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45-491: The company does not own any nuclear capacities; however, it is preparing to build the 1200 MW Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant at Pyhäjoki . Finnish industry, trade and the energy companies in need of their own electricity production started the company in 2007. Originally Fennovoima was created as a partnership between Voimaosakeyhtiö SF, a cooperative producing electricity for its owners' needs at production cost in proportion to their ownership share (Mankala), with 66% and

90-521: A core catcher to contain the molten reactor core in the event of a severe accident. The core catcher will be deployed in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant and El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant . The VVER-TOI is developed from the VVER-1200. It is aimed at development of typical optimized informative-advanced project of a new generation III+ Power Unit based on VVER technology, which meets

135-559: A thermal annealing technique for reactor pressure vessels which ameliorates radiation damage and extends service life by between 15 and 30 years. This had been demonstrated on unit 1 of the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant . The VVER-1200 (or NPP-2006 or AES-2006) is an evolution of the VVER-1000 being offered for domestic and export use. The reactor design has been refined to optimize fuel efficiency. Specifications include

180-506: A $ 1,200 per kW overnight construction cost , 54 month planned construction time, and requiring about 35% fewer operational personnel than the VVER-1000. The VVER-1200 has a gross and net thermal efficiency of 37.5% and 34.8%. The VVER 1200 will produce 1,198 MWe of power. VVER-1200 has a 60 years design lifetime with the possibility of extension by 20 years. The first two units have been built at Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant II and Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II . More reactors with

225-530: A $ 10 billion loan to cover the project costs. An AES-2006 is being bid for the Hanhikivi Nuclear Power Plant in Finland. The plant supply contract was signed in 2013, but terminated in 2022 mainly due to Russian invasion of Ukraine. From 2015 to 2017 Egypt and Russia came to an agreement for the construction of four VVER-1200 units at El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant . On 30 November 2017, concrete

270-745: A VVER-1200/491 like the Leningrad-II-design are planned ( Kaliningrad and Nizhny Novgorod NPP) and under construction. The type VVER-1200/392M as installed at the Novovoronezh NPP-II has also been selected for the Seversk, Zentral and South-Urals NPP. A standard version was developed as VVER-1200/513 and based on the VVER-TOI (VVER-1300/510) design. In July 2012 a contract was agreed to build two AES-2006 in Belarus at Ostrovets and for Russia to provide

315-413: A horizontal steam generator . A modified version of VVER-440, Model V213, was a product of the first nuclear safety standards adopted by Soviet designers. This model includes added emergency core cooling and auxiliary feedwater systems as well as upgraded accident localization systems. The larger VVER-1000 was developed after 1975 and is a four-loop system housed in a containment -type structure with

360-497: A major replacement programme at 35 years designers originally decided this needed to happen in the VVER type as well, although they are of more robust design than the RBMK type. Most of Russia's VVER plants are now reaching and passing the 35 year mark. More recent design studies have allowed for an extension of lifetime up to 50 years with replacement of equipment. New VVERs will be nameplated with

405-399: A new schedule to receive the construction license and start construction of the plant in 2021. The commercial operation should start in 2028. In April 2021, Fennovoima announced that bringing the design and licensing material to the level of Finnish requirements has taken longer than expected. The company estimated that it could obtain the construction license in 2022 and that construction of

450-583: A number of target-oriented parameters using modern information and management technologies. The main improvements from the VVER-1200 are: The construction of the first two VVER-TOI units was started in 2018 and 2019 at the Kursk II Nuclear Power Plant . In June 2019 the VVER-TOI was certified as compliant with European Utility Requirements (with certain reservations) for nuclear power plants. An upgraded version of AES-2006 with TOI standards,

495-580: A permit (decision-in-principle) to Fennovoima for construction of a nuclear reactor. The decision was approved by the Parliament on 1 July 2010. The chosen plant model was Rosatom 's pressurised water reactor AES-2006 which was the latest evolution of VVER plant designs at the time. The other bidders for the project were Areva and Toshiba . Fennovoima began direct negotiations with Rosatom in April 2013. On 21 December 2013, Fennovoima and Rosatom Overseas,

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540-475: A spray steam suppression system ( Emergency Core Cooling System ). VVER reactor designs have been elaborated to incorporate automatic control, passive safety and containment systems associated with Western generation III reactors . The VVER-1200 is the version currently offered for construction, being an evolution of the VVER-1000 with increased power output to about 1200 MWe (gross) and providing additional passive safety features. In 2012, Rosatom stated that in

585-505: A subsidiary of Rosatom, signed a plant supply contract. It was announced that the plant should be commissioned by 2024. On 28 July 2016, Rosatom signed a contract with Alstom Power Systems (part of General Electric ) for the design and supply of turbine generator equipment package ("conventional island") as well as advisory services for installation and commissioning works. The turbine generator equipment will be based on Alstom's Arabelle technology. On 8 June 2017, Fennovoima announced that

630-434: Is Rosatom 's pressurized water reactor AES-2006 which is the latest evolution of VVER plant designs. The other bidders for the project were Areva and Toshiba . Fennovoima began direct negotiations with Rosatom in April 2013. On 21 December 2013, Fennovoima and Rosatom Overseas, a subsidiary of Rosatom, signed a plant supply contract. The plant should be commissioned by 2024. On 28 February 2014 Voimaosakeyhtiö SF made

675-560: Is a series of pressurized water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union , and now Russia , by OKB Gidropress . The idea of such a reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute by Savely Moiseevich Feinberg . VVER were originally developed before the 1970s, and have been continually updated. They were one of the initial reactors developed by the USSR , the other being

720-445: Is controlled by control rods that can be inserted into the reactor from above. These rods are made from a neutron absorbing material and, depending on depth of insertion, hinder the chain reaction . If there is an emergency, a reactor shutdown can be performed by full insertion of the control rods into the core. As stated above, the water in the primary circuits is kept under a constant elevated pressure to avoid its boiling. Since

765-562: Is layered safety barriers preventing escape of radioactive material. VVER reactors have three layers: Compared to the RBMK reactors – the type involved in the Chernobyl disaster – the VVER uses an inherently safer design because the coolant is also the moderator, and by nature of its design has a negative void coefficient like all PWRs. It does not have the graphite-moderated RBMK's risk of increased reactivity and large power transients in

810-528: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Finnish Government has declared that a rapid independence from Russian energy production is desired, and that the construction of the plant should not continue. Mika Lintilä , Finland's Minister of Economic Affairs , declared that he will not issue a construction permit. In May 2022, Fennovoima terminated its contract with Rosatom to build the power plant, citing significant delays and Rosatom's "inability to deliver

855-633: The Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant and the Xudabao Nuclear Power Plant . Construction will start in May 2021 and commercial operation of all the units is expected between 2026 and 2028. From 2020 an 18-month refuelling cycle will be piloted, resulting in an improved capacity utilisation factor compared to the previous 12-month cycle. The VVER-1200 is designed to be capable of varying power between 100% and 40% for daily load following, which

900-741: The University of Helsinki . He argued that Russia could use the reactor to for instance manipulate Nordic power prices, or use it as leverage in political disputes as Russia already uses its gas supply in disputes with neighbouring countries such as Ukraine. According to researcher Martin Kragh  [ sv ] at Uppsala University in Sweden, Russia applied pressure to keep the project going by leveraging Fortum 's investments in Russia. In 2018, Fortum expanded its interests in Russia by acquiring Uniper . In light of

945-515: The Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, India, and Iran. Countries that are planning to introduce VVER reactors include Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey. Germany shut down its VVER reactors in 1989-90, and cancelled those under construction. The earliest VVERs were built before 1970. The VVER-440 Model V230 was the most common design, delivering 440 MW of electrical power. The V230 employs six primary coolant loops each with

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990-460: The German power company E.ON with 34%. After E.ON's withdrawal from Finland, Voimaosakeyhtiö SF briefly owned 100% of Fennovoima shares. According to the agreement with Russian Rosatom , RAOS Voima Oy, a Finnish subsidiary of Rosatom, acquired a 34% stake which previously belonged to E.ON. Although RAOS Voima was prepared to take 49% in the project, Voimaosakeyhtiö SF commits to own more than half of

1035-407: The VVER compared to other PWRs are: Reactor fuel rods are fully immersed in water kept at (12,5 / 15,7 / 16,2 ) MPa (1812/2277/2349 psi) pressure respectively so that it does not boil at the normal (220 to over 320 °C [428 to >608°F]) operating temperatures. Water in the reactor serves both as a coolant and a moderator which is an important safety feature. Should coolant circulation fail,

1080-547: The case of the Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant , the German regulatory body had already taken the same decision in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall . When first built the VVER design was intended to be operational for 35 years. A mid-life major overhaul including a complete replacement of critical parts such as fuel and control rod channels was thought necessary after that. Since RBMK reactors specified

1125-577: The event of a loss of coolant accident. The RBMK reactors were also constructed without containment structures on grounds of cost due to their size; the VVER core is considerably smaller. One of the earliest versions of the VVER-type, the VVER-440 manifested certain problems with its containment building design. As the V-230 and older models were from the outset not built to resist a design-critical large pipe break,

1170-636: The existing active systems in the AES-92 version of the VVER-1000 used for the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in India. This has been retained for the newer VVER-1200 and future designs. The system is based on a cooling system and water tanks built on top of the containment dome. The passive systems handle all safety functions for 24 hours, and core safety for 72 hours. Other new safety systems include aircraft crash protection, hydrogen recombiners , and

1215-408: The extended lifetime. In 2010 the oldest VVER-1000, at Novovoronezh , was shut down for modernization to extend its operating life for an additional 20 years; the first to undergo such an operating life extension. The work includes the modernization of management, protection and emergency systems, and improvement of security and radiation safety systems. In 2018 Rosatom announced it had developed

1260-544: The final decision to participate in Fennovoima's nuclear power plant construction. The final investment decision was to be made in 2014. Fennovoima submitted an application at the end of June 2015 including the stakeholder with a 35 percent share of the Russian firm Rosatom and a percent share of Croatian power company Migrit Energija . In August 2015 the public was informed that Migrit Solarna Energija would not be involved in

1305-524: The final decision to participate in Fennovoima's nuclear power plant construction. The final investment decision would be made in 2014. The ownership was assured in August 2015. The plant was estimated to cost "less than €50/MWh (5 cents/kWh), including all production costs, depreciation, finance costs and waste management". As of October 2017, some of the debt financing was still under negotiation. On 21 December 2018, Fennovoima announced that it had received

1350-516: The future it intended to certify the VVER with the British and U.S. regulatory authorities, though was unlikely to apply for a British licence before 2015. The construction of the first VVER-1300 (VVER-TOI) 1300 MWE unit was started in 2018. The Russian abbreviation VVER stands for 'water-water energy reactor' (i.e. water-cooled water-moderated energy reactor). The design is a type of pressurised water reactor (PWR). The main distinguishing features of

1395-520: The infamous RBMK . As a result, the name VVER is associated with a wide variety of reactor designs spanning from generation I reactors to modern generation III+ reactor designs. Power output ranges from 70 to 1300 MWe , with designs of up to 1700 MWe in development. The first prototype VVER-210 was built at the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant . VVER power stations have been installed in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, China,

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1440-618: The manufacturer added with the newer model V-213 a so called Bubble condenser tower , that – with its additional volume and a number of water layers – aims to suppress the forces of the rapidly escaping steam without the onset of a containment-leak. As a consequence, all member-countries with plants of design VVER-440 V-230 and older were forced by the politicians of the European Union to shut them down permanently. Because of this, Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant had to close two reactors and Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant had to close four. Whereas in

1485-491: The neutron moderation effect of the water diminishes due to increased heat which creates steam bubbles which do not moderate neutrons, thus reducing reaction intensity and compensating for loss of cooling , a condition known as negative void coefficient . Later versions of the reactors are encased in massive steel reactor pressure vessels. Fuel is low enriched (ca. 2.4–4.4% U) uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) or equivalent pressed into pellets and assembled into fuel rods. Reactivity

1530-512: The plant would begin in 2023 and commercial operation would start in 2029. In May 2022, in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Fennovoima terminated its contract with Rosatom to build the power plant. In June 2007, a consortium of 67 companies established a company named Fennovoima Oy to construct a new nuclear power plant. On 21 April 2010, the Finnish Government decided to grant

1575-525: The plant's main automation would be supplied by Rolls-Royce and Schneider Electric . Rolls-Royce is also the supplier of automation modernisation for the Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant . However, Rolls-Royce withdrew from the Hanhikivi project in the autumn of 2018. In October 2019, Framatome and Siemens were chosen as the automation suppliers. On 28 February 2014, Voimaosakeyhtiö SF made

1620-481: The power plant and aims to increase the share of Finnish companies up to 66%. As of 2014, Voimaosakeyhtiö SF has 44 shareholders. On 21 April 2010, the Government of Finland decided to grant a permit (Decision-in-Principle) to Fennovoima for construction of a nuclear reactor. The decision was approved by the Parliament on 1 July 2010. The estimated construction time is six years until 2024. The chosen plant model

1665-410: The power plant would begin in 2023. Commercial operation of the plant would begin in 2029. As the power plant would have generated 10% of Finland's electricity demand and Rosatom would have owned 34% of the plant, this would have meant that Rosatom would have supplied 3% of Finland's electricity production according to Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen  [ fi ] , professor of Russian energy politics at

1710-747: The project". The war in Ukraine had further exacerbated the risks of the project. In December 2022, the contract's Dispute Review Board, following International Chamber of Commerce rules, determined that Fennovoima's cancellation was unlawful, though this is subject to appeal (notices of dissatisfaction). Rosatom has a $ 3 billion claim against Fennovoima, and Fennovoima has a $ 2 billion claim against Rosatom, which will be determined by later proceedings. VVER#VVER-1200 The water-water energetic reactor ( WWER ), or VVER (from Russian : водо-водяной энергетический реактор ; transliterates as vodo-vodyanoi enyergeticheskiy reaktor ; water-water power reactor )

1755-575: The towns of Trnava (12 kilometres [7.5 mi] away), Leopoldov (9.5 kilometres [5.9 mi] away), and Hlohovec (13 kilometres [8.1 mi] away), and Temelín NPP ( Czech Republic ) supplying heat to Týn nad Vltavou 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away. Plans are made to supply heat from the Dukovany NPP to Brno (the second-largest city in the Czech Republic), covering two-thirds of its heat needs. A typical design feature of nuclear reactors

1800-589: The turbine is taken to reheat coolant in the secondary circuit before the deaerator and the steam generator. Water in this circuit is not supposed to be radioactive. The tertiary cooling circuit is an open circuit diverting water from an outside reservoir such as a lake or river. Evaporative cooling towers, cooling basins or ponds transfer the waste heat from the generation circuit into the environment. In most VVERs this heat can also be further used for residential and industrial heating. Operational examples of such systems are Bohunice NPP ( Slovakia ) supplying heat to

1845-724: The venture after it was reviewed to be owned by Sberbank Russia . In July 2015 less than a third of Finns supported a Fennovoima nuclear plant. The company's financial plans assume the plant will be able to sell electricity at no more than 50 €/MWh across its lifetime, while the International Energy Agency estimates LCOE of 150 $ /MWh for nuclear in the EU in 2020 (115 $ /MWh in 2050), twice as expensive as offshore wind (75 $ /MWh). Hanhikivi Nuclear Power Plant The Hanhikivi Nuclear Power Plant ( Finnish : Hanhikiven ydinvoimalaitos , Swedish : Hanhikivi kärnkraftverk )

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1890-399: The water transfers all the heat from the core and is irradiated, the integrity of this circuit is crucial. Four main components can be distinguished: To provide for the continued cooling of the reactor core in emergency situations the primary cooling is designed with redundancy . The secondary circuit also consists of different subsystems: To increase efficiency of the process, steam from

1935-462: Was a project to build a nuclear power plant on the Finnish Hanhikivi peninsula , in the municipality of Pyhäjoki . It was planned to house one Russian-designed VVER-1200 pressurised water reactor , with a capacity of 1200 MW. It was estimated that the reactor would supply 10% of Finland's energy demand by 2024. The power company Fennovoima announced in April 2021 that construction of

1980-549: Was poured for the nuclear island basemat for first of two VVER-1200/523 units at the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh . The power plant will be a 2.4 GWe nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. The two units generating 2.4 GWe are planned to be operational in 2023 and 2024. On 7 March 2019 China National Nuclear Corporation and Atomstroyexport signed the detailed contract for the construction of four VVER-1200s , two each at

2025-488: Was tested in 2024. The nuclear part of the plant is housed in a single building acting as containment and missile shield. Besides the reactor and steam generators this includes an improved refueling machine, and the computerized reactor control systems. Likewise protected in the same building are the emergency systems, including an emergency core cooling system, emergency backup diesel power supply, and backup feed water supply, A passive heat removal system had been added to

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