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80-530: The southern suburb of Pest was named after King Francis I on 4 December 1792 when he was crowned king of Hungary. The development of Ferencváros began in the late 18th century. In both 1799 and 1838, many buildings in Ferencváros were destroyed by flooding of the River Danube . Subsequent construction utilized brick and stone instead of mud bricks , thus preventing serious flood damage. Industrialisation of

160-458: A BMW M67 3.9-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine. They are used on a tram-train service along part of the unelectrified Harzquerbahn . On March 12, 2004, Siemens admitted to problems concerning the stability of the car bodies and, as a precautionary measure, instructed all public transportation services to take all Combinos with a service distance of more than 120,000 kilometres (74,565 mi) out of service. The torsion forces produced when

240-629: A European power. In 1806, after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine , Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, which in effect marked the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Following the defeat of the Fifth Coalition , Francis ceded more territory to France and was forced to wed his daughter Marie Louise to Napoleon. In 1813, Francis turned against Napoleon and finally defeated him in

320-513: A chocolate factory, several housing estates and the district's fire brigade. The Bulgarians have their own church, cultural institute and a hotel here. A new huge building project is in the pipeline for the western part of the street, by Soroksári út . This latter road is the major thoroughfare on the riverside; it is heavily congested despite being served well by public transport (trams 2 and 24; buses 23, 54 and 55; suburban train to Csepel). The road has seen various large-scale developments since 2000:

400-440: A few late 19th-century single-storey houses with a large gate and a spacious yard between the two sidewings. In this neighbourhood, besides the obligatory redecoration and the badly needed sanitary conversions, the award-winning redevelopment projects eliminated the backyard system typical of central Pest. The backhouses and smaller annexes were demolished to make space for open communal gardens with various facilities to which now all

480-457: A further development was sold to two others. In 2007, a new generation of Combinos was sold to Bern , known as the Combino Classic. This was an updated version of the original design intended to correct defects in the joints between modules. Fourteen of these were produced in 2011 with 12 going to Erfurt and two to Nordhausen . Subsequently, the model was again renamed and is now known as

560-511: A happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in Vienna to educate and prepare him for his future role. Emperor Joseph II himself took charge of Francis' development. His disciplinarian regime

640-499: A landmark at this point. In contrast, its midsection, from Haller utca to Könyves Kálmán körút , is quieter and even greener past Haller park. Finally, its outermost stretch goes well into brownfield in Outer Ferencváros. Architecturewise, the street is interspersed with red/klinker brick buildings both of early 20th century Danish and of the late functionalist type. New residential buildings and two office blocks have sprung up in

720-623: A major panel housing complex, József Attila-lakótelep . To its south, Kiserdő ("Little Forest") park borders it to Wekerletelep in District XIX . Ferencváros is home to Hungary's most successful football club, Ferencvárosi Torna Club . The Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi was built by Miklós Ybl in French Roman style. It is decorated with wall-paintings by famous artists, such as Mór Than and Károly Lotz , and statues by Alajos Stróbl . The current mayor of IX. District of Budapest

800-525: A mill, and others.) and some typical building projects for the workers (the Danube end of Haller utca , Gát utca ) are still present in the area. The rehabilitation projects left most of the residential blocks intact as new houses were built only on empty plots or as annexes. At the same time, the typical backyards system was eliminated, as into the spaces cleared from backhouses there came lavish greenery and secluded recreational facilities. Just like Ráday utca ,

880-409: A playground but just a few young trees. Changes to the immediate vicinity have been dramatic after its completion: new office buildings, fashionable eateries and student halls have sprung up around within a few years. The new campus extension to Semmelweis University of Medicine also helps upgrade the area. The next projects in line affect the areas southwest to the park, which have the densest housing in

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960-511: A secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII . The violent events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of Francis (as well as all other European monarchs), and he came to distrust radicalism in any form. In 1794, a " Jacobin " conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies. The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted

1040-670: A summer opera festival in June. On the Danube riverside, one can find a mixed picture. Together with its fin-de-siecle main campus building still dominating the area south of the bridgehead of Szabadság híd (former Ferencz József híd), the new high-tech wing of the Corvinus University is also a major architectural landmark of the area. Behind is Vásárcsarnok , the Central Market Hall , whose upper souvenir floor can get overfull of tourists in peak season. However, by its side, Leaving

1120-493: A tender for low-floor trams. Siemens won the contract with Combino. Poznań ordered 14 trams, each consisting of five modules, three double doors and three bogies , identical to the Amsterdam version. The first Combino entered service at the end of 2003. Due to flaws in construction, not all trams were in active service. An agreement between Poznań and Siemens provided that the city would pay the fraction (31%) of trams' cost only after

1200-594: A three-stage process of rebuilding the 454 vehicles affected. Under this process the Combino modules were reinforced to give an expected 30-year life. Around 500 trams went into service in the following cities: Twenty-two trams were ordered for a planned tram network in Verona and ten for the Alicante tram network , but the contracts were cancelled because of the technical problems noted in this article. The prototype Combino tram

1280-467: A toll on Leopold and by the winter of 1791, he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792; on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. Francis, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor, much sooner than he had expected. As the head of the Holy Roman Empire and the ruler of the vast multi-ethnic Habsburg hereditary lands , Francis felt threatened by

1360-421: Is Krisztina Baranyi ( Independent ). The District Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: Ferencváros is twinned with: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and I ( German : Franz II. ; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835)

1440-551: Is a low-floor tram produced by Siemens Mobility (formerly Duewag ). The first prototype was produced in 1996 at the Duewag works in Düsseldorf ; the trams were later built in Krefeld - Uerdingen . Due to its modular design using standardised components, and the resulting reduced costs, the Combino was for a time one of the most successful tram types. They were sold in six countries and

1520-480: Is also famous for its planes and green hedges along the pavements. The street used to be a dam to keep off floods, which is still evident in the fact that it actually descends from Nagyvárad tér and in that many side streets are lower. One of its side streets, Gát utca , indeed translates as "Dam Street". The southern side of Haller utca is occupied by municipal and office buildings including István kórház (a hospital), Ferencvárosi Művelődési Központ (a culture centre)

1600-526: The Avenio . The tram is largely made out of aluminium , with a welded underframe to which the body framework is bolted in sections, which means that the Combino can easily be adapted to different lengths, widths and gauges . The length of the trams varies from 20 metres (65 ft 7 in) for the three-section version used in Erfurt, Nordhausen and Melbourne, to a world record 54 metres (177 ft 2 in) for

1680-782: The French Revolutionary Wars , the first of which ended in Austrian defeat and the loss of the left bank of the Rhine to France. After another French victory in the War of the Second Coalition , Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French . In response, Francis assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. He continued his leading role as Napoleon's adversary in the Napoleonic Wars , and suffered successive defeats that greatly weakened Austria as

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1760-469: The French revolutionaries and later Napoleon's expansionism as well as their social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe in the wake of the conquering French armies. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette , the wife of Louis XVI and Queen consort of France, was guillotined by the revolutionaries in 1793, at the beginning of his reign, although, on

1840-607: The Holy Alliance , ushering in an era of conservatism in Europe. The German Confederation , a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, who hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating

1920-643: The Imperial Diet their intention to leave the Empire with immediate effect. Then, on 22 July, Napoleon issued an ultimatum to Francis demanding that he abdicate as Holy Roman Emperor by 10 August. Five days later, Francis bowed to the inevitable and, without mentioning the ultimatum, affirmed that since the Peace of Pressburg he had tried his best to fulfil his duties as emperor but that circumstances had convinced him that he could no longer rule according to his oath of office,

2000-550: The Kingdom of Prussia . In 1813, for the fifth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain , Russia , Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon . Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich , presided over the Congress of Vienna , helping to form the Concert of Europe and

2080-648: The Peninsular War embroiling Napoleon in Spain . He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System , and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. The Napoleonic Wars drastically weakened Austria, making it entirely landlocked and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to

2160-469: The War of the Second Coalition . On 11 August 1804, in response to Napoleon crowning himself as emperor of the French earlier that year, he announced that he would henceforth assume the title of hereditary emperor of Austria as Francis I, a move that technically was illegal in terms of imperial law. Yet Napoleon had agreed beforehand and therefore it happened. During the War of the Third Coalition ,

2240-513: The War of the Sixth Coalition , forcing the French emperor to abdicate. Austria took part as a leading member of the Holy Alliance at the Congress of Vienna , which was largely dominated by Francis' chancellor Klemens von Metternich , culminating in a new European order and the restoration of most of Francis' ancient dominions. Due to the establishment of the Concert of Europe , which resisted popular nationalist and liberal tendencies, Francis

2320-778: The Windic March ; Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia etc., etc. From 1804 with the proclamation of the Empire of Austria until his abdication as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 his grand title started "By the Grace of God anointed Roman Emperor , ever Increaser of the Realm and King in Germania (" von Gottes Gnaden erwählter Römischer Kaiser, zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs sowie König in Germanien ). Combino The Siemens Combino

2400-470: The Austrian forces met a crushing defeat at Austerlitz , and Francis had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg , which greatly weakened Austria and brought about the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire . In July 1806, under massive pressure from France, Bavaria and fifteen other German states ratified the statutes founding the Confederation of the Rhine , with Napoleon designated Protector, and they announced to

2480-598: The Avenio M. The original Combino trams were a multi-articulated design with alternating wheeled and suspended sections. For Metro Transportes Sul de Tejo and in Budapest , Siemens developed a new version called the Combino Plus or Combino Supra . Unlike the Combino, it does not have suspended sections but rather two axles under each body section. In essence, it is like a train of two axle cars. This design has been developed into

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2560-945: The First By the Grace of God Emperor of Austria , King of Hungary , Bohemia , Lombardy–Venetia , Dalmatia , Croatia , Slavonia , Galicia , Lodomeria and Illyria ; King of Jerusalem , etc.; Archduke of Austria ; Grand Duke of Tuscany ; Duke of Lorraine , Salzburg , Styria , Carinthia , Carniola and Bukovina ; Grand Prince of Transylvania , Margrave of Moravia ; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia , of Modena , Parma , Piacenza and Guastalla , of Auschwitz and Zator , of Teschen , Friaul , Ragusa and Zara ; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol , of Kyburg , Gorizia and Gradisca ; Prince of Trento and Brixen ; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria ; Count of Hohenems , Feldkirch , Bregenz , Sonnenberg etc.; Lord of Trieste , of Cattaro and on

2640-582: The National Theatre, the Palace of Arts (MÜPA) stand side by side next to office blocks all along the embankment. The Central European University is to relocate here in the near future. The view over the Danube with the Buda hills beyond is worth this short walk. South of the green belt of the district lies brownfield Ferencváros. Könyves Kálmán körút , a ring road, has seen a surge in office blocks building. Besides

2720-496: The Soroksári út Marshalling Yard on Rail line 150. Three radial roads pass across Outer Ferencváros: Soroksári út (inner section of Road 5 ), Gyáli út (entrance to M5 motorway ), and Üllői út (inner section of Road 4 ) forming its eastern border. Partially abandoned industrial areas lie between Soroksári and Gyáli út, with the large Ferencváros Marshalling Yard, and some low density housing estates. Between Gyáli and Üllői út lies

2800-521: The army during the Napoleonic wars. Yet, distrustful of allowing any individual too much power, he otherwise maintained the separation of command functions between the Hofkriegsrat and his field commanders. In the later years of his reign he limited military spending, requiring it not exceed forty million florins per year; because of inflation this resulted in inadequate funding, with the army's share of

2880-488: The boundary between Ferencváros and District VIII, called Józsefváros . Although this stretch has houses with equal grandeur to those on more northern Teréz Körút and Szent István körút , the vast majority have less friezework and fewer storeys. This boulevard, a major thoroughfare with tramlines (trams 4 and 6, now served by Combino trams) in the middle, is also fast becoming dominated by eateries, partly due to its proximity to Ráday utca and to some open-air music venues on

2960-465: The budget shrinking from half in 1817 to only twenty-three percent in 1830. Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet with his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language), but his will was sovereign. In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he

3040-581: The conditions) Francis was from his experiences suspicious and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent (in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe). Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon. Censorship

3120-458: The connections between the sidewalls and the roof girders such that the safety of passengers in the wheel-less modules could not be assured in the event of a severe collision. These flaws were reported in many cities that had adopted the Combinos, such as Düsseldorf , Freiburg , Augsburg , Erfurt , Hiroshima , Nordhausen , Basel , Potsdam , Bern , Amsterdam and Melbourne . Siemens launched

3200-456: The countryside. Small Chinese and Vietnamese enterprises have also cropped up: these are mostly fast food bars and second-hand clothes shops. The Turks are also represented through their kebab houses. Traditionally, Belső (=Inner) Ferencváros has always been the wealthiest part of the district, with well-preserved apartment blocks dating back to the late 19th century and even earlier. In stark contrast to its bourgeois past, these days Ráday utca ,

3280-493: The cultural centre next to the popular camp site to clear space for a new housing development. The market is earmarked to be terminated altogether. The park has a rich flora and fauna: birds include: blue tits , blackbirds , swallows , robins , magpies and the omnipresent sparrows and pigeons on the north and northwestern edge of the park. Hedgehogs and squirrels are less visible dwellers. Trees include plane , linden , birch , willow , poplar , and yew . Further to

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3360-486: The district occurred during the second half of the 19th century. During this period, Ferencváros' five mills, slaughterhouse (the largest in Hungary) and Central Market Hall were constructed. Mixed district: has areas along the Danube (the National Theatre, Müpa , the Palace of Arts are located here, more universities in or close to the area); has a semi-pedestrian street, Ráday utca , with plenty of restaurants, cafes; and

3440-448: The district's police station, the regional headquarters of the tax authority and the brand new Haller Gardens office block. Its northern side, by contrast, is dotted with apartment blocks of all kinds. Whereas the northern tip at Nagyvárad tér includes a housing estate from the 1980s, its western end at the Danube still sports some original purpose-built housing as workers' colonies from the early 20th century. The tramtracks can be found in

3520-412: The first Amsterdam Combinos passed the mileage threshold of 120,000 km (74,565 mi) and were taken out of service. Earlier, Siemens technicians had identified stress fractures in the door segments of two of Amsterdam's oldest cars. But, according to Siemens, those turned out not to be dangerous, which is why the cars continued to be used. At the end of April 2004, it was decided not to call upon

3600-665: The formation of the Confederation of the Rhine making that impossible. He added that "we hereby decree that we regard the bond which until now tied us to the states of the Empire as dissolved" in effect dissolving the empire. At the same time he declared the complete and formal withdrawal of his hereditary lands from imperial jurisdiction. After that date, he reigned as Francis I, Emperor of Austria. In 1809, Francis, deeming another war with France as inevitable and influenced by hawks in Vienna, attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of

3680-561: The hip and trendy set both for its vibrant urban scene and as a quality place to live. Thanks to the large amount of greenery, especially around the midsection called Central Ferencváros and further to the south, especially in the low-rise Attila József housing estate, the area has healthy outdoor spaces unequalled in central Pest. The current population is 60,323 (2003 census). Ferencváros has various traditional ethnic minorities represented: most importantly Bulgarians, Germans, Croats, Serbs and Slovaks. The Roma population has been decreasing in

3760-415: The inner areas with many new buildings (see below). Mainly due to recent large-scale housing redevelopment and ensuing gentrification , in the past 15 years former working-class Ferencváros has become one of the most attractive districts of Budapest. It is massively popular with lower-middle to middle class twenty- and thirtysomethings, with property prices to match the hype. As a real two-in-one, it suits

3840-536: The main artery of "publand" Ferencváros, has a bohemian, youthful atmosphere. The concentration of well over 50 entertainment establishments (pubs, bars, clubs, restaurants, art galleries, culture institutes, open-air concert venue) along a stretch of barely more than 1.3 kilometres is one of the densest in Budapest, the environs of Liszt Ferenc tér being a major competitor. Ráday utca is also known as "Kultutca", with book shows and arts festivals every spring and autumn and

3920-416: The main street of Central Ferencváros, plane -lined Mester utca , roughly follows the bend of the Danube. It is often called a "village" in itself by the residents. In fact, Mester utca has the best prospects to become the southern extension of Ráday utca . Mester utca has various guises along its way, too. Its inner, busiest stretch is from Ferenc körút to Haller utca , with Szent Vince templom as

4000-416: The middle of the road; however, just a decade earlier, they used to be situated near the two pavements along a 1 kilometre stretch, a remainder of Pest's old time tram system. In the early 20th century the district's largest green park, Haller park, used to be partly a ground for weekly fairs and markets, partly a cemetery around Szent Vince templom . The daily market called Haller piac had to be moved behind

4080-520: The music lives on as the German national anthem " Deutschlandlied ". On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father's death, Francis died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts. His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in the court chapel of the Hofburg palace for three days. Francis

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4160-476: The name Combino Supra. These Combinos have thin stainless steel rather than aluminium carbodies. Siemens also expressed a desire to sell the Viennese Ultra Low Floor (ULF), another 100%-low-floor model, to other cities. The first two Combino Supras were delivered on 14 March 2006 to Budapest . After serious initial teething problems in Budapest, which involved problems with the door mechanism and led

4240-533: The nearby Buda bridgehead of Petőfi híd . This traditionally working-class dominated part of the district is most famous for its still ongoing successful redevelopment projects. Until the Industrial Revolution , the place had been dominated by small farms and gardens, which is also reflected in some of the street names ( Bokréta utca , Viola utca ). Living in one-storey houses along streets leading in between plots of gardens, at that time artisans dominated

4320-588: The past 10 years as many of them gravitate to neighbouring districts with cheaper accommodation. Due to the large universities located in the district (Corvinus, Semmelweis) and some more in the vicinity (Budapest University of Technology and Economics), a recent trend is the influx of foreign students of German (Semmelweis University of Medicine), Arabic, Pakistani (working in IT), Indian (working in IT), Norwegian (Semmelweis University of Medicine) and African backgrounds who rent apartments alongside Hungarian students coming from

4400-487: The past 10 years while redecoration has also been a prominent feature. Rejuvenation in the rehabilitation area is most conspicuous along the axes of partially pedestrianised Tompa utca and Balázs Béla utca, both parallel to Mester utca. The two streets connect through Ferenc tér, the original centre of the neighbourhood. The area from Angyal utca to Ferenc tér is dotted with numerous new hotels popular with Scandinavian tourists. Balázs Béla utca and some streets off still have

4480-416: The perimeter of the conspiracy. Francis' brother Alexander Leopold (at that time Palatine of Hungary ) wrote to the Emperor admitting "Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet." Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were hanged and gibbeted , while numerous others were sentenced to imprisonment (many of whom died from

4560-579: The railway tracks of the huge freight railways station Ferencváros and on the bank of the Danube, leading also to nearby ship docks on Csepel island. For the workforce needed for such industries as rubber tyre and chemicals, a dense array of 2-4-storey apartment blocks were built north to the brown fields. The industrial heritage is still visible: numerous museums and public venues in converted industrial buildings ( Trafó , whose name derives from "transformer station", Közraktárak , meaning warehouses, Borjúvágóhíd , meaning "calf slaughterhouse", Gizella Malom ,

4640-602: The refit of all 14 Combinos. Combinos were usually used on the Poznański Szybki Tramwaj (Poznań Fast Tram) ( light rail ), that is on lines 14, 15 and 16 until they got replaced by Solaris Tramino trams. Starting from then Combinos are used on different lines to provide access to low-floor trams in other parts of Poznań. The original Combino model (Combino MkI) is produced on request but sold as Avenio M . To Budapest ( Hungary ) and Almada ( Portugal ), Siemens provided trams based on an older ADtranz design, under

4720-414: The residents of the given block have easy access from inside. Led by the local council, the award-winning redevelopment combines municipal and private financing. The council's own projects attracted developers to build on empty plots already being surrounded by upgraded housing. Occupying an entire block cleared from slums, Lenhossék park is the latest recreational park in the area. It has sports grounds and

4800-600: The six-section Combino Plus in Budapest, accommodating between 100 and 250 passengers. All versions are designed to have a 300-millimetre (11.8 in) floor height and a 10- tonne (11- short-ton ) axle load and can be built as a one-way or a two-way vehicle. They usually take 600 V DC overhead power and convert this to 400 V 3-phase AC power for the regenerative low wear motors via 3 IGBT PWM inverters. On board controls, lighting and air conditioning run at 24 V DC. For Nordhausen, three Combino Duo trams were built with an additional diesel propulsion system, courtesy of

4880-498: The social landscape (whence the street name Mester utca ). In the second half of the 19th century, two important changes shaped the social set-up of the area. First, the traffic of ships with wheat and other grain cargo grew rapidly. These ships hailed to huge riverside mills. Besides, various slaughterhouses were established in the southern part of this area. On this account, Ferencváros was aptly called "the stomach of Budapest". Secondly, numerous factories were placed strategically along

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4960-407: The tram travelled through reverse curves were much higher than anticipated, leading to cracks around the articulations between modules. Subsequently, hairline cracks were found in the joints of the aluminium bodies, which could cause the roof to collapse in the case of an accident. The problem was acute in Combino cars that had run more than 150,000 km (93,206 mi). Cracks were reported on

5040-525: The twelve undelivered cars which were outstanding at that time. A D2-class Melbourne tram was borrowed by Siemens for a demonstrator in Kaohsiung for a three-month period in 2003–2004. The city did not follow through with purchasing the cars or building a line after the trial. In 2013 the city began construction of the Circular LRT line, which utilises CAF Urbos vehicles. Poznań announced in 2002

5120-458: The university campus behind, is the Közraktárak, "Public Warehouses", which are earmarked for redevelopment. To the south, Nehru Park provides green space for residents. The southernmost strip of Nagykörút , the "Grand Boulevard", is here called Ferenc körút . Starting off from Petőfi híd's bridgehead at Boráros tér, it descends towards Mester utca , and continues up to Üllői út , which forms

5200-609: The various office blocks and a shopping mall, one can find the Ferencváros TC football stadium , the brand new national bus terminal and the train stop Ferencváros on the western railways. On the Danube shore lies the National Athletics Centre . On the shore of the Ráckevei-Danube branch lies the abandoned food market called Nagyvásártelep . This is the area of a planned development of student housing. South of it lies

5280-453: The west, redevelopment reached the Vaskapu utca neighbourhood somewhat later. Here the number of available and suitable empty plots was limited. However, the plots are more spacious and, consequently, the projects vaster. Some of the cornmills have been converted into offices and some of them to loft-type apartments, with views over the river. At the end of Vaskapu utca , Vágóhíd utca is home to

5360-476: The whole district. This relatively poor area includes Gát utca , the street where one of the most outstanding Hungarian poets of the 20th century, Attila József , was born. The imminent reconstruction of Gát utca is going to be funded by the EU . The 1.5-kilometre long Haller utca runs from Nagyvárad tér to the Danube, being flanked by the vast green expanses of Haller park and crossing Mester utca on its way. It

5440-566: The whole, he was indifferent to her fate. Later, he led the Holy Roman Empire into the French Revolutionary Wars . He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles . He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio , he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia . He again fought against France during

5520-406: Was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that Francis was "stunted in growth", "backward in bodily dexterity and deportment", and "neither more nor less than a spoiled mother's child." Joseph concluded that "the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person

5600-520: Was aggravated by the fact that several old cars had been sold to Hungary just a month before. In June 2004, Potsdam and Siemens "amicably" declared that the at the time 32 outstanding cars were not going to be delivered. This decision is likely to have consequences for other cities. Between 2017 and 2019 eight of the Potsdam Combinos were extended with an extra two modules, increasing their length to 42 metres (137 ft 10 in). In June 2004,

5680-478: Was also demonstrated on tram networks in other cities, including Barcelona in 1997. In 1997 the public transportation authorities of the city of Potsdam were the first to purchase Combino cars when they ordered a total of 48 cars, each 30.5 metres (100 ft 1 in) long to be delivered from 1998 to 2009. The advantages of its low-floor technology were stressed during the introduction. A total of 48 cars were to be bought through 2009. The order from Potsdam

5760-480: Was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer , a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure. When Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied, "Oh, nothing at all. But I thought to myself, 'One can never tell'." In military affairs Francis had allowed his brother, the Archduke Charles , extensive control over

5840-491: Was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the Imperial Crypt in Vienna's Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by tombs of his four wives. Francis passed on a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand : to "preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods." In many portraits (particularly those painted by Peter Fendi ) he

5920-586: Was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, Francis personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality. To increase patriotic sentiment during the war with France, the anthem " Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser " was composed in 1797 to be sung as the Kaiserhymne to music by Joseph Haydn . The lyrics were adapted for later Emperors and

6000-467: Was of great importance for advertising the Combino in other cities. Cars from Potsdam were frequently used for demonstrations. After a short period of service, many inhabitants of Potsdam noticed noises during the operation of the cars louder than those of the previously used Tatra cars. In March 2004, the 16 Potsdam cars were taken out of service. As a replacement, several Tatra cars which had been given to museums were taken back into service. The shortage

6080-521: Was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Francis II married four times: From his first wife Elisabeth of Württemberg , one daughter, who died in infancy, and his second wife Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies , eight daughters and four sons, of whom five died in infancy or childhood: From 1806 he used the grand title of the emperor of Austria : His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, Francis

6160-581: Was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life. He was present at the siege of Belgrade which occurred during the Austro-Turkish War . After the death of Joseph II in 1790, Francis' father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold's deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother's policies. The strain took

6240-703: Was the last Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria as Francis I from 1804 to 1835. He was also King of Hungary , Croatia and Bohemia , and served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815. The eldest son of future Emperor Leopold II and Maria Luisa of Spain , Francis was born in Florence , where his father ruled as Grand Duke of Tuscany . Leopold became Holy Roman Emperor in 1790 but died two years later, and Francis succeeded him. His empire immediately became embroiled in

6320-422: Was the only thing of importance." Joseph's martinet method of improving the young Francis was "fear and unpleasantness." The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that Francis "failed to lead himself, to do his own thinking." Nonetheless, Francis greatly admired his uncle, if rather in fear of him. To complete his training, Francis

6400-405: Was viewed as a reactionary later in his reign. Francis died in 1835 at the age of 67 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand I . Francis was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain . Francis was born in Florence , the capital of Tuscany , where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765 to 1790. Though he had

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