Family 13 , also known as the Ferrar Group ( ƒ , von Soden calls the group I), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts , dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, which share a distinctive pattern of variant readings. All are thought to derive from a lost majuscule Gospel manuscript, probably from the 7th century. The group takes its name from minuscule 13 , now in Paris.
38-487: The common characteristics of Family 13 were initially identified in a group of four witnesses (minuscules 13, 69 , 124 , and 346 ); but the category has subsequently been extended, and some authorities list thirteen family members. The most obvious characteristic of the group is that these manuscripts place John 7:53-8:11 after Luke 21:38, or elsewhere in Luke's Gospel, with the text of Luke 22:43-44 placed after Matt 26:39, and
76-512: A quire ). There are catchwords from quire to quire, and in the first half of each quire the leaves are numbered (2nd, 3rd, 4th). The original sequence of the books was: Pauline epistles , Acts of the Apostles , Catholic epistles , Revelation of John , Gospels . The Pauline epistles precede Acts of the Apostles (as also seen in Codex Sinaiticus ). This order was changed by a binder to
114-488: A beautiful hand, who wrote words Ειμι Ιλερμου Χαρκου ( I am William Chark ) at the top of the first page. The hand of the corrector is nearly as old as the scribe. The name Ἰησοῦς ( Jesus ) is always written in full up to John 21:15, where we meet with the nomen sacrum ις , and in 41 other places, 19 of which are in Acts. The nomina sacra (an early Christian method of designating important names/words) are contracted in
152-465: A common origin. His work, A Collation of Four Important Manuscripts of the Gospels , would be the first scientific attempt to discover the lost archetype of these four minuscules. The four minuscules Ferrar collated are: Ferrar transcribed two of these minuscules himself, accepting a previous transcription of 69 done by another person as trustworthy and adequate. He accepted a handmade copy of 124 from
190-456: A large number of unique textual variants, in close relationship to Uncial 046 and Minuscule 61 , which appears to have been copied from it. These three manuscripts constitute a subgroup of the Byzantine text-type . The text of Christ's agony at Gethsemane ( Luke 22:43–44 ) is placed after Matt 26:39 . The Pericope Adulterae ( John 7:53–8:11 ) is placed after Luke 21 . This is typical for
228-518: A number of common respects from the then established Byzantine , Western and Alexandrian text-types . This view is supported by some, but not all, subsequent scholars. Matthew 1:16 Matthew 27:35 Mark 9:41 Luke 11:4 John 8:7 John 12:5 John 15:16 Minuscule 69 Minuscule 69 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 505 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), known as
266-466: A usual way: δαδ ( δαυιδ / David ), ις ( Ιησους / Jesus ), κς ( κυριος / Lord ), ουνος ( ουρανος / Heaven ), ανος ( ανθρωπος / man ), χς ( χριστος / Christ ), ιηλ ( Ισραηλ / Israel ), ιλημ ( Ἱεροσόλυμα / Jerusalem ), σηρ ( σωτηρ / saviour ), πηρ ( πατηρ / father ), μηρ ( μητηρ / mother ), πνα ( πνευμα / spirit ), στρος ( σταυρος / cross ), and παρνος ( παρθενος / virgin ). The abbreviation χς
304-440: Is a very weak member). The colophon reads as follows: Ετελειωθη η ιερα βιβλος αυτη μην οκτωβριω κθ, ημερα παρασκευη, ωρα θ, ετει ςφκβ. Ινδ. Ιβ. Γραφεν δια χειρος Λουκα μοναχου και ευτελους ιερεως. According to E. Miller this date corresponds to 1014 CE. Actually it is deciphered as 1013 A.D. The manuscript was written by Luke, a monk and scribe. It was described by Moldenhawer , who collated it about 1783 CE for Birch . It
342-451: Is also θ for τ (after σ) in Mark 10:40 and Luke 11:7. Nu-moveable is rarely omitted. There are some unusual grammar forms: ειπαν (twice only – Matthew 26:35 ; Luke 20:2 ), ηλθατε ( Matthew 25:36 ), εξηλθατε ( Matthew 26:55 ; Mark 14:48 ; Luke 7:24 , Luke 7:25 , Luke 7:26 ; Luke 22:52 ), εισηλθατε (all instances), ανεπεσαν ( John 6:10 ), παραγενομενος ( Luke 14:21 ). In some cases
380-406: Is remarkable from the point of view of textual criticism . The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the entire New Testament with four gaps ( Matthew 1:1–18:15; Acts 10:45–14:17; Jude 7–25; Revelation 19:10–22:21) on 213 leaves (sized 37.8 cm by 27 cm). The text of the manuscript skips from Acts 10:45 to 14:17 without a break, which possibly indicates
418-585: Is used once for χρηστος. Scholar William Hugh Ferrar enumerated 1129 errors of itacism in the codex: ο for ω (190 occurrences), ω for ο (126), η for ει (93), ει for η (104), ι for ει (77), ει for ι (62), η for ι (87), ι for η (46), ε for αι (73), αι for ε (72), ε for η (24), η for ε (20), υ for η (27 – rare elsewhere), η for υ (28), ου for ω (13), ω for ου (16), οι for ι (3), ι for οι (3), η for ευ (1 – in Luke 12:16), υ for ι (15), ι for υ (14), υ for η (6), υ for ε (1), υ for οι (4), υ for ει (3), οι for υ (4), οι for η (9), ο for ου (3), η for οι (3). There
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#1733085774799456-517: The Codex Leicester , or Codex Leicestrensis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves. Using the study of comparative writing styles ( palaeography ), it has been dated to the 15th century. Some leaves of the codex are lost. It has been examined and collated by many palaeographers and textual critics. Although it is of a late date, its text
494-694: The Claremont Profile Method , confirmed its placement among Family 13 (ƒ ) In the Pauline epistles and Catholic epistles , its text is considered a representative of the Byzantine text-type. For these books, Aland placed its text in Category V (Category V manuscripts are "Manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text"). In the Book of Revelation its text belongs to the Byzantine text-type, but with
532-796: The Gospel of Mark entitled Family 13 (The Ferrar Group): The Text According to Mark , the family is characterized as consisting of 10 manuscripts (13, 69, 124, 346, 543 , 788 , 826 , 828 , 983 , and 1689 ). In this monograph, the Lakes thoroughly cover all that was then known about the origin of each of these manuscripts. Some of the manuscripts proposed as belonging to Family 13 appear to have links to Calabria in Southern Italy (mss 13, 124, 174, 230), and one to Albania (ms. 1689); manuscripts 124 and 174 are recorded as having been written in Calabria, and most of
570-596: The Pericope Adulterae in St. John's Gospel. Most of them relocate the passage after Luke 21:38. This agrees with the historical criteria first established by Ferrar-Abbott in their 1887 publication. Perrin lists 590 distinct and significant non-Majority Text readings in St. John's Gospel which identify F13 and contends in his dissertation, that relocation of the PA from John to Luke is an inadequate criterion for F13 filiality. Prior to
608-619: The 15th century. It is currently dated by the INTF to the 15th century. M. R. James suggested that it was written by Emmanuel from Constantinople. The manuscript was presented to George Neville , Archbishop of York (1465–1472). It once belonged to Richard Brinkley (or Brinkeley), who probably got it from Covenant of Grey Friars at Cambridge (like Codex Montfortianus ). Then it belonged to William Chark (or Charc), mentioned in marginal notes of Codex Montfortianus. Then it belonged to Thomas Hayne , who in 1641 gave this codex with his other books to
646-578: The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (Dallas, Texas). A press release from CSNTM in March 2008 reported that "one or two" of these previously unstudied manuscripts may also belong to family 13; in which case they would be the earliest surviving witnesses to this text. In 1924 Burnett Hillman Streeter proposed that Family 13 should be classified as one branch of a distinct Caesarean text-type , differing in
684-559: The Epistle to the Hebrews, the tables of contents (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia ) precede the three later Gospels with very unusual variations, and even without corresponding numbers of the κεφαλαια ( chapters ) in the margin. There is no division into chapters or sections, no references to the Eusebian Canons (an early division of the Gospels into sections), and no liturgical markings in
722-570: The Greek New Testament. Scrivener collated it again in 1855 and published his results, with a full description in the Appendix to his "Codex Augiensis". It was collated by T. K. Abbott along with three other manuscripts of the Ferrar family (marked by L). It was examined and described by biblical scholar Rendel Harris. Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory saw it in 1883. It was formerly held in
760-475: The Leicester Library. John Mill was permitted to use this manuscript at Oxford, and collated it there in 1671 (as L). Another collation was made by John Jackson and William Tiffin, and it was lent to Wettstein through César de Missy . Wettstein had observed a close affinity between this codex and minuscule 13. It was also examined by Edward Gee . Tregelles re-collated it in 1852 for his edition of
798-431: The accusatives are written with ending -αν for -α, e.g. νυκταν, θυγατεραν, χειραν. The gender is sometimes altered, verbs in -αω or -οω are formed as those in -εω (e.g. επηρωτουν, Luke 3:10 ; Luke 20:27 ; επετιμουν, Luke 18:15 ; ετολμουν; ερωτουν; εμβριμουμενος and others). The augment is often omitted after Luke 11:44 , but all before Luke Luke 9 , and there is a double augment in ηπηντησαν ( John 4:51 ). The text of
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#1733085774799836-638: The auspices of ITSEE - Institute for Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing at the University of Birmingham, UK) agrees with the conclusions of the Münster team that although the Albanian manuscripts 1141 and 2900 both contain some F13 readings, neither meet the full criteria of F13 membership. In his dissertation on the topic, Perrin lists the current family members as GA 13, 69, 124, 346, 543, 788, 826, 828, 983, and 1689. All of these manuscripts (except 1689) are without
874-454: The beginning of each book are written in red ink. The writing is rather rough and inelegant. It was written by a strange hand, the letter epsilon / ε being recumbent and so much like the letter alpha / α , that it is not clear which was intended. The accents are placed over the succeeding consonant of the vowel. According to Scrivener, "The whole style of writing resembling a careless scrawl". There are numerous marginal notes written by
912-469: The codex is very remarkable; it belongs to Family 13 as a very important member of the group. The Greek text of the Gospels of this codex is considered to be a representative of the Caesarean text-type . The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out
950-462: The copyist copied it from a defective manuscript. The codex is written on 91 leaves of parchment and 122 of paper. According to biblical scholar Frederick H. A. Scrivener , it is in fact 83 leaves of vellum and 130 of paper. Usually two parchment leaves are followed by three paper leaves. The paper was of very poor quality. The quality is so bad that four of the leaves were only written on one side. The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in
988-487: The end of each Gospel, with the numbers of ρηματα , and numbers of στιχοι in the subscriptions. The Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the Caesarean text-type . Aland placed it in Category III . The manuscript belongs to the textual family Ferrar Group ( ƒ ). According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual group Λ in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20 (though in Luke 20 it
1026-497: The family members recording menologion (verses from the New Testament arranged by month) readings for Calabrian saints. Some family members have common supplemental geographical material that appears to derive from a 7th-century original. In 1961, Jacob Geerlings published three monographs ( Matthew , Luke , and John ) on the family, although some scholars regard this work as flawed by serious methodological problems. Today,
1064-585: The family supposedly consists of at least fourteen members (13, 69, 124, 174 , 230 , 346, 543, 788, 826, 828, 983, 1346 , 1689, and 1709), although the most recent work of Drs. Barbara Aland , Klaus Wachtel , and others at the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster, Germany, imply that some of these family members are more similar to the majority Byzantine Text , and therefore should not be included in this family at all. Research recently completed using phylogenetic software by Dr. Jac Perrin (through
1102-668: The following: Gospels, Pauline epistles, Acts, Catholic epistles, and Revelation of John. The text of Rev 18:7–19:10 is fragmentary. It has some non-biblical additional material like: An explanation of the Creed and the Seven Councils (on fol. 159v), the Lives of the Apostles (on fol. 160v), Limits of the Five Patriarchates (on fol. 161r). These are also seen in the codices Minuscule 211 and 543 . It contains an introduction to
1140-497: The four Gospels on 218 parchment leaves (size 21.8 cm by 17 cm), with a small lacunae of John 20:27-21:12 due to a missing page. The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in quire). The text is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per page. It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum , tables of the κεφαλαια ( tables of contents ) before each Gospel, synaxaria , Menologion , doubled Menologion, subscriptions at
1178-533: The groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian , Western , and Byzantine . Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category III of his New Testament manuscript text classification system. Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified." An analysis using
Family 13 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-679: The hand of Dr. Ceriani, the Conservator of the Ambrosian Library at the time. The result of his work demonstrates the members of Family 13 do indeed seem to share a common pattern of distinctive shared readings not seen in other manuscripts. In 1913, textual critic Hermann von Soden ’s work on the Greek New Testament seemed to confirm the assertion this family descended from a common archetype. By 1941, biblical scholar and textual critic Kirsopp and his wife Silva Lake turned their attention to this important family of manuscripts. In their work on
1254-602: The library of the Town Council of Leicester. The codex is now located in the Leicestershire Record Office (Cod. 6 D 32/1) at Leicester . Minuscule 230 Minuscule 230 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 173 ( Soden ), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels , on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1013 CE. The codex contains the complete text of
1292-476: The manuscripts of the Ferrar Group . In John 4:5 it reads Σιχαρ for Συχαρ. In 2 Cor 11:17 it reads ανθρωπον for κυριον. Although there is no liturgical markings in the codex, it is likely many of its various readings have arisen from lectionaries . Textual critic Wettstein and biblical scholar J. Rendel Harris dated the manuscript to the 14th century, but scholar C. R. Gregory dated it to
1330-509: The margin. The marginal notes are often illegible. It contains subscriptions at the end of each book. The subscriptions contain the numbers of lines (known as στιχοι / stichoi ) and the numbers of phrases (known as ρηματα / rhemata ). The headings of the Gospels are titled as ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ Μάρκον etc., something also seen in Minuscule 178 . The text is written in one column per page, 37–38 lines per page. The large initial letters at
1368-408: The publication of biblical scholar Reuben Swanson's "New Testament Greek Manuscripts" in 1995, Swanson misidentified minuscule 1346 as a member of family 13. Codex 1709 is held in the national archive at Tirana , Albania ; which also holds some 46 other medieval Greek New Testament manuscripts, most of which remained uncollated and unpublished until 2008 - when they were photographed by a team from
1406-619: The text of Matthew 16:2b–3 being absent. Using the study of comparative writing styles ( palaeography ), most of the manuscripts in the family (with the exception of Minuscule 69 ) appear to have been written by scribes trained in Southern Italy. The group also has an affinity with Syriac manuscripts , of which a notable example is Matthew 1:16, where the Ferrar group has the same reading as Curetonian Syriac . Textual critic Johann Jakob Wettstein observed close affinity between minuscules 13 and 69. The affinity between minuscules 124 and 13
1444-413: Was remarked by Treschow and its resemblance to minuscule 69 by Andreas Birch . The first published account of Family 13 appeared in the year 1877, in a book published by T. K. Abbott on behalf of his deceased colleague (and discoverer of Family 13), William Hugh Ferrar . Before his death, Ferrar collated four minuscules (Greek handwritten cursive texts) to definitively demonstrate that they all shared
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