in the stack returns the request back to the I/O manager, with the result and a status flag. The WDM framework was developed by Microsoft to simplify the communication between the operating system and drivers inside the kernel. In Windows operating systems, drivers are implemented as Dynamic Link Libraries .DLL or .SYS files. WDM compliant drivers must follow rules of design, initialisation, plug-and-play, power management and memory allocation. In practice WDM driver programmers reuse large pieces of code when building new object-oriented drivers. This means that drivers in

952-465: Is a framework for device drivers that was introduced with Windows 98 and Windows 2000 to replace VxD , which was used on older versions of Windows such as Windows 95 and Windows 3.1 , as well as the Windows NT Driver Model . WDM drivers are layered in a stack and communicate with each other via I/O request packets (IRPs). The Microsoft Windows Driver Model unified driver models for

1008-440: Is also referred to by electronics vendors as A–B repeat . Royalty-free loops can be purchased and downloaded for music creation from companies like The Loop Loft, Native Instruments , Splice and Output. Loops are supplied in either MIDI or Audio file formats such as WAV , REX2 , AIFF and MP3 . Musicians play loops by triggering the start of the musical sequence by using a MIDI controller such as an Ableton Push or

1064-478: Is because the basic functionality of a hardware device class is similar. The functionality of the video card class, for example, allows the Microsoft Basic Display Adapter driver to work with a wide variety of video cards. However, installing the wrong driver for a device will mean that the full functionality of the device can not be used, and may result in poor performance and the destabilization of

1120-409: Is mandated by the operating system, and Windows operating systems integrate a variety of port drivers. For example, the i8042prt.sys port driver for the 8042 microcontroller connects PS/2 keyboards to the mainboard peripheral bus. The miniport drivers, like the miniclass drivers, are supplied by the hardware vendors and support only device specific operations of peripheral hardware that is connected to

1176-456: Is optional, and can modify the behaviour of a device, such as input and output requests. These drivers can be implemented as lower-level and upper-level filter drivers. Function drivers and bus drivers are often implemented as driver/minidriver pairs, which in practice is either a class or miniclass, or a port or miniport pair. Bus drivers for devices attached to a bus are implemented as class drivers and are hardware-agnostic. They will support

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1232-468: Is the driver model for Windows Vista and up, which replaces XPDM used in graphics drivers. The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems. It allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer. It allows users to view and modify hardware device properties, and is also the primary tool to manage device drivers. The Windows Driver Model, while

1288-532: The Electro-Harmonix 2880 are examples of popular pedals. As of December 2015, the following pedals are currently in production: TC Ditto, TC Ditto X2, TC Ditto Mic, TC Ditto Stereo, Boss RC-1, Boss RC-3, Boss RC-30, Boss RC-300 and Boss RC-505. The musical loop is one of the most important features of video game music . It is also the guiding principle behind devices like the several Chinese Buddhist music boxes that loop chanting of mantras, which in turn were

1344-537: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). While WDM defines three types of device drivers, not all driver stacks for a given device contain all types of device drivers. The three WDM device driver types are: Bus driver : For every bus on the mainboard there is a one bus driver, with the primary responsibility for the identification of all devices connected to that bus and responding to plug and play events. Microsoft will provide bus drivers as part of

1400-530: The USB interface with FireWire which was intended to reduce playback latency. The new Scratchamp was developed by Alan Flum, Len Bryan, Mark DeMouy and Jim Mazur. The version 2 Scratchamp is compatible with Native Instruments Traktor DJ Studio versions 2.6 and through 3.2.0.85 (Mac). NI has dropped support of SA2 in favor of their own vinyl system Traktor Scratch . In late 2005, Stanton and Native Instruments ended their working relationship. Stanton still markets

1456-425: The .inf directory, and all files in the package need to be installed, otherwise the installation of the device driver may fail. For operating system versions before Windows 10 not all files necessary for the driver installation were included in the package, as this requirement was not consistently enforced. Some device driver installers have a user interface GUI , often requiring user configuration input. The absence of

1512-466: The Dutch company N2IT V.O.F, by Mark-Jan Bastian, with help from Tim Hemel and Bill Squire. It has passed through multiple stages of development. These stages are marked by involvement with different companies, hardware configurations, software developers, licensees and licensors, and operating systems. Final Scratch was originally developed for BeOS . All versions of Final Scratch 1 use the same Scratchamp,

1568-553: The Final Scratch time code. The information here comes from those libraries. A basic Final Scratch setup consists of five pieces of equipment. The ScratchAmp is a FireWire (FS 2, FS Open) or USB (FS 1) audio device. It has two phono/line stereo level inputs to read the timecode from the record or the CD, and two line level stereo outputs to feed into the audio DJ mixer line channels. It also has two phono stereo outputs for pass-through of

1624-455: The FireWire or USB connection. The laptop uses Final Scratch compatible software (typically Traktor DJ Studio) to interpret the timecode signal from the supplied special vinyl/CD, then play back a digital audio file based on that signal, allowing traditional DJ vinyl control of MP3, WAV and Apple AAC audio files. The Laptop software then sends audio data back, over the same FireWire/USB connection to

1680-546: The IRP to the lower filter, another filter device object. Then the IRP may be passed down to the bus driver, which operates as the physical device object. The bus driver object is at the bottom of the driver stack, and interacts with the hardware abstraction layer , which is part of the Windows operating system kernel and allows Windows operating systems to run on a variety of processors , different memory management unit architectures, and

1736-621: The Phantom Band", the B-side of his influential 1969 album A Rainbow in Curved Air uses tape loops of his electric organ and soprano saxophone to create electronic music that contains surprises as well as hypnotic repetition. Another effective use of tape loops was Jamaican dub music in the 1960s. Dub producer King Tubby used tape loops in his productions while improvising with homemade delay units. Another dub producer, Sylvan Morris, developed

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1792-594: The ScratchAmp hardware as part of Final Scratch Open , introduced in early 2007. Stanton claims that the ScratchAmp can now interact with any audio software through ASIO or WDM on Windows , and CoreAudio in Mac OS X . Although all Windows and Mac audio software is ostensibly compatible with Final Scratch Open, there is no dedicated software program for deejaying with the ScratchAmp hardware. The internal workings of Final Scratch are quite simple to understand. Multiple open source software libraries have been created to decode

1848-557: The WDM driver stack, the filter driver device object, known as the upper filter, will receive an I/O request packet (IRP) for a device from the I/O manager. If the upper filter driver can not serve the request, it will locate the object of the driver one step down in the driver stack. The IRP is passed down the driver stack by calling the function IoCallDriver(), and processed by the function driver device object, also known as functional device object. The function driver device object in turn may pass

1904-528: The WDM stack may contain residual functionality, which is not documented in specifications. Drivers that have passed the Microsoft quality test are digitally signed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Hardware Compatibility Tests and the Driver Development Kit include reliability and stress tests. A device driver that is not designed for a specific hardware component may allow another device to function. This

1960-700: The Windows 9x and Windows NT product lines by standardizing requirements and reducing the amount of code that needed to be written. WDM drivers will not run on operating systems earlier than Windows 98 or Windows 2000, such as Windows 95 (before the OSR2 update that sideloads the WDM model), Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 3.1. By conforming to WDM, drivers can be binary compatible and source-compatible across Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Me , Windows 2000, Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista (for backwards compatibility) on x86 -based computers . WDM drivers are designed to be forward-compatible so that

2016-472: The Windows Drivers Model (WDM) for devices Microsoft implements an approach to kernel mode drivers that is unique to Windows operating systems . WDM implements a layered architecture for device drivers , and every device of a computer is served by a stack of drivers. However, every driver in that stack can chain isolate hardware-independent features from the driver above and beneath it. So drivers in

2072-575: The Windows Scratchamp drivers. Support for the original Scratchamp has all but since disappeared and current owners, disappointed by the lack of support by Stanton, have had to rely on old versions of Traktor FS or Digiscratch. Version 2 marks the introduction of both a new Scratchamp hardware device and different software compatibility. This new Scratchamp made 24-bit/96 kHz digital quality playback and record possible. Stanton added an ASIO driver, and MIDI capabilities. They also replaced

2128-416: The Windows operating system. Hardware device vendors may release updated device drivers for particular Windows operating systems, to improve performance, add functionality or fix bugs . If a device is not working as expected the latest device drivers should be downloaded from the vendor website and installed. Device drivers are designed for particular Windows operating system versions, and device drivers for

2184-445: The ability to prevent needle skips on the vinyl being reflected in the playback of the audio track being played/controlled (software permitting). However, it comes at the expense of reliability; depending on the hardware/software configuration used, vinyl emulation systems may use more system resources than some laptops or PCs offer, making them unsuitable for this use. The original Final Scratch concept and prototypes were developed by

2240-409: The actual phono audio signal. This is useful for DJs who wish to play both digital audio tracks AND traditional vinyl; allowing them to switch between the two sources without disconnecting or re-connecting audio jacks in the middle of a DJ set. The ScratchAmp does not store any audio on its own, it is simply a purpose-built external Soundcard. It communicates with a PC—usually a laptop—over

2296-435: The contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology. The album was produced using Toshiba-EMI 's LMD-649 digital PCM sampler , which engineer Kenji Murata custom-built for YMO. Today, many musicians use digital hardware and software devices to create and modify loops, often in conjunction with various electronic musical effects. A loop can be created by

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2352-578: The inspiration of the Buddha machine , an ambient-music generating device. The Jan Linton album "Buddha Machine Music" used these loops along with others created by manually scrolling through C.D.s on a CDJ player. Sources Windows Driver Model In computing , the Windows Driver Model ( WDM ) – also known at one point as the Win32 Driver Model  –

2408-468: The left channel is not identical to the right (disregarding the phase difference). The time codes themselves consist of 40 individual bits, or 20 cycles on each channel's waveform. On the right channel the bit sequence of 0, 0, 0, 1 represents the start sequence for a single time code. Those four bits along with the four corresponding bits on the left channel and the next 16 bits on each channel can be decoded as an integer position value which represents where

2464-403: The method he had learned to create the drum loop that was used by Toto as the foundation of the song Africa . The use of pre-recorded, digitally- sampled loops in popular music dates back to Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra , who released one of the first albums to feature mostly samples and loops, 1981's Technodelic . Their approach to sampling was a precursor to

2520-631: The mid-1960s. Terry Riley is a seminal composer and performer of the loop- and ostinato-based music who began using tape loops in 1960. For his 1963 piece Music for The Gift he devised a hardware looper that he named the Time Lag Accumulator, consisting of two tape recorders linked together, which he used to loop and manipulate trumpet player Chet Baker and his band. His 1964 composition In C , an early example of what would later be called minimalism , consists of 53 repeated melodic phrases (loops) performed live by an ensemble. "Poppy Nogood and

2576-751: The migration process. Common device driver compatibility issues include: a 32-bit device driver is required for a 32-bit Windows operating system, and a 64-bit device driver is required for a 64-bit Windows operating system. 64-bit device drivers must be signed by Microsoft, because they run in kernel mode and have unrestricted access to the computer hardware. For operating systems prior to Windows 10 Microsoft allowed vendors to sign their 64-bit drivers themselves, assuming vendors had undertaken compatibility tests. However, Windows 10 64-bit drivers now need to be signed by Microsoft. Therefore, device vendors have to submit their drivers to Microsoft for testing and approval. The driver installation package includes all files in

2632-419: The needle is on the record. The speed at which the record is spinning can be found by comparing the frequency of the waveform being read from the record to the true frequency of the wave form on the record at normal speed. This difference represents the change from the normal speed at which the record turns. The direction which the record is spinning at any given time can be found using the phase difference between

2688-569: The new WDM features that were introduced in Windows XP. However, a driver written for Windows XP may or may not load on Windows 2000. WDM exists in the intermediary layer of Windows 2000 kernel-mode drivers and was introduced to increase the functionality and ease of writing drivers for Windows. Although WDM was mainly designed to be binary and source compatible between Windows 98 and Windows 2000, this may not always be desired and so specific drivers can be developed for either operating system. With

2744-446: The operating system, such as PCI , PnPISA , SCSI , USB and FireWire . Function driver : this is the principal driver for a device and it provides the operational interface for a device by handling read and write operations. Function drivers are written by the device vendors, and for their interaction with the hardware they depend on a specific bus driver being present in the Windows operating system. Filter driver : This driver

2800-454: The operations of a certain type of device. Windows operating systems include a number of class drivers, such as the kbdclass.sys driver for keyboards. Miniclass drivers on the other hand are supplied by the vendor of a device, and only support device specific operations, for a particular device of a given class. Port drivers support general input/output (I/O) operations for a peripheral hardware interface. The core functionality of port drivers

2856-435: The scratch amp, which then sends an audio signal out through the line level output, for playing through a DJ Mixer or Amp. A step by step series of events detailing how Final Scratch operates; The most complex piece of the Final Scratch setup is the code pressed onto the vinyl. A 1200 hertz amplitude modulated sine wave is pressed into the left and right channels with a phase difference of 90 degrees. Each channel holds one of

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2912-450: The song “ Night Fever ” and recording them onto a two-track analog tape which was then fed between the capstan and the pinch roller. Because the loop was about 30 feet long, it was fed out to a 7” plastic reel for ballast which was hung over the arm of a microphone stand before the loop of tape returned to the take-up reel. This same loop was later used by the Bee Gees for the song “More than

2968-453: The stack do not need to interact directly with one another. WDM defines architecture and device procedures for a range of devices, such as display and the network card , known as Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS). In the NDIS architecture the layered network drivers include lower-level drivers that manage the hardware and upper-level drivers that implement network data transport, such as

3024-401: The two bit streams required for the time code. In one cycle of either wave form, two bits are stored: one on the positive voltage peak and one on the negative voltage valley. The relative amplitudes of these peaks represent either a binary one or zero. A relatively high amplitude on either peak represents a one, a relatively low amplitude represents a zero. In each channel is a separate bitstream,

3080-404: The waves on the two channels. This procedure is the same as that used to determine the direction in which a ball mouse is moving. Because a single time code is made up of 40 consecutive bits, read errors can cause a timecode to be unreadable even if a single bit is misread. A bit that has become unreadable due to a scratch can make an entire 40 bit long time code permanently unreadable. Dust can have

3136-412: Was released for PC only, on a specially modified distribution of Debian Linux . It was relatively primitive but some users found that, if configured correctly, it outperformed all subsequent versions of Final Scratch 1.x. With version 1.1, Stanton Magnetics began working with Native Instruments on the software side of the product, which became Traktor Final Scratch . As the name suggests, this bore

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