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72-500: While recovering from a serious wound in 1925 Galán conceived the idea of overthrowing the monarchist dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera and establishing a republic. The next year he helped to plan a coup. The plot was detected and he was imprisoned for 3 1 ⁄ 2 years until January 1930. He was then assigned to the remote posting of Jaca in northern Aragon, where he developed plans for another coup attempt, this time coordinated with civilian strikes and demonstrations. The revolt

144-624: A Civil Guard sergeant who opposed them, and took control of the telephone exchange, post office and railway station. At 11:00 a.m. they proclaimed the Republic at the Town Hall. Two columns were organized to travel to Huesca . One led by Galán would go by road, while the other led by Salvador Sediles would take the railway. Delays in requisition of transport held back the departure from Jaca until 3:00 p.m. Around 5:00 p.m. General Manuel de las Heras with some civil guards met Galán's column at

216-721: A colonel in the Republican army, and José María Galán was in command of the XI and XII Army Corps. In 1915, at the age of 15, Galán entered the Toledo Infantry Academy in the Alcázar , one of the few students of peasant or worker origins. When he was 18 he became a second lieutenant and joined the Guipúzcoa No. 53 Infantry Regiment in Vitoria . He disliked the low level of general education in

288-473: A deep crisis from which it would not emerge until the intervention of Ferdinand the Catholic to form a local government. The bourgeoisie was favored by this situation and many became patrons of artists whose results can be seen especially in the cathedral. The city was consolidated as a military post from which to defend the peninsular kingdoms from a hypothetical French invasion. In this regard, Philip II ordered

360-529: A distance of 20.0 km (12.4 mi), whilst stage 26 links southwards to Cambrils , a distance of 28.1 km (17.5 mi). Tarragona contains a number of small bars, restaurants, and cafes serving tapas and sandwiches, and local seafood and Catalan dishes like " pa amb tomàquet " or "neules i torrons". Many such outlets are found in the historic centre, including those at the Plaça de la Font, Plaça del Rei and Plaça del Fòrum. The neighborhood of El Serrallo, at

432-734: A dolphin. The reverse depicts a horseman carrying a spear to the right, with an inscription below in Iberian reading iaka . In the year 195 BC, the Roman consul Cato the Elder began the conquest of the city, ending in the spring of 194 BC. After Roman rule, the Visigothic nobility took over most of Iberia. However, in 720, Huesca is conquered by the Muslims reaching out as far as Sobrarbe . Muslim advances in Europe had

504-459: A federal republican system. The essay proposed that the community itself should administer wealth, and that Spain should be part of a United States of Europe. Galán was assigned to Jaca in June 1930, an isolated posting where the authorities hoped he would not cause problems. He still wanted to link a military uprising with the political movements opposed to the dictatorship. He established contacts with

576-405: A fourth wing. Benito Villamitjana built a new seminary behind the cathedral in 1886, in the courtyard of which stands the old chapel of Sant Pau. Pope Leo XIII raised this to the rank of a pontifical university. 50 km (31.07 mi) north of the city is Poblet Monastery , founded in 1151 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona , which was used for sepultures of the kings . Tarragona

648-669: A light sentence. Colonel Segundo García was given eight years in prison, while Captain Galán and other officers were sentenced to six years in Barcelona. While in San Francisco prison in Madrid, and then in Montjuïc Castle , Galán remained in contact with the movement opposed to the dictator and monarchy, and began to think about a combined civilian and military movement. He made contact with some of

720-489: A member of the conspiracy to destroy the dictatorship he often visited Madrid. An uprising was planned for 24 June 1926, San Juan day. He requested three days leave on 21 June 1926. However, the " Sanjuanada " plot was discovered and on 23 June 1926 many of the participants were arrested. The leaders, including Melquiades Álvarez and the Count of Romanones , were only fined. General Weyler was acquitted and General Aguilera received

792-519: A play called Fermín Galán to be performed by the company of Margarita Xirgu . Galán's own melodrama Berta was performed with great success in Madrid in April 1932. A film was made about Galán in which at the end his body was covered with a Republican tricolor flag by a woman who represented the Republic. Jaca Jaca ( Spanish pronunciation: ['xaka] ; in Aragonese : Chaca or Xaca )

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864-512: A quarry after the fall of the Western Roman Empire , and but few vestiges of it now remain. A circus c. 450 m (1,480 ft) long, was built over in the area now called Plaça de la Font , though portions of it are still to be traced. Throughout the town Latin , and even apparently Phoenician , inscriptions on the stones of the houses mark the material used for buildings in the town. Two ancient monuments, at some little distance from

936-597: A small Franco-Italian garrison led by Brigadier general Antoine Marc Augustin Bertoletti . Murray was subsequently removed from command for his indecisive and contradictory leadership. The Anglo-Spanish forces finally captured Tarragona on 19 August. During the Spanish Civil War , Tarragona was in the hands of the Second Spanish Republic until captured by Franco's Nationalist troops on 15 January 1939 during

1008-501: A small pension by working as a seamstress in private homes. She enrolled Fermín in the Colegio de Huérfanos de Guerra, a boarding school for orphans of war, when he was 11. He was followed by his brothers as they became old enough. The school was designed to prepare its pupils for entry into military academies, emphasising discipline and sports, particularly gymnastics. His two brothers would also pursue military careers. Francisco Galán became

1080-622: A turn of events after the Battle of Tours (732). By that time, the region of Jacetania would remain as a buffer zone in favour of the Carolingian Empire against Muslim dominions. By 799 Aureolo stabilised an independent county which gradually evolved until Ramiro I of Aragon (1035–1063) granted it the title of City and capital of the Kingdom of Aragon . In 1063 it was the site of the Synod of Jaca . As

1152-728: Is Pau Ricomà . The opening session in which the mayor is invested is traditionally held at the Saló de Plens . Since the first democratic election after the Francoist dictatorship , Tarragona has had four democratically elected mayors: The local is the body formed by the elected councillors of the Ajuntament . The plenary meetings ( Ple ) are held at the Saló de Plens. It is formed by the municipal councillors, elected through closed party list proportional representation and 27 councillors are currently elected on

1224-543: Is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . One Catalan legend holds that Tarragona was named for Tarraho , eldest son of Tubal in c. 2407 BC; another (derived from Strabo and Megasthenes ) attributes the name to ' Tearcon the Ethiopian', a seventh-century BC pharaoh who campaigned in Spain. The real founding date of Tarragona is unknown. The city's origins trace back to a possible Iberian settlement known as Kesse or Kosse, named after

1296-558: Is a city of northeastern Spain in the province of Huesca , located near the Pyrenees and the border with France. Jaca is an ancient fort on the Aragón River , situated at the crossing of two great early medieval routes, one from Toulouse to Santiago de Compostela and Pau to Zaragoza . Jaca was the city out of which the County and Kingdom of Aragon developed. It was the first capital of

1368-506: Is described as producing good wine and flax . The city also minted coins. An inscribed stone base for a now lost statue of Tiberius Claudius Candidus was found in Tarragona during the nineteenth century. The 24-line Latin inscription describes the governor and senator's career as an ally of the future Roman emperor Septimius Severus , who fought in the civil war following the assassination of Commodus in 192 AD. This important marble block

1440-574: Is home to one of the largest ports in Spain, which is an export hub for the Spanish car industry. Much of its economic activity comes from a number of chemical industries located west of the city. Among other educational institutions, it also features the Rovira i Virgili University . The most significant living heritage is the Popular Retinue, a great parade of dances, bestiary and spoken dances, as well as

1512-518: Is unusual for the Mediterranean climate. Winters are mildly cool and summers are warm and sultry, while the wettest seasons are spring and autumn, which receive around 54 to 77 mm (2.1 to 3.0 in) in May and September. Tarragona was also a candidate to be the Spanish representative as European Capital of Culture in 2016. The local mayor is elected by the members of the plenary from among its members

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1584-574: The Catalonia Offensive . The Roman ruins of Tarraco have been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Part of the bases of large Cyclopean walls near the Cuartel de Pilatos are thought to pre-date the Romans. The building just mentioned, a prison in the 19th century, is said to have been the palace of Augustus. The second century Tarragona Amphitheatre near the seashore was extensively used as

1656-723: The Crown of Castile , it remained a part of the Crown of Aragon until the foundation of the Spanish Empire in 1516. During the Reapers' War , Tarragona was captured by Catalan insurgents with French support in 1641, but it was retaken by Spanish troops in 1644. It was captured by allied Portuguese, Dutch, and British troops in 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession and remained in their hands until

1728-571: The Jaca uprising , a mutiny whose leaders demanded abolition of the monarchy, was suppressed with some difficulty. It was an early event that preceded the Spanish Civil War . Jaca has a submediterranean climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) bordering a submediterranean climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with strong continental influences caused by the city's high altitude of 820 metres (2,690 ft). Winters are cool and summers are warm, with hot daytime temperatures but relatively cool nights. There isn't any real dry season, but

1800-482: The Kingdom of Aragon until 1096 and also the capital of Jacetania . Besides Jaca town, there are a number of outlying villages in the municipality of Jaca, including the ski resort of Astún . The origins of the city are obscure, but its name is apparently of Iacetani origin, mentioned by Strabo as one of the most celebrated of the numerous small tribes inhabiting the Ebro basin. Strabo adds that their territory lay on

1872-647: The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. During the war, the Catalans supported the unsuccessful claim of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen against the victorious Bourbon Duke of Anjou , who became Philip V of Spain . He signed the Nueva Planta decrees , which abolished the Crown of Aragon , as well as the Catalan institutions and prohibited the administrative use of Catalan language on 16 January 1716. The Jewish community in Tarragona

1944-550: The resort of Salou and the PortAventura World ( PortAventura Park , the most visited theme park in Spain, Ferrari Land and also the PortAventura Caribe Aquatic Park ). The city is served by Camp de Tarragona high-speed railway station , and is located a few kilometres away from Reus Airport , which offers low-cost charter-flights (over a million passengers per year). Reus is the second city of

2016-486: The 11th-century Romanesque Jaca Cathedral . The Jaca citadel, a fortification dating to the late 16th century, is home to a colony of rock sparrows . The Diocesan Museum of Jaca (Museum of Medieval Sacred Art) protects Romanesque and Gothic frescos , some of which were found in the most remote locations in the Jaca district. Jaca is a tourist destination in the region for summer holidays and winter sports . Starting in

2088-451: The Aragonese domains expanded to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus , the capital city was moved from Jaca to Huesca in 1096. The loss of capital status did not mean that Jaca lost other urban functions related to its geographical location. Thus, it continued to play its role as a market city and services for its region. The plagues and fires of the late Middle Ages plunged Jaca into

2160-755: The CNT in Zaragoza and Huesca , and started a close friendship with the syndicalist leader Ramón Acín of Huesca. When the National Revolutionary Committee (CRN) was created in October 1930, Galán traveled to Madrid to meet the CRN leaders, and was appointed delegate of the CRN in Aragon. From that time he mounted a campaign to get the CRN to support a military uprising at a national level combined with popular demonstrations, but

2232-534: The Catalan union leaders. On 21 December 1926 he joined the Freemasons. General Primo de Rivera was replaced by General Berenguer at the end of January 1930. Berenguer gave an amnesty for the participants in the " Sanjuanada " plot. Galán was released and at first lived in Barcelona, where he collaborated with workers' organizations and contributed to the socialist press. He published Escribe Nueva Creación , an essay on political, economic and social doctrine that advocated

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2304-698: The Colonial Troops Magazine, and was a spokesman for the Africanist officers. In April 1924 he was assigned to the 3rd Foreign Legion, where he was frequently cited for his courage. Galán was seriously injured in action in the Kabylie . He was evacuated to the Military Hospital in Madrid. During his stay in hospital and subsequent convalescence he became disillusioned with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and began to seriously consider conspiracy to restore

2376-589: The French besiegers with cannon fire and transported large numbers of reinforcements into the city by sea. Nevertheless, Suchet's troops stormed into the defences and killed or captured almost all the defenders. It became a subprefecture centre in Bouches-de-l'Èbre department of French empire. In the second siege of Tarragona (3–11 June 1813), an overwhelming Anglo-Spanish force under the command of Lieutenant general John Murray, 8th Baronet failed to wrest Tarragona from

2448-742: The Jews." After the Christian reconquest, the Jews of Tarragona faced institutional persecution and anti-semitic restrictions until the community's destruction in 1492, during the expulsion of the Jews . During the Peninsular War , in the first siege of Tarragona from 5 May to 29 June 1811, Louis-Gabriel Suchet 's Army of Aragon of the First French Empire laid siege to a Spanish garrison led by Lieutenant General Juan de Contreras . A British naval squadron commanded by Admiral Edward Codrington harassed

2520-610: The Republic. He wrote a historical and autobiographical novel at this time, La barbarie organizada ( Organized Barbarism ), about the colonial war in Morocco. In April 1925 he was discharged and spent two months in Ceuta, then for a short period was in Madrid before being promoted to captain and assigned to the Luchana nº28 Infantry Regiment in Tarragona , which he joined on 13 August 1925, aged 25. As

2592-610: The Scipios"; but there is no authority for assuming that they were buried here. Other Roman buildings include: The city is also home to the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona . The seminary of Sant Pau and Santa Tecla was founded in 1570 by the cardinal archbishop, Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta , and was the first to comply with the decrees of the Council of Trent . In 1858 Archbishop José Domingo Costa y Borrás built

2664-648: The Tarragona area (101,767 inhabitants in 2006), known by its commercial activity and for being the place where the architect Antoni Gaudí was born. The city hosted the 2018 Mediterranean Games , one year later than planned, because of political and economical instability. Tarragona is one of the World Heritage Journeys in the European Union. Tourism is focused on the main sites of Mercat Central de Tarragona (Central Market of Tarragona), La Rambla Nova (the main shopping street), El Serrallo fishing village,

2736-473: The building of human towers called castells . These cultural traditional are especially visible during the Santa Tecla Festival , and are so popular in Tarragona that they have their own home called the "Casa de la Festa", Festivities House, which can be visited all year. A number of beaches, some awarded a Blue Flag designation, line the Mediterranean coast near the city. Tarragona is located near

2808-569: The capital ( conventus iuridicus ) of the province named after it, Hispania Tarraconensis . Augustus wintered at Tarraco after his Cantabrian campaign, and bestowed many marks of honour on the city, among which were its honorary titles of Colonia Victrix Togata and Colonia Julia Victrix Tarraconensis . According to Mela, it was the richest town on the coast, and Strabo represents its population as equal to that of Carthago Nova (now Cartagena ). Its fertile plain and sunny shores are celebrated by Martial and other poets; and its neighbourhood

2880-731: The capital and largest town of Tarragonès county, the Camp de Tarragona region and the province of Tarragona . Geographically, it is located on the Costa Daurada area on the Mediterranean shore. During the period of the Roman Empire , it was one of the most prominent cities of the Iberian Peninsula , as the capital, successively, of the Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Tarraconensis . The Archaeological Complex of Tàrraco

2952-410: The construction of several fortresses throughout the Pyrenees, including in 1592 the pentagonal Jaca citadel, designed by the Italian engineer Tibúrcio Spannocchi in the fields that had formed the Burgo Nuevo, the neighborhood built outside the city walls. During the Middle Ages, Jaca was home to Aragon's oldest Jewish community until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews . On December 12–13 1930

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3024-420: The control of the Almoravid dynasty between 1110 and 1117. It was taken by the County of Barcelona in 1117. From 1129 to 1173 Tarragona was the capital of the short lived Principality of Tarragona , under the Norman -influence. After the dynastic union of Aragon and Barcelona , it was part of the Principality of Catalonia within the Crown of Aragon from 1164 to 1714. After dynastic union of Aragon and

3096-406: The day the new municipal corporation is formed after the local election. The officeholder has a mandate for the 4-year duration of the elected body. If the mayor leaves office ahead of time a new voting may take place among the plenary members in order to invest a new mayor (meanwhile, another local councillor, conventionally the first deputy mayor may act as acting mayor). Since 15 June 2019 the mayor

3168-445: The early 1970s, the city was transformed from being a small provincial and garrison town to become the gateway to a mid-tier mountain sports area with two major winter resorts (Valle de Astun and Candanchu) within a 30 km (19 mi) drive of the city. The accompanying urban and infrastructure development in the 1970s and 1980s was controversial, with many claiming that the town lost a lot of its original charm and authenticity to

3240-529: The epithet arce potens Tarraco . It was seated on the river Sulcis or Tulcis (modern Francolí ), on a bay of the Mare Internum (Mediterranean), between the Pyrenees and the River Iberus (modern Ebro ). Livy mentions a portus Tarraconis ; and according to Eratosthenes it had a naval station or roads ( Ναύσταθμον ); but Artemidorus Ephesius says with more probability that it had none, and scarcely even an anchoring place; and Strabo himself refers to it as "harbourless" ( ἀλίμενος ). Tarraco lies on

3312-415: The first months of the year 1931, the echoes of the executioners' bullets that had cut down Captain Galán and Captain García Hernández were still heard throughout Spain, and such terrorism momentarily obscured the path along which people had begun to move. With almost the entire future government of the Republic in the Model Prison, no one could imagine that a tidal wave was forming beneath the surface and that

3384-414: The harbour, specialises in seafood cuisine. Chartreuse liqueur is a famous local drink of Tarragona. Originally created in 1605, it was considered by monks to be an “elixir for long life”. It is produced in yellow, with an alcohol content of 40º, as well as green, with a content of 55º. Between 1903 and 1989, the Chartreuse liqueur made by the French Carthusian Monks was distilled in Tarragona, following

3456-458: The height of Anzánigo. He tried to turn back the column of 500 men by force, and some shots were fired before the column resumed its slow advance. When they reached Ayerbe the insurgents took control of the telephone and telegraph stations, neutralized the civil guard and proclaimed the Republic. The column of 300 soldiers led by Sediles joined Galán's column at Ayerbe, and the combined force then moved towards Huesca. At dawn on 13 December 1930 at

3528-455: The heights of Cillas, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Huesca, the rebels found themselves confronted by the government force. Galán had a choice of fighting or negotiating. Since he thought many of the opposing troops were under officers committed to the uprising, he chose the latter. Captain Ángel García Hernández and Captain Salinas were driven across the line in a car with a white flag. When they arrived and said they wanted to parley with

3600-405: The interests of developers. The development experienced by the city, with the construction of a nationally known ice-skating rink (the Pista de Hielo del Pirineo), a small convention centre (the Palacio de Congresos) and countless second homes, had a profound impact on the economy of the Valley (Valle del Aragon), where many of its inhabitants evolved from small-scale subsistence farmera in Jaca and

3672-438: The local Iberian tribe, the Cossetans. However, the exact connection of Tarragona to Kesse remains uncertain. Scholars such as William Smith suggest that the city may have been established by the Phoenicians , who referred to it as Tarchon . According to Samuel Bochart , signifies a citadel. The moniker likely stemmed from its location atop a high rock, approximately 75–90 m (250–300 ft) above sea level; earning it

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3744-458: The main road along the northeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. During the Roman Republic , the city was fortified and much enlarged as a Roman colony by the brothers Publius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus , who converted it into a fortress and arsenal against the Carthaginians . The city was first named Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco and was capital of the province of Hispania Citerior . Subsequently, it became

3816-438: The monks' expulsion from France. Chartreuse is now a key part of the Feast of Santa Tecla. This traditional festival of national interest celebrates the patroness saint of the city. The climate of Tarragona can be described as a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Despite its location in the Mediterranean region, August tends to have more precipitation than February, which

3888-439: The night of 11–12 December but did not notify Galán. Casares thought Galán already knew of the delay, and that they could discuss the new plans any time the next day. Quiroga, who was accompanied by Graco Marsá, took a room at the La Palma hotel instead of the Mur hotel where Galan was staying. Marsá thought they should contact Galán, but Quiroga said he was tired out from the long journey and they should sleep first. Galán launched

3960-546: The officers they were immediately arrested. The government troops then began to fire on the insurgents. Galán refused to order a counterattack because "brothers cannot fight each other", and ordered withdrawal. The rebel force disintegrated. Galán voluntarily surrendered in Biscarrués with other rebels and arrived in Ayerbe about 10:00 p.m. on 13 December. On 14 December in a short court martial captains Galán and García Hernández were condemned to death, while other officers were sentenced to life imprisonment. At his trial Galán

4032-404: The rainiest seasons are autumn and spring. The average precipitation is 768 millimetres (30.2 in) per year. Frost is common and so is snowfall , snow being common from late November to early March. Heavy snowfalls are sporadic and usually occur during cold spells. Jaca's average annual temperature is 12.2 °C (54.0 °F). Jaca boasts several medieval walls and towers surrounding

4104-411: The regiment and its use in repressing workers' movements and demonstrations. He obtained a transfer to the Barbastro No 4. Cazadores Regiment in the Tétouan garrison of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , where Spain had been fighting the Riffians since 1912. During the year and a half spent on defensive duties Galán devoured books on sociology and learned how the Russian Revolution had emancipated

4176-402: The site of the wars in the 1st century BC between Sertorius and Pompey . According to the atlas of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, Jaca was a town where minted coins were made from the second half of the 2nd century BC, a small number of which are now in the British Museum . The coins show an unidentified bearded head to the right with an inscription to the left and also have an image of

4248-415: The surrounding beaches of the golden coast, the key plazas (Plaça de la Font, Plaça del Fòrum, Plaça del Rei), Balcó del Mediterrani, Praetorium and Roman Circus, Roman Amphitheatre, Model of Roman Tarraco, and the cathedral. The GR 92 long-distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, has a staging point at Tarragona. Stage 25 links northwards to Torredembarra ,

4320-438: The surrounding villages to become part of a tertiary economy. Jaca was the host city of the 1981 and 1995 Winter Universiades . The city also hosted the 2007 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival . Its popularity for winter sports was a motivating factor in the city's failed bids for the 1998 Winter Olympics , 2002 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics , which were awarded to Nagano , Salt Lake City and Vancouver . It

4392-407: The town, have, however, fared rather better. The first of these is Les Ferreres Aqueduct , which spans a valley about 4 km (2 mi) north of the city. It is 217 m (712 ft) in length, and the loftiest arches, of which there are two tiers, are 26 m (85 ft) high. There is a monument about 6 km (4 mi) along the coast road east of the city, commonly called the "Tower of

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4464-444: The uprising in Jaca in the early hours of 12 December. He was accepted as leader without reservation by most of the soldiers in Jaca, who would follow him anywhere. At least sixty officers and NCOs in Jaca supported him. That night several officers met in Galan's room in the Mur hotel and worked out the last details of the plan. The officers called out the troops at 5:00 a.m., arrested the military governor, killed two carabineros and

4536-400: The water would burst forth, like a fountain and fireworks display,on that fateful April 4th. Galán and García Hernández became heroes of the Second Republic, founded on 14 April 1931, with their portraits displayed in council chambers and the homes of workers throughout Spain. Rafael Alberti composed a romancero commemorating the two heroes in 1931, and soon after converted the ballads into

4608-490: The workers and peasants. In 1921 he joined the troops of the Ceuta Indigenous Police, where he remained for two years. He was promoted to lieutenant and learned Arabic. Galán wrote a proposal for a political-military plan to end the war in Morocco. This was rejected by the higher command, but they recognised his ability, in October 1922 gave him first class cross of military merit with a red badge, and would send to ask for his opinions on various subjects. In April–August 1923 he

4680-401: Was again the applicant city of Spain for the 2014 Winter Olympics , but the bid failed again when it was not selected as a candidate city and the games were ultimately awarded to Sochi . Tarragona Tarragona ( Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə] , Spanish: [taraˈɣona] ; Latin : Tarraco ) is a coastal city and municipality in Catalonia ( Spain ). It is

4752-451: Was asked if he had accomplices. He replied that he did, and they were the cowards who were trying him. Galán and García Hernández were shot in a courtyard in Huesca at 3:00 p.m. on 14 December 1930. They chose to die while facing the firing squad without blindfolds. Galan waved to the executioners and said "Until Never!" just before they fired. The execution provoked outrage against the regime. The poet Rafael Alberti wrote later, During

4824-448: Was established during the Roman era, making it one of the most ancient Jewish communities in Spain. A laver , possibly used by the Jews for ritual purification found in Tarragona bears the inscription "peace over Israel, over ourselves, and our children." Coins with Hebrew inscriptions have also been found, dating to the Visigoth period. During Muslim rule, Jews in Tarragona prospered; Muhammad al-Idrisi nicknamed Tarragona "the city of

4896-408: Was frustrated by constant postponements of the date. Galán called the Executive Revolutionary Committee politicians the "telephoners", and did not want to rely on them to take action. The date of 12 December 1930 was finally agreed, and then was postponed by the CRN to 15 December 1930. The CRN representative Santiago Casares Quiroga knew of the decision to delay the uprising and came to Jaca late of

4968-411: Was in Madrid while waiting to take a post with the Wad-Ras nº50 Regiment, and presented his project to the Africanist League. The king listened to his views, then sent him to the Minister of War. At this point the military uprising of General Miguel Primo de Rivera put an end to the project. Galán was posted to Gomara in the Jalifianos Service. He had a reputation as an African expert, wrote articles in

5040-490: Was launched prematurely on 12 December 1930, was poorly organized and was quickly suppressed. Galán was executed after a hasty court martial on 14 December 1930. However, the revolt sparked upheavals that led to declaration of the Second Spanish Republic a few months later. Fermín Galán Rodríguez was born in San Fernando, Cádiz , on 4 October 1899. He was the third of five children: Francisca, Juan Ramón (died young), Fermín, Francisco and José María. His father, Juan Galán Mateo,

5112-448: Was purchased by the British Museum in 1994. After the demise of the Western Roman Empire , the city was captured by the Vandals and the Visigoths . The Visigothic Kingdom 's rule of Tarracona was ended by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 714. It was an important border city of the Caliphate of Córdoba between 750 and 1013. After the demise of the Caliphate, it was part of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1013 and 1110 and under

5184-454: Was the son of poor peasants from a small village near San Fernando. He had become a Constable of the Navy. His mother was the oldest of three daughters of a San Fernando baker. Fermín Galán grew up among liberals who believed in republicanism and had lukewarm Catholicism. His father, who was often absent on long sea voyages, died in the spring of 1909. His mother moved to Madrid where she supplemented

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