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58-479: The first section of the freeway opened in 1963, east of I-805. The extension of the freeway west to I-5 was delayed to coincide with the construction of the Sweetwater River flood channel . While construction started in 1984, a court stopped the process for a few years, and this portion was not complete until 1992. The final section of freeway, which was upgraded from an expressway, opened in 2007, to coincide with

116-461: A level streambed. By definition, flood control channels range from the size of a street gutter to a few hundred or even a few thousand feet wide in some rare cases. Flood control channels are found in most heavily developed areas in the world. One city with many of these channels is Los Angeles , as they became mandatory with the passage of the Flood Control Act of 1941 passed in the wake of

174-493: A single year by the county board of supervisors in order to use the Interstate Highway System funds that were set to expire in 1972. Congress approved the project, but in late 1968, the target date for completion of the system would be pushed back two years. By 1971, the projected start of construction had slipped to within three to four years from then; however, Caltrans had approved the project. In July 1974,

232-424: A statement of intent and evidence that the statement actually reflected the views of several of the legislators who voted for the bill (as opposed to just one). The most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to governance and finance, business and professions, and health. These are sometimes called "juice" committees, because membership in these committees often aids the campaign fundraising efforts of

290-404: Is not retained (except during flooding ), or dry channels that run below the street levels of some larger cities , so that if a flash flood occurs the excess water can drain out along these channels into a river or other bodies of water . Flood channels are sometimes built on the former courses of natural waterways as a way to reduce flooding. Channelization of this sort was commonly done in

348-511: Is only designated as County Route S17 (CR S17), while some maps do consider this part of SR 54. The eastern segment of SR 54 runs concurrently with SR 94 from Jamacha Boulevard east through the unincorporated, but commercially developed, area of Rancho San Diego , and follows Campo Road about one-half mile (800 m) east. Passing near Cuyamaca College , SR 54 and CR S17 continue northeast on six-lane Jamacha Road to El Cajon, while Campo Road and SR 94 split off to

406-708: The California Coastal Commission unanimously decided to halt the entire project, since many of the necessary approvals from governmental bodies had not been obtained; this overrode an exemption granted by the San Diego Coast Regional Commission. Both the mayors of Chula Vista and National City were dismayed; Mayor Kile Morgan of National City stated that "we in the South Bay are getting tired of being kicked around", in reference to other stalled projects such as SR 157 and SR 125. Meanwhile,

464-765: The California State Assembly ( lower house with 80 members) and the California State Senate ( upper house with 40 members). Both houses of the Legislature convene at the California State Capitol in Sacramento . The California State Legislature is one of ten full-time state legislatures in the United States . The houses are distinguished by the colors of the carpet and trim of each house:

522-476: The Los Angeles Flood of 1938 . This engineering-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . California State Legislature 38°34′36″N 121°29′36″W  /  38.576572°N 121.493411°W  / 38.576572; -121.493411 The California State Legislature is the bicameral state legislature of the U.S. state of California , consisting of

580-457: The Sierra Club filed a lawsuit that halted progress on the project the next year, due to concerns about damage to the least tern and light-footed clapper rail bird populations caused by the construction of a nearby hotel and the roads to it would have. Chief U.S. District Judge Gordon Thompson stopped the work because the preserve had not been created. It was estimated that the shutdown resulted in

638-727: The Westfield Plaza Bonita mall through suburban Paradise Hills in San Diego . As the freeway turns north in Bay Terraces , it merges with SR 125 north. The highways pass west of Sweetwater Reservoir and Sweetwater Summit Regional Park, and the western segment of SR 54 ends at the Jamacha Boulevard exit in La Presa . Jamacha Boulevard veers northeast as an undivided highway through Spring Valley until it reaches Campo Road; it

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696-449: The "several counties and districts" according to the white population of said areas. Section 25 imposed a single-subject rule on legislative bills, Section 26 prohibited the legislature from granting a divorce , Section 31 prohibited the legislature from establishing a corporation with a special act (similar to a private bill ), Section 34 prohibited the legislature from granting a charter "for banking purposes" while Section 35 required

754-560: The 1879 Constitution explicitly stated that the Senate has 40 members and that the Assembly has 80 members. The constitution also explicitly provides that Senators terms are four years and the terms of members of the Assembly are two years. New legislators convene each new two-year session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate chambers, respectively, at noon on the first Monday in December following

812-458: The 1960s, but is now often being undone, with "rechannelization" through meandering, vegetated, porous paths. This is because channellizing the flow in a concrete chute often made flooding worse. Water levels during a flood tend to rise, then fall, exponentially. The peak flood level occurs as a very steep, short spike; a quick spurt of water. Anything that slows the surface runoff (marshes, meanders, vegetation, porous materials, turbulent flow,

870-458: The 1990s. Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web or FTP site in one form or another. The current website contains the text of all statutes, all bills, the text of all versions of the bills, all the committee analyses of bills, all the votes on bills in committee or on the floor, and veto messages from the governor. Before then, committees occasionally published reports for significant bills, but most bills were not important enough to justify

928-458: The 2017–2018 session to require a vote. Across the country, pocket veto powers are not uncommon in legislatures; in Colorado, the power was notably repealed in a citizen initiative constitutional amendment in 1988 driven by various reform groups. A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law . An Assembly Bill (AB) is one introduced in the Assembly; a Senate Bill (SB), in

986-498: The Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms . All 80 Assembly seats are subject to election every two years. Members of the Senate are elected from 40 districts and serve four-year terms . Every two years, one half of the Senate (20 seats) is subject to election, with odd-numbered districts up for election during presidential elections , and even-numbered districts up for election during midterm elections . Term limits were initially established in 1990 following

1044-535: The Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been under Democratic control since 1970, except for a brief period from 1973 to 1975. Article IV of the 1849 California Constitution prescribed that the legislative power of the state is invested in an Assembly and a Senate which was to be designated as the Legislature of the State of California. Sessions were required to be annual and began on

1102-523: The California Channel and local Public-access television cable TV . Due to the expense and the obvious political downside , California did not keep verbatim records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly and Senate until the video feed began. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an act 's preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before

1160-793: The SR ;94 junction up to the El Cajon city limits to the County of San Diego. Two years later, the CTC approved a Caltrans proposal to revoke the proposed freeway status of the unconstructed portion of SR 54 since Jamacha Boulevard and the other existing roads would be able to handle the projected traffic load; this would allow the unused land to be sold. The entire route is in San Diego County . Flood channel Flood control channels are large and empty basins where surface water can flow through but

1218-688: The San Diego Chamber of Commerce. By 1980, the USACE was working to obtain funds, which was the major obstacle for completion; public concerns about the project were that it was not needed and would be too costly. The USACE announced in 1981 that an environmental impact report was necessary before the project could begin, after the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ; the least tern and light-footed clapper rail were considered endangered, and construction would have affected their habitat. The next year,

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1276-533: The San Diego metro area. In 2014, SR 54 had an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 21,800 vehicles at the eastern end of the route, and 131,000 between I-805 and Reo Drive, the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway. The earliest road with a similar route to SR 54 was mentioned in newspapers in 1908, and was paved by 1935. The South Bay Freeway was constructed next as an expressway from National City to Spring Valley. The freeway west to I-5 and

1334-557: The Senate uses red and the Assembly uses green, inspired by the United Kingdom 's House of Lords and House of Commons respectively. The Democratic Party currently holds veto-proof supermajorities in both houses of the California State Legislature. The Assembly consists of 62 Democrats and 17 Republicans , while the Senate is composed of 31 Democrats and 9 Republicans. Except for a brief period from 1995 to 1996,

1392-419: The Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, AB 16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session. There may be one or more "extraordinary" sessions. The bill numbering starts again for each of these. For example, the third bill introduced in the Assembly for the second extraordinary session is ABX2 3. The name of

1450-608: The State Senate. The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes and who proposed or withdrew what. Reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a live video feed for its sessions, and has been broadcast state-wide on

1508-494: The Sweetwater River flood channel were built at the same time, although both were delayed due to environmental concerns and litigation. In the late 1990s and the 2000s, the entirety of the western portion of SR 54 was converted to a freeway, while the entire portion inside the El Cajon city limits was returned to that city. A road through Jamacha is mentioned in The San Diego Union as early as February 1908, and

1566-573: The Sweetwater River to El Cajon to the state highway system. The South Bay Freeway was included in the county's 1960–1961 budget as the most important project. By 1961, E Street in Chula Vista continued along the Sweetwater River; it turned northeast and became Sweetwater Road before it entered into Lemon Grove . Bids were accepted in November ;1962 for the part of the freeway from eastern National City and Valley Road to La Presa and Jamacha Road; it

1624-410: The additional cost. Meanwhile, SR 54 was officially designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering as the road from I-5 near the Sweetwater River to I-8 in El Cajon, replacing Route 280. SR 54 was extended west as a freeway to I-5 from I-805 at the same time the Sweetwater River flood control channel was built; the state proposed routing the flood channel in between the two roadways of

1682-504: The author, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title of the bill. The legislative procedure , is divided into distinct stages: From December 4, 2023, members of the California State Legislature receive an annual salary of $ 128,215. The Assembly Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, and minority floor leaders receive salaries of $ 147,446. Majority floor leaders and second ranking minority leaders receive salaries of $ 137,832. As of 2023, California legislators are paid

1740-405: The broader membership. In California, as of 2019 this was governed by Senate Rule 28 which requires 21 members and Assembly Rule 96(a) which requires 41 members; the procedure was notably used in 1998. In 2019, a rule change in the Assembly allowed committee chairs to avoid considering bills, which effectively kills the proposal. A proposed amendment to the constitution (ACA-23 ) was proposed for

1798-415: The committee members because powerful lobbying groups want to donate to members of these committees. The legislature can " pocket veto " laws by avoiding consideration and thus avoiding a vote. The Appropriations "Suspense File", which was created in the mid-1980s, is a popular way to avoid a vote. When a committee refuses to vote a bill out of committee, a discharge petition can typically be passed by

California State Route 54 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-747: The country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration . The route has three different names, including Jamacha Road from Campo Road to East Main Street in El Cajon, South Bay Freeway from I-805 to SR 94, and the Filipino-American Highway from the western terminus to SR 125. In early 2012, the interchange with I-5 was among the top ten most congested segments of highway in California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 11, which includes

1914-515: The election. After the organizational meeting, both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January, except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday, in which case they meet the following Wednesday. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round. Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. on September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 ,

1972-474: The environmental concerns. Meanwhile, the existing part of the South Bay Freeway had become the "most dangerous five-mile stretch of highway in the county", as declared by the local fire chief, due to the 282 traffic accidents that had occurred on the road from 1977 to January 1985. By early 1986, the extension of the SR 54 freeway to El Cajon was declared a "lower priority" by Caltrans. That year,

2030-583: The environmental impact report process began, financed by the USACE. Work on the part west of I-805 and the I-5 interchange started in May ;1984, with the construction of a detour for I-5; USACE paid for some of the costs, and federal funds related to the Interstate Highway System were also used. That same year, the county agreed to create a wildlife preserve on 188 acres (76 ha) of marshland to resolve

2088-452: The expense of printing and distributing a report to archives and law libraries across the state. For bills lacking such a formal committee report, the only way to discover legislative intent is to access the state archives in Sacramento and manually review the files of relevant legislators, legislative committees, and the Governor's Office from the relevant time period, in the hope of finding

2146-528: The extension of SR 125 south to Otay Mesa . SR 54 starts as a six-lane freeway from I-5 near the mouth of the Sweetwater River in National City . Both directions of the freeway are divided by the river; eastbound traffic traverses the south bank and westbound traffic traverses the north bank. The two sides join near the junction with I-805 . The roadway continues east for several miles past

2204-410: The first Monday of the January after the previous election unless if the Governor called an extraordinary session by proclamation . The terms of Assembly members lasted for one year while the terms of Senators lasted for two years. The 1849 Constitution did not prescribe the size of either house, but it did require that the Senate was to be composed of no less than one third but no more than one half of

2262-506: The flow", and deliberately flood some low-lying areas, ideally vegetated, to act as sponges, letting them drain again as the floodwaters go down. Flood control channels are not to be confused with watercourses which are simply confined between levees . These structures may be made entirely of concrete , with concrete sides and an exposed bottom, with riprap sides and an exposed bottom, or completely unlined. They often contain grade control sills or weirs to prevent erosion and maintain

2320-422: The freeway in 1963, and it would also delineate the boundary between the cities of Chula Vista and National City. Later that year, the county proposed an extension of the freeway east to US 80 and Third Street in El Cajon. In 1966, the U.S. Army 's Board of Engineers supported the construction of the flood channel, to protect future development in the surrounding region from floods; the integration of SR 54

2378-427: The interchange at I-805 was under construction, with completion scheduled for the next year. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife report predicted that the project would destroy 20 acres (8.1 ha) of marshland and harm three bird species that were endangered, among other negative environmental consequences; the conclusions were disputed by local officials. In 1976, Caltrans said that SR 54 had not been included in plans for

California State Route 54 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-478: The interchange to be built. The project to convert the HOV lanes to regular mixed traffic lanes was authorized in 2006. Caltrans determined that the lack of space for law enforcement to pull over carpool lane violators, as well as a missing barrier that separated the HOV lanes from regular traffic, made the lanes less effective. As of October 2014, Caltrans had considered relinquishing the eastern part of SR 54 from

2494-400: The legislature to enact a statute which prohibited any person or corporation from "..exercising the privileges of banking or creating paper to circulate as money", and Section 38 required all votes in the legislature to be conducted via voice vote. In its original form, Article IV of the 1879 California Constitution structured the legislature in a similar way to the 1849 Constitution. However,

2552-427: The next six years, due to a lack of funds and a shift in priorities from new roads to maintenance. The water subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives later recommended that the wildlife refuge be put on hold, since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) had not finished their proposal. Over the next few years, support for the project was expressed by a local citizens' group, the Chula Vista city council, and

2610-516: The number of members in the Assembly, with half of the Senators being up for election each year while requiring the legislature to fix the number of Senators and Assemblymembers, with there to be no less than 24 and no more than 36 members in the Assembly until the population of the state reached 100,000 residents, upon which the number of members in the Assembly was to be no less than 36 and no more than 80. Legislative districts were to be apportioned among

2668-474: The passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28, which limits legislators to a maximum of 12 years, without regard to whether they serve those years in the State Assembly or the State Senate. Legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, are restricted by the previous term limits, approved in 1990, which limited legislators to three terms in the State Assembly and two terms in

2726-455: The river spreading over a floodplain) will slow some of the flow more than other parts, spreading the flow over time and blunting the spike. Even slightly blunting the spike significantly decreases the peak flood level. Generally, the higher the peak flood level, the more flood damage is done. Straight, clear, smooth concrete-walled channels speed up flow, and are therefore likely to make flooding downstream worse. Modern flood control seeks to "slow

2784-761: The second highest salary of any state. Senators receive per diem of $ 211 and Assembly members receive per diem of $ 214. The Neighborhood Legislature Reform Act In July 23, 2015, then former Republican presidential primary candidate John Cox submitted a ballot measure named "The Neighborhood Legislature Reform Act" which proposed that the Legislature's districts be subdivided into "neighborhood districts" of approximately 5000 people within each Assembly district and 10000 people within each Senate district. The representatives of these "neighborhood districts" within each district would then elect 40 Senate members and 80 Assembly members by majority vote. It has been argued that while this proposal would make it easier for citizens to get

2842-541: The site, near Reo Drive in National City, including those of a bison, a camel, a gopher, and horses. The westbound roadway was completed in July ;1992. The expressway portion east of I-805 to South Worthington Street was upgraded to a freeway in the late 1990s, and an HOV lane opened in each direction, east of I-805 only. The first part from I-805 to near Woodman Street was finished in November 1993. The second part

2900-558: The southeast. East of Brabham Street, four-lane SR 54 continues through suburban development to where it currently ends at the El Cajon city limit, though Jamacha Road extends into the city to the route's previous terminus at the intersection with I-8 . SR 54 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , and is part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are considered essential to

2958-505: The state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853) and Benicia (1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854. The first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre "Don Pedro" Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Members of

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3016-537: The state losing $ 25,000 (about $ 58,000 in 2023 dollars) a day, as well as over 185 layoffs. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received 300 acres (120 ha) of land in the Sweetwater Marsh from the Santa Fe Land Company to mitigate environmental damage, and the lawsuit reached a settlement. Construction resumed in early November 1989. The halt meant that the project had to be rebid; one bridge

3074-548: Was oiled in 1935 from US 80 (Main Street) around El Cajon to Sweetwater Valley and in other places by the Sweetwater River. In 1956, the route of what would become the South Bay Freeway had been determined; it would run from Sweetwater Road in National City to Spring Valley and the intersection of Sweetwater Road and Jamacha Boulevard. Three years later, the California State Legislature added Route 280 from near

3132-505: Was completed in 2003. The second phase consisted of the construction of the SR 125 toll road and opened on November 19, 2007. While California Transportation Ventures owned the franchise on the tolled portion of SR 125, the interchange with SR 54 was constructed with $ 160 million (about $ 227 million in 2023 dollars) of public finances. From 2005 to 2007, 1,500,000 cubic metres (53,000,000 cu ft) of rock were blasted through in 160 separate explosions to allow for

3190-448: Was included in the proposal. Two years later, county officials expressed concerns over the delay of state and federal approval and considered building the freeway without the flood control component of the project. The county hoped to build both projects at the same time to save $ 4 million (about $ 27 million in 2023 dollars) in costs. This was since it was estimated to require three years' worth of legislation to be accomplished in

3248-538: Was partially completed, and was thus known as "the bridge to nowhere". The eastbound roadway opened to traffic on December 10, 1990, at an approximate cost of $ 89.3 million (about $ 174 million in 2023 dollars). In 1992, during the construction process, mastodon bones and stone hammers were found. The items were dated to be older than 120,000 years old and may be some of the earliest signs of human settlement in North America . Other animal bones were found at

3306-550: Was to begin the construction phase in 1994; this was complete by 1998. The state legislature allowed for the relinquishment of SR 54 from the El Cajon city limit to I-8 to the City of El Cajon in 1999, and the transfer took place that year. The remaining expressway portion of SR 54 was replaced by a freeway in two phases in the late 1990s and the 2000s. The first phase corresponded with construction of SR 125 north of Jamacha Boulevard to SR 94; construction began in 1996 and

3364-412: Was to loosely parallel Sweetwater Road. This portion of freeway opened on September 27, 1963, and the entire project cost $ 2.25 million (about $ 17 million in 2023 dollars); however, although it was a four-lane freeway, it was declared as an expressway since all intersections were at-grade intersections . While the road was originally planned to have eight lanes, only four were constructed due to

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