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64-855: Feuerschutzpolizei ( lit.   ' Fire Protection Police ' ) was a fire police unit in Nazi Germany and a branch of Nazi Germany's Ordnungspolizei , formed in 1938 when the German municipal professional fire brigades were transferred to the national police. The previously red fire vehicles, blue uniforms and fire service ranks were replaced by green fire vehicles, green uniforms and police ranks. In 1941 there were Fire Protection Police units in 86 cities in Germany, in Ostmark (occupied Austria) and in General Government (occupied Poland). Outside these cities,

128-607: A Fire Police certification course outlined by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice (NYS DCJS). After which, each fire police member is required to take an oath of office by either the AHJ (Chief/Assistant Chief) of the supporting fire company or the town, county or city clerks office and a copy of which must be kept on file in the town, county, city clerk's office in the municipality in which they serve. The training coordinator must fill out and submit all paperwork concerning

192-608: A brief period of training which could be expanded during wartime. Prussia could draw upon a large number of trained soldiers in subsequent wars, and the system was retained by the Imperial German Army into the First World War . By the time of the German Empire , reservists were given "war arrangements" after completion of their military service with instructions for the conduct of reservists in wartime. In countries such as

256-467: A call-up (obvious to adversaries) can display determination, boost morale, and deter aggression. Many reservists see voluntary training as merely for supplemental income or a hobby, and so reservists are inexpensive to maintain, their cost being limited to training and occasional deployments. The skills of reservists have been valuable in peacekeeping because they can be employed for the reconstruction of infrastructure, and tend to have better relations with

320-585: A civilian job, although most reserve forces have a significant permanent full-time component as well. Reservists may be deployed for weeks or months-long missions during peacetime to support specific operations. During wartime, reservists may be kept in service for months or years at a time, although typically not for as long as active duty soldiers. In countries with a volunteer military , reserve forces maintain military skills by training periodically (typically one weekend per month). They may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments—for example,

384-526: A contract to perform military service as reservists, and have not reached the upper age limit. Non-commissioned officers-reservists have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties. Reserve non-commissioned officers have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. Non-commissioned officers-reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first. Reserve non-commissioned officers (non-reservists) are divided into categories which determine

448-906: A largely unchanged role, but without the powers of police. The powers of a constable are considered unnecessary, as all the functions of fire police were able to be legally carried out under Section 28 of the Act (powers of a chief fire officer) under delegation, except for the power of arrest. In 2017, the Fire Services Act 1975 was repealed, and replaced with the Fire And Emergency New Zealand Act 2017. Under this new Act, Fire Police in New Zealand no longer exist in law. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Home Guard have fire wings. The Vigiles had dual firefighting and policing duties. Fire police exist in thirteen states of

512-527: A member of the Pennsylvania state police. Disobeying a fire police officer is the same as disobeying a police officer, sheriff's deputy, state constable or state trooper and assaulting one is a felony. Current Pennsylvania fire police law is found in Title 35, Chapter 74, subchapters 7431 to 7437. In Vietnam, Vietnam Fire and Rescue Police Department (FRPD) is under command of Ministry of Public Security . During

576-515: A military reserve force is a group of citizens who have signed contracts to perform military service as reservists, who were appointed to positions in particular military units , and who are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these units (active reserve). Other citizens who do not sign a contract (the inactive reserve) can be mobilized and deployed on an involuntary basis. Some countries' 18th-century military systems included practices and institutions which functioned as

640-406: A part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties (usually two or three days each month and attendance at a two-to-four-week military training camp once per year). Most reserve enlisted personnel are former active duty soldiers, sailors, and airmen, but some join the reserve without an active-duty background. When their contract expires,

704-457: A police officer may actually shut down a roadway, while fire police cannot. However, in 2005, emergency workers in Maine received the authority to "redirect traffic" at emergency scenes as public safety traffic flaggers (PSTF's). This new authority improved upon the previous custom of fire police doing so by citing the state law that allows them to use reasonable force to protect a fire scene. Moreover,

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768-440: A quick, safe entrance and egress to an incident. They may halt traffic or detour traffic because of the situation and the dangers involved. They take orders from the police authority in charge. All fire police officers are sworn officers of the law and when on duty shall display a badge of authority and shall be subject to control of the chief of police of the city, borough, town or township in which they are serving, or if none, of

832-506: A rescue squad in North Carolina may direct traffic and enforce traffic laws and ordinances at the scene of or in connection with fires, accidents, or other hazards in connection with their duties as firemen or rescue squad members. These members are not, however, considered law enforcement officers. Fire police in Pennsylvania are volunteer fire company members and are sworn in by the mayor, borough council president, township supervisor, or

896-649: A reserve force, even if they were not designated as such. For example, the half-pay system in the British Army provided the country with trained, experienced officers not on active duty during peacetime but available during wartime. The Militia Act of 1757 gave Britain an institutional structure for a reserve force. Although contemporaries debated the effectiveness of the British militia , its mobilization in several conflicts increased Britain's strategic options by freeing regular forces for overseas theaters. Reservists first played

960-439: A reserve soldier, sailor or airman becomes a retired soldier, sailor or airman. In countries with conscription, reserve enlisted personnel are soldiers, sailors, and airmen who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit established by law. In addition to the upper age limit, intermediate age limits determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are more subject to mobilization). These limits divide

1024-480: A reserve soldier, sailor or airman when their contract expires, and retires at the upper age limit. In countries with a volunteer military, reserve non-commissioned officers are military personnel with relevant rank who have contracted to perform military service on a part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for military duty. Most reserve non-commissioned officers are former active-duty NCOs, but some become reserve NCOs without an active-duty background. When

1088-447: A retired NCO at the upper age limit. Their main sources of NCOs are: In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, reserve NCOs are divided into two categories: non-commissioned officers - reservists and reserve non-commissioned officers. Non-commissioned officers-reservists have signed a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. Reserve non-commissioned officers are not on active duty, have not signed

1152-677: A significant role in Europe after the Prussian defeat in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt . On 9 July 1807, in the Treaties of Tilsit , Napoleon forced Prussia to drastically reduce its military strength and cede large amounts of territory. The Prussian army was limited to a maximum of 42,000 men. The Krumpersystem , introduced to the Prussian Army by military reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst , gave recruits

1216-526: A volunteer military, reserve warrant officers are military personnel with relevant rank who have signed a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties. Most reserve warrant officers are former active duty warrant officers. The main sources of reserve warrant officers are military schools and reserve warrant-officers courses. In countries with conscription, reserve warrant officers are military personnel with

1280-483: A volunteer military, reserve officers are personnel with an officer's commission who have signed a contract to perform part-time military service. They have civilian status, except when carrying out their military duties. Most reserve officers are former active-duty officers, but some become reserve officers after promotion. The main sources of reserve officers are: In countries with conscription, reserve officers are officers who are not on active duty and have not reached

1344-488: Is a military organization whose members ( reservists ) have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms , and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve forces are generally considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces, and allow a nation to reduce its peacetime military expenditures and maintain a force prepared for war. During peacetime, reservists typically serve part-time alongside

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1408-580: Is an example of such a reserve. With universal conscription, most of the male population may be reservists. All men in Finland belong to the reserve until 60 years of age, and 65 percent of each age cohort of men are drafted and receive at least six months of military training. Ten percent of conscripts are trained as reserve officers. Reservists and reserve officers are occasionally called up for refresher exercises , but receive no monthly salary or position. South Korean males who finish their national service in

1472-467: Is spelled out in Connecticut statute under Chapter 104, Section 7-313a. Although Maine fire police are not peace officers and do not have any police powers, they may be sworn in as special police in some towns, albeit rarely. Special police are police officers appointed for one-year terms and given very limited authority by their township to carry out specified duties. For example, under Maine law, only

1536-588: The Federal Constitution . Prior to the 2018 formation of China Fire and Rescue , the People's Armed Police was responsible for wildfire suppression . In New Zealand , fire police formerly existed by virtue of Section 33 of the Fire Service Act 1975. The Fire Service Act allowed for the formation of volunteer fire police units (based on the approval of the district chief of police) and bestowed upon them

1600-490: The United States including Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Maine , Ohio , and Pennsylvania . They must take an oath of office and be sworn in by a municipal clerk or official, mayor, magistrate , judge, sheriff or justice of the peace - depending upon jurisdiction and local authorizing laws. At fire service incidents, fire police assume either

1664-550: The armed forces or in the national police are automatically placed on the reserve roster, and are obligated to take several days of annual military training for seven years. In wartime, reserve personnel may provide replacements for combat losses or be used to form new units. Reservists can provide garrison duty, manning air defense , internal security and guarding of important points such as supply depots , prisoner of war camps, communications nodes, air and sea bases and other vital areas, freeing regular troops for service on

1728-702: The federative units . Since 1915, it has been a military reserve force and an auxiliary force of the Brazilian Army , also composing the Single System of Public Security ( Brazilian Portuguese : Sistema Único de Segurança Pública ). Members of the Military Firefighters Corps, such as the members of the Military Police , are designated as being part of the military of the Federative Units by

1792-682: The Connecticut Fire Police Association under the standards of the Connecticut Fire Academy, and many fire departments have specialized or modified their apparatus for traffic control. For instance, the Hebron volunteer fire company ( Hebron , CT) has Service 310, a modified retired ambulance . Colchester Hayward volunteer fire company has Service 328, a utility pick-up truck that it has modified specifically for traffic control by equipping it to hold many cones and signs. This

1856-592: The Fire Protection Police were, however, subordinated to the Ordnungspolizei . During the war, the Feuerschutzpolizei organized six motorized firefighting regiments. Their mission was to follow the German army's advance and have the main responsibility for the occupied territories fire protection and civil defense. Each regiment consisted of some 1000 firefighters. In 1943 the regimental organization

1920-399: The German fire services consisted of volunteer fire brigades, in cooperation with compulsory fire brigades (Pflichtfeuerwehr) and industrial fire brigades (Werkfeuerwehr) . In spite of being a branch of the Ordnungspolizei , the Fire Protection Police was a municipal institution; respective cities having the budgetary responsibility for staff and equipment. Administratively and operationally

1984-597: The Third Reich the Feuerschutzpolizei ( lit. 'Fire Protection Police') was a national firefighter unit formed by former municipal career fire departments and a part of the Ordnungspolizei . Every career firefighter was a police officer. In 1945 the fire departments came under municipal administration again, strictly separated from police jurisdictions. Military reserve force A military reserve force

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2048-752: The UK's Army Reserve . A militia , home guard , state guard or state military may constitute part of a military reserve force, such as the United States National Guard and the Norwegian , Swedish and Danish Home Guard . In some countries (including Colombia, Israel, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, and Taiwan), reserve service is compulsory for a number of years after completing national service . In countries with conscription , such as Switzerland and Finland, reserve forces are citizens who have completed active duty military service but have not reached

2112-613: The United States, reservists are often former military members who reached the end of their enlistment or resigned their commission. Service in the reserve for a number of years after leaving active service is required in the enlistment contracts and commissioning orders of many nations. Reservists can also be civilians who undertake basic and specialized training in parallel with regular forces while retaining their civilian roles. They can be deployed independently, or their personnel may make up shortages in regular units. Ireland's Army Reserve

2176-658: The area of responsibility of the police, but fire police when on the scene may allow the police to concentrate on other more specific areas of expertise. Fire police may provide a logistics resource - vehicle movements, communications or similar. This would particularly be the case at a scene controlled by the fire brigade but they may be called upon by other services. In Brazil , the Military Firefighters Corps ( Portuguese : Corpo de Bombeiros Militar ) are military public security forces, responsible for civil defense , firefighting and search and rescue inside

2240-400: The civilian population than career soldiers. Reservists are usually provided with second-line equipment which is no longer used by the regular army , or is an older version of that in current service. Reservists also have little experience with newer weapons systems. Reservists who are retired service personnel are sometimes considered less motivated than regular troops. Reservists who combine

2304-609: The contract expires, a reserve NCO becomes a retired NCO. The main sources of reserve NCOs are: In countries with conscription, reserve NCOs are military personnel with relevant rank who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit. In addition to the upper age limit, intermediate age limits determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are subject to mobilization first). Reserve NCOs are subject to mandatory short-term military training in peacetime. They have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. A reserve NCO becomes

2368-508: The course study and attendance to DCJS for each individual fire company. At that time, each individual person is now registered and certified as a Peace Officer by the State of New York. Fire police in New York State are peace officers as per Article 2.10 Subsection 41 of the states Criminal Procedure Law. When acting pursuant to their special duties and allowed by the fire agency, fire police have

2432-472: The fire brigade in attendance. However, special fire police officers in Pennsylvania , USA, are under the direction of the state or local police. Where no other fire brigade resources are present, fire police will usually assist police under the direction of the police's OIC or, depending on local regulations, act autonomously. While the exact role of fire police may vary between brigades and between countries,

2496-553: The fire chief of their parent fire department; however, this authority relates only to fire drills, emergencies within the fire district, and mutual aid situations. Nevertheless, the mayor or first selectman of some towns may give fire police constable status despite this worldwide custom. The state of Connecticut requires that fire police officers are officially appointed by the fire chief, and it provides them with, among other things, distinctive badges of office, headgear, reflective equipment. All Connecticut fire police are certified by

2560-414: The front. In peacetime, reservists can be used for internal-security duties and disaster relief, sparing the regular military forces. In many countries where military roles outside warfare are restricted, reservists are exempted from these restrictions. In countries with a volunteer army, reserve enlisted personnel are soldiers, sailors, and airmen who have signed contracts to perform military service on

2624-499: The full or necessary powers of a police constable . Some texts list Burlington County, New Jersey as forming one of the first fire police units. Laws in New Jersey State code as early as the 1850s supported fire police in their duties. Unlike many other fire police departments, those in Connecticut do not necessarily have police powers or acts as sworn agents of a body of government. Instead, their authority flows directly from

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2688-401: The general themes are constant throughout: Traffic control consists of managing the flow of vehicles around or through the immediate vicinity of an emergency. This may entail road closures, diversions, full 'points' control at intersections, or '1-way-shunts', in which the road is reduced to one lane and its direction is alternated in a controlled fashion. Fire police assist in ensuring that

2752-442: The law prohibits Pennsylvania Fire Police, with a permit to carry a weapon, from carrying such while performing their duties. In conclusion, these amendments widened the scope of authority of fire police in Pennsylvania to have limited police powers, and although they have no authority to make arrests, they do have the right to detain someone within reason. Fire police may control the flow of traffic to ensure emergency vehicles have

2816-425: The law requires anyone acting as a PSTF to be properly trained and wear appropriate safety gear. Furthermore, while PSTF duties are generally carried out by fire police, other department members with proper PSTF training may be pressed into duty at busy scenes. See Maine Revised Statutes, Title 29-A, Chapter 2091 - "Control of vehicular traffic at emergency scenes". Under New York State law, Fire Police must complete

2880-413: The legal powers of a police constable . Several fire police units existed around New Zealand, some attached to volunteer fire brigades, and others acting as individual units and/or brigades in their own right. Fire police in New Zealand engaged in all of the above listed roles. In areas where fire police did not exist, operational support members of the fire service carried out the same tasks (using

2944-654: The local district justice of the peace. While they are usually under the direct control of the local police, they are under the Pennsylvania State Police if no local department is available. The first fire police officers in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were appointed in Meadville , Crawford County in 1896 and until the passage of Title 35 in 1941, had no greater authority than that which could be provided by their respective fire company and municipality. However,

3008-492: The military, and skills attained in a number of professions are useful in the military. In many countries, reserve forces have capable people who would not otherwise consider a career in the military. A large reserve pool can allow a government to avoid the costs, political and financial, of new recruits or conscripts. Reservists are usually more economically effective than regular troops, since they are called up as needed, rather than being always on duty. Preparations to institute

3072-638: The operational firefighters and the New Zealand Police . A review of the Fire Service Act was announced in the late 2000s but a change of government placed this on hold. However, in the aftermath of the review of the Policing Act 2008 the NZ Fire Service announced its intention to have Section 33 of the Fire Service Act (allowing for fire police) repealed. With this in mind, fire police units across New Zealand have become operational support units, with

3136-438: The passage of the aforementioned bill granted Pennsylvania's special fire police officers the police power to provide protection. In addition, fire police were legally created to assist their fire department during emergency situations. Moreover, Title 35 was amended in 1949, 1959, and again in 1980 (Act 74, 388, 209, 122) to broaden the scope of authority of the fire police. In 1949, the law was amended (Act 388) to give fire police

3200-479: The power to act without fire company involvement if requested to do so by their municipality. In 1959, (Act 209) the law was again amended to allow fire police to use their police powers in any non-emergency public function conducted by or under the auspices of any volunteer fire company and the requirement of the request of the municipality was later removed from the law. Furthermore, the provision that allows fire police to use their police power in non-emergency events

3264-494: The powers of a firefighter gained through Section 28 of the Fire Service Act). Firefighters (including operational support members) gained all the powers required to conduct their operations through Section 28; fire police wielded both these and the powers of a constable gained through Section 33. Operationally, fire police units and operational support units were generally considered to be equivalent, and were well valued by both

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3328-528: The powers of peace officers which are listed in Article 2.20 of the states Criminal Procedure Law. Peace officer status does grant fire police arrest powers however, they may not carry a firearm without additional licensing These duties are granted under Section 209 (c) of the General Municipal Law. As New York State peace officers, they are required to take an oath, a copy of which must be kept on file in

3392-451: The priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are subject to mobilization first) – Первый разряд , Второй разряд , and Третий разряд in Russia. Upon expiration of the contract, a non-commissioned officer-reservist becomes a reserve non-commissioned officer. A reserve NCO becomes a retired NCO at the upper age limit. The main sources of reserve NCOs are: In countries with

3456-402: The public's first point of contact with the fire department, they must be skilled in public relations. Fire police may be asked to provide a scene guard in order to prevent looting or theft and monitor unattended fire brigade equipment. Fire police are often called upon by police and other law enforcement agencies to provide additional manpower. Many of the tasks listed above also fall within

3520-453: The relevant rank who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit. In addition to the upper-age limit, intermediate age limits determine wartime mobilization priority; younger officers are mobilized first. The main sources of reserve warrant officers are promotion during active-duty service or short-term peacetime training, assessment after demobilization, military schools, and reserve warrant-officer courses. In countries with

3584-488: The reserve into categories, such as the Swiss Auszug , Landwehr , and Landsturm . Reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen are subject to mandatory short-term military training in peacetime, as regulated by law. Reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. A reserve soldier, sailor or airman becomes a retired soldier, sailor or airman at

3648-424: The scene of an incident remains safe for firefighters, emergency service workers, and members of the public working in its vicinity. Residents, owners, occupants, relatives, transients, spectators, and the media are among those who may approach the scene of an incident, and fire police prevent them from being harmed or hampering the work of emergency services personnel working at the scene. Since fire police are often

3712-570: The town clerk's office in the municipality in which they serve. As mandated by Executive Law, Section 845 (Chapter 482, Laws of 1979 and Chapter 843 Laws of 1980), they are also listed with the Central Registry of Police and Peace Officers at the New York State, Division of Criminal Justice Services, Office of Public Safety in Albany , NY. Their duties are as follows: Uniformed regular and volunteer firemen and uniformed regular and volunteer members of

3776-412: The upper age limit established by law. These citizens are subject to mandatory mobilization in wartime and short-term military training in peacetime. In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, such as Russia, "military reserve force" has two meanings. In a broad sense, a military reserve force is a group of citizens who can be mobilized as part of the armed forces. In a narrow sense,

3840-423: The upper age limit. In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen are divided into two categories: reservists and reserve enlisted personnel. Reservists sign a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. Reserve enlisted personnel are not on active duty, have not signed a contract to perform military service as reservists, and have not reached

3904-642: The upper age limit. Reservists have civilian status, except when they are performing military duties. Reserve enlisted personnel have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. Reservists are first subject to mobilization in wartime. Reserve enlisted soldiers, sailors, and airmen are divided into categories which determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger personnel are mobilized first), such as Первый разряд (first category), Второй разряд (second category) and Третий разряд (third category) in Russia . A reservist becomes

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3968-422: The upper age limit. The main sources of reserve officers are: In countries with conscription and volunteers, the main sources of reserve officers are: Military reserve personnel quickly increase available manpower substantially with trained personnel. Reservists may contain experienced combat veterans who can increase the quantity and quality of a force. Reservists also tend to have training in professions outside

4032-422: Was abolished, the battalions becoming independent units. The fourth regiment was stood down, while nine battalions were formed from the rest. Each battalion consisted of about 400 fire fighters in three companies. A fourth company of non-citizens ( Volksdeutsche , Ukrainians and Poles ), were later added. Fire police Fire police are a fire department resource and answer to the officer in charge (OIC) of

4096-488: Was later amended to authorize these officers to provide police services for organizations other than volunteer fire companies if requested to do so by their respective municipality. In 1980 (Act 122 - current law), the Fire Police Act was amended to, among other things, make it clear that the act does not (in and of itself) grant fire police officers the right or power to use firearms or other weapons. Conversely, nothing in

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