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120-488: The press publishes writing by people who share an activist spirit and a belief in choice and equality. Founded in 1970 to challenge sexual stereotypes in books, schools and libraries, the press began by rescuing “lost” works by writers such as Zora Neale Hurston , Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Rebecca Harding Davis , and established its publishing program with books by American writers of diverse racial and class backgrounds. Since then it has also been bringing works from around

240-566: A Baptist boarding school in Jacksonville, Florida , but she was dismissed after her parents stopped paying her tuition. In 1916, Hurston was employed as a maid by the lead singer of a touring Gilbert & Sullivan theatrical company. In 1917, she resumed her formal education by attending night school at Morgan Academy, now known as Morgan State University , a historically black college in Baltimore , Maryland . At this time, to qualify for

360-587: A Rollins College professor and long-time friend of Hurston. In 1979, Stetson Kennedy of Jacksonville, who knew Hurston through his work with the Federal Writers Project , added additional papers. (Zora Neale Hurston Papers, University of Florida Smathers Libraries, August 2008). When Hurston arrived in New York City in 1925, the Harlem Renaissance was at its zenith , and she soon became one of

480-543: A close relationship with Rockefeller University (also known as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) with many faculty holding overlapping positions between the institutions. The Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was a Rockefeller-funded campaign from 1909 to 1914 to study and treat hookworm disease in 11 Southern states. Hookworm was known as the "germ of laziness". In 1913,

600-523: A collection of several hundred folk tales from her field studies in the South. She wanted to have them be as close to the original as possible but struggled to balance the expectations of her academic adviser, Franz Boas, and her patron, Charlotte Osgood Mason. This manuscript was not published at the time. A copy was later found at the Smithsonian archives among the papers of anthropologist William Duncan Strong ,

720-480: A free high-school education, the 26-year-old Hurston began claiming 1901 as her year of birth. She graduated from the high school in 1918. In college, Hurston learned how to view life through an anthropological lens apart from Eatonville. One of her main goals was to show similarities between ethnicities. In 1918, Hurston began her studies at Howard University , a historically black college in Washington, DC. She

840-495: A freelance writer for magazines and newspapers. In the fall of 1952, she was contacted by Sam Nunn , editor of the Pittsburgh Courier , to go to Florida to cover the murder trial of Ruby McCollum . McCollum was charged with murdering the white Dr. C. Leroy Adams, who was also a state politician. McCollum said he had forced her to have sex and bear his child. Hurston recalled what she had seen of white male sexual dominance in

960-611: A friend of Boas. Hurston's Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States was published posthumously in 2001 as Every Tongue Got to Confess. Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue , New York City. The foundation was created by Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller ("Senior") and son " Junior ", and their primary business advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates , on May 14, 1913, when its charter

1080-535: A graduate student in anthropology, working with Boas at Columbia University. Living in Harlem in the 1920s, Hurston befriended writers including Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen . Her apartment, according to some accounts, was a popular spot for social gatherings. Around this time, Hurston had a few literary successes, placing in short-story and playwriting contests in Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life , published by

1200-563: A graduate student. She also worked with Ruth Benedict and fellow anthropology student Margaret Mead . Hurston received her B.A. in anthropology in 1928. Alain Locke recommended Hurston to Charlotte Osgood Mason , a philanthropist and literary patron who had supported Locke and other African-American authors, such as Langston Hughes ; however, she also tried to direct their work. Mason became interested in Hurston's work and supported her travel in

1320-610: A haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis. After World War II the foundation sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They focused on restoring democracy, especially regarding education and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western world. The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger , such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by

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1440-465: A large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. The first secretary of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene , the former secretary of Harvard University , who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies" for an early meeting of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work. It was initially located within the family office at Standard Oil 's headquarters at 26 Broadway , later (in 1933) shifting to

1560-578: A maid on Miami Beach's Rivo Alto Island . During a period of financial and medical difficulties, Hurston was forced to enter St. Lucie County Welfare Home, where she had a stroke . She died of hypertensive heart disease on January 28, 1960, and was buried at the Garden of Heavenly Rest in Fort Pierce, Florida. Her remains were in an unmarked grave until 1973. Novelist Alice Walker and fellow Hurston scholar Charlotte D. Hunt found an unmarked grave in 1997 in

1680-556: A new book, Moses, Man of the Mountain . She also separated from her second husband, Albert Price, at this time, although their divorce would not be finalized until 1943 (see Marriages section). During her time in the Durham area, Hurston primarily participated in a variety of thespian activities, marking her lasting interest in Black folkloric theater and drama. On October 7, 1939, Hurston addressed

1800-720: A new fieldwork project in South Carolina. It is likely that her departure was partially due to her poor relationship with NCCU's president, James E. Shepard , to which she briefly alluded in her 1942 autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road . To Shepard, Hurston's attire and lifestyle choices were inappropriate for an unmarried woman, leading to many disagreements; her severance was rumored to be "the only thing that [they] could apparently agree upon." In 2015, UNC students called for Saunders Hall (named after former Ku Klux Klan leader William L. Saunders ) to be renamed "Hurston Hall" in recognition of Hurston's contributions to academic life in

1920-687: A newsletter. The Clearinghouse on Women's Studies, established at the press, was the primary source of information until the National Women's Studies Association was founded in 1977. In the summer of 1985, the Feminist Press moved to the CUNY Graduate Center campus on East Ninety-Fourth Street in Manhattan, following an invitation from the school and was allowed to maintain an independent staff and board of directors. In 2001, Jean Casella became

2040-583: A novel by Virginie Despentes that was translated from the French by Emma Ramadan, was longlisted for the 2019 Best Translated Book Award . Trifonia Melibea Obono 's La Bastarda , translated by Lawrence Schimel and the first novel by a woman from Equatorial Guinea to be published in English, was shortlisted for the 2019 Lambda Literary Awards in the Lesbian Fiction category. The Feminist Press also established

2160-612: A photocopy of the 1861 pages of The Atlantic Monthly containing Rebecca Harding Davis 's anonymously published novella Life in the Iron Mills . In 1972, the press issued this work by Rebecca Harding Davis as the first of its series of rediscovered feminist literary classics. Olsen's second suggestion, Daughter of Earth by Agnes Smedley , and Elaine Hedges ’s suggestion, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman , were published in 1973. Both have become staples of American literature and women's studies curriculums since, with

2280-583: A podcast documenting Hurston's experiences in the Durham-Chapel Hill area (forthcoming). Hurston traveled extensively in the Caribbean and the American South and immersed herself in local cultural practices to conduct her anthropological research. Based on her work in the South, sponsored from 1928 to 1932 by Charlotte Osgood Mason , a wealthy philanthropist, Hurston wrote Mules and Men in 1935. She

2400-468: A short story, "John Redding Goes to Sea", that qualified her to become a member of Alain Locke 's literary club, The Stylus. Before leaving Howard in 1924, Hurston helped publish the inaugural issue of the school newspaper. She also joined the Howard literary club, where she published her first two short stories. Despite this success, Hurston paid for school by working as a manicurist in the evenings In 1925

2520-403: A yardman, who had been told to clean the house, was burning Hurston's papers and belongings. A law officer and friend, Patrick DuVal, passing by the house where she had lived, stopped and put out the fire, thus saving an invaluable collection of literary documents for posterity. For two years, he stored them on his covered porch until he and a group of Hurston's friends could find an archive to take

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2640-458: Is a biannual release simply called WSQ . Covering a wide array of thematic subjects within emerging women's studies, the journal has published issues such as "Technologies," "Citizenship," and "Motherhood." The subject of each issue is considered through various lenses, including psychoanalytic , legal , queer , and historical interpretations in addition to many others. The Feminist Press has launched multiple book series. Women Writing Africa

2760-572: Is a pilot grant program that is overseen by the Lincoln Center . The grants are to be used towards art and cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the South Bronx with three overarching goals. The Rockefeller Foundation supported the art scene in Haiti in 1948 and a literacy project with UNESCO . Rusk was involved with funding the humanities and the social sciences during

2880-556: Is sometimes referred to as the " Villa Serbelloni ", the property bequeathed to the foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S. President Kennedy 's secretary of state). The Bellagio Center operates both a conference center and a residency program . Numerous Nobel laureates , Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Prince Mahidol Award winners, and MacArthur fellows , as well as several acting and former heads of state and government, have been in residence at Bellagio. Agriculture

3000-605: The Central Intelligence Agency ) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence , both established by him while he was still a graduate student. In 2021, Rajiv J. Shah , president of the Rockefeller Foundation, released a statement condemning eugenics and supporting the anti-eugenics movement. He stated that "[...]we commend the Anti-Eugenics Project for their essential work to understand[...]

3120-632: The China Medical Board , which established the first public health university in China, the Peking Union Medical College , in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the same year it began a program of international fellowships to train scholars at many of the world's universities at the post-doctoral level . The Foundation also maintained

3240-730: The Cold War period, including study of the Soviet Union . In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $ 1m to the Wikimedia Foundation . The foundation also owns and operates the Bellagio Center in Bellagio, Italy . The center has several buildings, spread across a 50-acre (200,000 m ) property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy . The center

3360-513: The GE Building (then RCA ), along with the newly named family office, Room 5600 , at Rockefeller Center ; later it moved to the Time-Life Building in the center, before shifting to its current Fifth Avenue address. In 1914, the trustees set up a new Department of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie King to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through

3480-729: The Guggenheim Foundation . She drew from this research for Tell My Horse (1938), a genre-defying book that mixes anthropology, folklore, and personal narrative. In 1938 and 1939, Hurston worked for the Federal Writer's Project (FWP) , part of the Works Progress Administration . Hired for her experience as a writer and folklorist, she gathered information to add to Florida's historical and cultural collection. From May 1947 to February 1948, Hurston lived in Honduras , in

3600-839: The International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines . Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was later taken over by the Ford Foundation. The International Rice Research Institute and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR . Costing around $ 600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout

3720-1135: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics , (also known as the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research ) which conducted eugenics experiments in Nazi Germany and influenced the development of Nazi racial scientific ideology. Rockefeller spent almost $ 3 million between 1925 and 1935, and also funded other German eugenicists, Herman Poll , Alfred Grotjahn , Eugen Fischer , and Hans Nachsteim , continuing even after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933; Rüdin's work influenced compulsory sterilisation in Nazi Germany . Josef Mengele worked as an assistant in Verschuer's lab, though Rockefeller executives did not know of Mengele and stopped funding that specific research before World War II started in 1939. The Rockefeller Foundation continued funding German eugenics research even after it

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3840-610: The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior in 1918 and named after his wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time directed to supporting research by social scientists. During its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he most decisively shifted

3960-604: The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom. they spent more than $ 25 million in developing other public health schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries. In 1913, it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene , whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. In 1914, the foundation set up

4080-514: The Ludlow Massacre , turning around his attitude to unions ; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business interests. The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself. Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. Through

4200-534: The National Urban League . In 1927, Hurston married Herbert Sheen, a jazz musician and a former teacher at Howard. He later went to medical school and became a physician. Their marriage ended in 1931. In 1935, Hurston was involved with Percy Punter, a graduate student at Columbia University. He inspired the character of Tea Cake in Their Eyes Were Watching God . In 1939, while Hurston

4320-485: The Pan American World Airways Technical Library at Patrick Air Force Base in 1956. She was fired in 1957 for being "too well-educated" for her job. She moved to Fort Pierce, Florida . Taking jobs where she could find them, Hurston worked occasionally as a substitute teacher. At age 60, Hurston had to fight "to make ends meet" with the help of public assistance. At one point she worked as

4440-631: The Rockefeller Foundation to survey secondary school textbooks in English and history and to plan for a project to develop supplementary texts. In 1975, the press received two major grants from the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation to begin what became a seven-year project – Women's Lives/Women's Work, a groundbreaking series of 12 books and teaching guides to supplement high school English and Social Studies texts. The series

4560-580: The Transatlantic slave trade . The next year she published the article "Cudjoe's Own Story of the Last African Slaver" (1928). According to her biographer Robert E. Hemenway , this piece largely plagiarized the work of Emma Langdon Roche , an Alabama writer who wrote about Lewis in a 1914 book. Hurston did add new information about daily life in Lewis' home village of Bantè . Hurston intended to publish

4680-542: The United Nations . In 2020, the foundation pledged that it would divest from fossil fuel , notable since the endowment was largely funded by Standard Oil. The foundation also has a controversial past, including support of eugenics in the 1930s, as well as several scandals arising from their international field work. In 2021, the foundation's president committed to reckoning with their history, and to centering equity and inclusion. John D. Rockefeller Sr. first conceived

4800-613: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Paul Green . She was also mentored by Frederick H. Koch , another faculty member at UNC and the founder of the Carolina Playmakers . She initially met both writers at the inaugural 1934 National Folk Festival in St. Louis, Missouri . She was persuaded by them to move to North Carolina for the prospect of collaboration with UNC faculty and students, despite

4920-491: The 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. In January 2016, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development announced winners of its National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding three 100RC member cities – New York, NY ; Norfolk, VA ; and New Orleans, LA – with more than $ 437 million in disaster resilience funding. The grant was the largest ever received by

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5040-476: The 1930s and major influence on global non-governmental organizations . The World Health Organization is modeled on the International Health Division of the foundation, which sent doctors abroad to study and treat human subjects. The National Science Foundation and National Institute of Health are also modeled on the work funded by Rockefeller. It has also been a supporter of and influence on

5160-696: The 1930s. Even into the 1950s, Rockefeller continued to provide some funding for research borne out of German eugenics. The foundation also funded the relocation of scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s, known as the Refugee Scholar Program and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Some of the notable figures relocated or saved, among a total of 303 scholars, were Thomas Mann , Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd . The foundation helped The New School provide

5280-464: The 1990 Norton Anthology of American Literature including both Life in the Iron Mills and The Yellow Wallpaper. In the spring of 1971, Howe and her husband moved to New York, where she brought the burgeoning Press to her newly accepted professorship at the State University of New York (SUNY)/Old Westbury. The president of the school, who was interested in bringing women's studies programs to

5400-774: The American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut , Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., Karamu House in Cleveland , and Lincoln Center in New York. The foundation underwrote Spike Lee 's documentary on New Orleans , When the Levees Broke . The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed by the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students. The Cultural Innovation Fund

5520-658: The Art of the Essay in 2019. Brontez Purnell , whose novel Since I Laid My Burden Down was also published by the Amethyst Editions imprint, received a Whiting Award for Fiction in 2018. Love War Stories by Ivelisse Rodriguez was nominated for a PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction in 2019. The Feminist Press has also demonstrated a commitment to publishing diverse voices in translation. Among their recent bestselling translated titles are Asja Bakic's Mars, translated by Jennifer Zoble; Cristina Rivera Garza 's The Iliac Crest , translated by Sarah Booker; and Armonía Somer 's The Naked Woman , translated by Kit Maude. Pretty Things ,

5640-435: The Bethune-Cookman College Award for Education and Human Relations in recognition of her achievements. The English Department at Bethune-Cookman College remains dedicated to preserving her cultural legacy. For the 1939–1940 academic year, Hurston joined the Drama Department of the North Carolina College for Negroes (now known as North Carolina Central University ) in Durham . At the beginning of her tenure, Hurston published

5760-591: The Caribbean including Italy , France , Venezuela , Mexico , and Puerto Rico , totaling fifty-two countries on six continents and twenty-nine islands. The first director was Wickliffe Rose , followed by F.F. Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and George Strode in 1944. A number of notable physicians and field scientists worked on the international campaigns, including Lewis Hackett , Hideyo Noguchi , Juan Guiteras , George C. Payne , Livingston Farrand , Cornelius P. Rhoads , and William Bosworth Castle . In 1936, The Rockefeller Foundation received one of

5880-470: The Carolina Dramatic Association, remarking that "our drama must be like us or it doesn't exist... I want to build the drama of North Carolina out of ourselves." She noted that her students were largely supportive of this endeavor because many of the plays performed and viewed by them previously were not relatable to their own experiences and instead prioritized a "highbrow" view of society. She taught various courses at NCCU, but she also studied informally at

6000-419: The Durham-Chapel Hill area. UNC Trustees controversially voted to name the building Carolina Hall instead, but it is still known informally by many students as Hurston Hall. Despite the brief nature of her residency in North Carolina, Hurston is still honored at a variety of events in the area, including readings of her work. In 2024, Bree L. Davis received funding from the Southern Documentary Fund to produce

6120-434: The Flowers. The Feminist Press won the 2020 Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award at the National Book Critics Circle Awards . The Feminist Press also publishes WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly , an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal, based out of the City University of New York . The journal began as Women's Studies Newsletter in 1972, and in 1981 it was renamed Women's Studies Quarterly . Today it

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6240-432: The Louise Meriwether First Book Prize, a literary prize for debut women and nonbinary authors of color, in partnership with TAYO Literary Magazine . In 2017, YZ Chin became the first recipient of the Louise Meriwether First Book Prize for her short story collection Though I Get Home . The prize has since been awarded to Claudia D. Hernández in 2018 for Knitting the Fog and Melissa Valentine in 2019 for The Names of All

6360-421: The Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments. By 1943, this program, under the foundation's Mexican Agriculture Project , had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956, the program was then taken to India; again with

6480-434: The Mountain (1939). Also published during this time was Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica (1938), documenting her research on rituals in Jamaica and Haiti. Hurston's works concerned both the African-American experience and her struggles as an African-American woman. Her novels went relatively unrecognized by the literary world for decades. In 1975, fifteen years after Hurston's death, interest in her work

6600-478: The South for research from 1927 to 1932 with a stipend of $ 200 per month. In return, she wanted Hurston to give her all the material she collected about Negro music , folklore , literature, hoodoo , and other forms of culture. At the same time, Hurston needed to satisfy Boas as her academic adviser. Boas was a cultural relativist who wanted to overturn ideas about ranking cultures in a hierarchy of values. After graduating from Barnard, Hurston spent two years as

6720-436: The Suwannee Jail (1956), which became a bestseller. Hurston celebrated that "McCollum's testimony in her own defense marked the first time that a woman of African-American descent was allowed to testify as to the paternity of her child by a white man. Hurston firmly believed that Ruby McCollum's testimony sounded the death toll of 'paramour rights' in the Segregationist South." Among other positions, Hurston later worked at

6840-407: The appeal and second trial, Hurston contacted journalist William Bradford Huie , with whom she had worked at The American Mercury , to try to interest him in the case. He covered the appeal and second trial, and also developed material from a background investigation. Hurston shared her material with him from the first trial, but he acknowledged her only briefly in his book, Ruby McCollum: Woman in

6960-507: The black community and became a central figure of the Harlem Renaissance . Her short satires, drawing from the African-American experience and racial division, were published in anthologies such as The New Negro and Fire!! After moving back to Florida, Hurston wrote and published her literary anthology on African-American folklore in North Florida, Mules and Men (1935), and her first three novels: Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937); and Moses, Man of

7080-402: The board which made all publishing and policy decisions. In addition, all paid staff received equal salaries and served on committees including editorial, finance, and marketing & distribution. The press continued its innovative program of publishing work in three categories: feminist biographies, reprints of important works by women writers, and nonsexist children's books. For each category,

7200-510: The center of all our work: [...] confronting the hateful legacies of the past [...] we understand that the work we engage in today does not absolve us of yesterday's mistakes. [...]" Although the United States never joined the League of Nations , the Rockefeller Foundation was involved, and by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern think tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial analysis of international issues. After

7320-461: The city of Norfolk. In April 2019, it was announced that the foundation would no longer be funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative's work, most prominently the funding of several cities' Chief Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the program continue in the form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and

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7440-411: The college, allowed Howe to operate out of the corridor of one of the buildings. The press was met with excitement and support from students who worked in the small office in exchange for college work-study. Two New York City publishing professionals, Verne Moberg and Susan Lowes, contributed to the publication of three volumes of reprinted fiction released in 1972 and 1973, which Howe believed to exemplify

7560-462: The direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board. C. Douglas Dillon , the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , served as chairman of the foundation. Stock in the family's oil companies had been a major part of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and later with its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil . In December 2020,

7680-628: The eugenics movement. The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution , was the primary financier for the Eugenics Record Office , until 1939. The foundation also provided grants to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel , who supported birth control, compulsory sterilization and eugenics . Sanger went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth control movement there. By 1926, Rockefeller had donated over $ 400,000, which would be almost $ 4 million adjusted for inflation in 2003, to hundreds of German researchers, including Ernst Rüdin and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer , through funding

7800-400: The executive director of the press, followed by Gloria Jacobs, former Ms. Magazine editor, and writer Jennifer Baumgardner , cofounder of Soapbox, Inc, and later founder of Dottir Press . Jamia Wilson was the subsequent executive director of the Feminist Press, appointed in 2017, and was both the youngest director in the press's forty-nine-year history and the first woman of color to head

7920-440: The fact that UNC was still segregated and did not begin formally admitting Black students until 1951. Because her formal participation was limited, Hurston became a "secret student," participating in coursework and theater groups without enrolling in UNC., The Daily Tar Heel , UNC'S student newspaper, even named Hurston as a student in one such course, which focused on radio production. Hurston left NCCU after one year to pursue

8040-486: The fictional treatment she developed for her novels such as Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934). In 1935, Hurston traveled to Georgia and Florida with Alan Lomax and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle for research on African-American song traditions and their relationship to slave and African antecedent music. She was tasked with selecting the geographic areas and contacting the research subjects. In 1936 and 1937, Hurston traveled to Jamaica and Haiti for research, with support from

8160-504: The first awarded Walter Reed Medals from The American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene to recognize its study and control of Yellow Fever . The World Health Organization , seen as a successor to the IHD, was formed in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the larger Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, discontinuing its overseas work. While the Rockefeller doctors working in tropical locales such as Mexico emphasized scientific neutrality, they had political and economic aims to promote

8280-423: The first meeting of the newly formed press was held in Florence Howe's living room. The first book to be published was Barbara Danish's children's book The Dragon and the Doctor in 1971. Howe saw her dreams of producing feminist biographies come true with the publication of Elizabeth Barrett Browning at the end of 1971. In the press's founding years, Tillie Olsen changed its course dramatically by giving Howe

8400-415: The focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences , stimulating the founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Science Research Council . In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization. The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, but later limited itself to one or two representatives, to maintain

8520-414: The foundation expanded its work with the Sanitary Commission abroad and set up the International Health Division (also known as International Health Board), which began the foundation's first international public health activities. The International Health Division conducted campaigns in public health and sanitation against malaria , yellow fever , and hookworm in areas throughout Europe, Latin America and

8640-629: The foundation granted $ 100000 to the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago. This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s. This division funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in general, but also was involved in funding controversial eugenics research. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology , and

8760-425: The foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $ 5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money." Public health , health aid , and medical research are the most prominent areas of work of

8880-432: The foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president John D. Rockefeller III , and then his son John D. Rockefeller, IV , who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller 's daughter, Peggy Dulany , was appointed to the board for a five-year term. In October 2006, David Rockefeller Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing

9000-750: The foundation. On December 5, 1913, the Board made its first grant of $ 100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The foundation established the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health , two of the first such institutions in the United States, and established the School of Hygiene at the University of Toronto in 1927, and

9120-477: The gambling operation of Ruby's husband Sam McCollum. Her articles were published by the newspaper during the trial. Ruby McCollum was convicted by an all-male, all-white jury , and sentenced to death. Hurston had a special assignment to write a serialized account, The Life Story of Ruby McCollum , over three months in 1953 in the newspaper. Her part was ended abruptly when she and Nunn disagreed about her pay, and she left. Unable to pay independently to return for

9240-409: The general area where Hurston had been buried; they decided to mark it as hers. Walker commissioned a gray marker inscribed with "ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960." The line "a genius of the south" is from Jean Toomer 's poem, "Georgia Dusk", which appears in his book Cane . Hurston was born in 1891, not 1901. After Hurston's death,

9360-631: The geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism. It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID , and later still, the World Bank ) to sign on to the major philanthropic project, known now to the world as the Green Revolution . It was originally conceived in 1943 as CIMMYT , the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It also provided significant funding for

9480-403: The harmful legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and perpetuating eugenics policies and practices. The Rockefeller Foundation is currently reckoning with our own history in relation to eugenics.  This requires uncovering the facts and confronting uncomfortable truths, [...] The Rockefeller Foundation is putting equity and inclusion at

9600-429: The idea of the foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates , encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies for the good of Mankind" so that his heirs should not "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power." In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Standard Oil shares worth $ 50 million, to his son, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick as

9720-472: The identification of human viruses, techniques for virus identification, and arthropod -borne viruses. Bristol-Myers Squibb , Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $ 1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis ". A previous suit against the United States government

9840-409: The life of Cudjoe Lewis (Kossola), one of the last survivors of slaves brought illegally to the US in 1860, was also published posthumously. Born in 1891, Hurston was the fifth of eight children of John Hurston and Lucy Ann Hurston ( née Potts). All four of her grandparents had been born into slavery. Her father was a Baptist preacher and sharecropper , who later became a carpenter, and her mother

9960-539: The lumber camps in North Florida, and discussed it with Nunn. They both thought the case might be about such "paramour rights", and wanted to "expose it to a national audience". Upon reaching Live Oak, Hurston was surprised not only by the gag order the judge in the trial placed on the defense but by her inability to get residents in town to talk about the case; both blacks and whites were silent. She believed that might have been related to Dr. Adams' alleged involvement in

10080-666: The material. The nucleus of this collection was given to the University of Florida libraries in 1961 by Mrs. Marjorie Silver, a friend, and neighbor of Hurston. Within the collection is a manuscript and photograph of Seraph on the Suwanee and an unpublished biography of Herod the Great . Luckily, she donated some of her manuscripts to the James Weldon Johnson Collection of Yale University . Other materials were donated in 1970 and 1971 by Frances Grover, daughter of E. O. Grover,

10200-648: The north coastal town of Puerto Cortés . She had some hopes of locating either Mayan ruins or vestiges of an undiscovered civilization. While in Puerto Cortés, she wrote much of Seraph on the Suwanee , set in Florida. Hurston expressed interest in the polyethnic nature of the population in the region (many, such as the Miskito Zambu and Garifuna , were of mixed African and indigenous ancestry and had developed creole cultures). During her last decade, Hurston worked as

10320-502: The organization. “I grew up reading Feminist Press books from my mother’s shelf, and they were instrumental in developing my voice as an activist and writer. It’s an honor to join this intergenerational team to enliven the Press’s intersectional vision of publishing unapologetic, accessible texts that inspire action, teach empathy, and build community,” Wilson explained upon her appointment as ED. In 2022, Margot Atwell, formerly at Kickstarter ,

10440-532: The patronage of philanthropist Charlotte Osgood Mason , a white literary patron. During the 1930s, Hurston was a resident of Westfield, New Jersey , a suburb of New York, where her friend Hughes was among her neighbors. In 1934, Hurston established a school of dramatic arts "based on pure Negro expression" at Bethune-Cookman University (at the time, Bethune-Cookman College), a historically black college in Daytona Beach, Florida . In 1956, Hurston received

10560-400: The press enlisted advisory committees of distinguished feminist writers, scholars, and educators. The Reprints Advisory Committee was established in 1973 with Founding members including Roslyn Baxandall, Mari Jo Buhle, Ellen DuBois, Florence Howe, Paul Lauter, Laurie Olsen, Lillian Robinson, Deborah S. Rosenfelt, Elaine Showalter, and Catharine Stimpson. In 1973, the press received funding from

10680-439: The press's enduring commitment to producing course-adoptable books to supplement curriculums dominated by male writers. In 1972, the Feminist Press became a 501(c)3 organization with tax-exempt status and in 1975, the press moved into its own headquarters in a separate house on campus, a cottage which had been faculty apartments and a garage. The Feminist Press was committed to creating a democratic workplace where staff served on

10800-575: The studies of human sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey . In the interwar years, the foundation funded public health, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Central Europe. In 1950, the foundation expanded their international program of virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona , India, Trinidad , Belém , Brazil, Johannesburg , South Africa, Cairo , Egypt, Ibadan , Nigeria, and Cali , Colombia, among others. The foundation funded research into

10920-467: The third inaugural trustee, in the first installment of a projected $ 100 million endowment. The nascent foundation applied for a federal charter in the US Senate in 1910, with at one stage Junior even secretly meeting with President William Howard Taft , through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich , to hammer out concessions. However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at

11040-401: The time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter from New York. On May 14, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment,

11160-809: The use of so-called terminator genes; the company later complied. In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in a $ 150 million effort to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and education, though agriculture has been and continues to be their largest investment in Africa. A total of 100 cities across six continents were part of

11280-456: The value of public health to improve American relations with the host country. Although they claimed the banner of public health and humanitarian medicine, they often engaged with politics and business interests. Rhoads was involved in a racism whitewashing scandal in the 1930s during which he joked about injecting cancer cells into Puerto Rican patients, inspiring Puerto Rican nationalist and anti-colonialist leader Pedro Albizu Campos . Noguchi

11400-543: The war, the foundation was involved in the establishment of the United Nations . Senate House (University of London) was built on donation from Rockefeller Foundation in 1926 and a foundation stone laid by King George V in 1933. It is the headquarters of the University of London since 1937. In the arts, the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario , Canada, and

11520-579: The world to North American readers. The Feminist Press is the longest surviving women's publishing house in the world. By the end of the 1960s, both Florence Howe and her then husband Paul Lauter had taught in the Freedom Schools in Mississippi, and Howe was already attempting to compile a women's studies curriculum for her writing students at Goucher College in Baltimore. As the 1970s approached, Howe

11640-556: The world. Later it funded over $ 100 million of plant biotechnology research and trained over four hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It also invested in the production of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company board of directors, warning of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow

11760-497: The writers at its center. Shortly before she entered Barnard, Hurston's short story "Spunk" was selected for The New Negro , a landmark anthology of fiction, poetry, and essays focusing on African and African-American art and literature. In 1926, a group of young black writers including Hurston, Langston Hughes, and Wallace Thurman , calling themselves the Niggerati , produced a literary magazine called Fire!! that featured many of

11880-527: The young artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance. In 1927, Hurston traveled to the Deep South to collect African-American folk tales. She also interviewed Cudjoe Kazzola Lewis , of Africatown, Alabama , who was the last known survivor of the enslaved Africans carried aboard Clotilda , an illegal slave ship that had entered the US in 1860, and thus the last known person to have been transported in

12000-567: Was a place where African Americans could live as they desired, independent of white society. Hurston grew up in Eatonville and described the experience in her 1928 essay, " How It Feels To Be Colored Me ". Eatonville now holds an annual "Zora! Festival" in her honor. Hurston's mother died in 1904. Her father married Mattie Moge in 1905. This was considered scandalous, as it was rumored that he had had sexual relations with Moge before his first wife's death. Hurston's father and stepmother sent her to

12120-558: Was a school teacher. She was born in Notasulga, Alabama , on January 7, 1891. This was her father's hometown and her paternal grandfather was the preacher of a Baptist church. When she was three, her family moved to Eatonville, Florida . In 1887, it was one of the first all- black towns incorporated in the United States. Hurston said that Eatonville was "home" to her, as she was so young when she moved there. Sometimes she claimed it as her birthplace. A few years later in 1897, her father

12240-430: Was also involved in an unethical human experimentation scandal. Susan Lederer , Elizabeth Fee , and Jay Katz are among the modern scholars who have researched this period. Researchers with the foundation including Noguchi developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever . Rhoads later became a significant cancer researcher and director of Memorial Sloan-Kettering , though his eponymous award for oncological excellence

12360-419: Was an American writer, anthropologist , folklorist , and documentary filmmaker . She portrayed racial struggles in the early-20th-century American South and published research on Hoodoo and Caribbean Vodou . The most popular of her four novels is Their Eyes Were Watching God , published in 1937. She also wrote more than 50 short stories, plays, an autobiography, ethnographies, and many essays. Hurston

12480-510: Was appointed the newest executive director. In 2016, the press started Amethyst Editions, a queer imprint curated by Michelle Tea that champions emerging queer and LGBT writers who employ genre-bending narratives and experimental writing styles, and complicates the conversation around American LGBTQ+ experiences beyond a coming out narrative. Tea's collection Against Memoir won the PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for

12600-517: Was begun in 1994 with funding from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, and the four-volume series was completed in 2009. Like the two-volume Women Writing India, the series is composed of regionally unique women's literature. The Femmes Fatales series, featuring pulp , mystery , and noir novels by women writing in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s was launched in 2003. Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960)

12720-526: Was born in Notasulga, Alabama , and moved with her family to Eatonville, Florida in 1894. She later used Eatonville as the setting for many of her stories. In her early career, Hurston conducted anthropological and ethnographic research as a scholar at Barnard College and Columbia University . She had an interest in African-American and Caribbean folklore, and how these contributed to the community's identity. She also wrote about contemporary issues in

12840-526: Was clear that it was being used to rationalize discrimination against Jewish people and other groups, after the Nuremberg laws in 1935 . In 1936, Rockefeller fulfilled pledges of $ 655,000 to Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, even though several distinguished Jewish scientists had been dropped from the institute at the time. The Rockefeller Foundation did not alert the world about the racist implications of Nazi ideology , but furthered and funded eugenic research through

12960-504: Was co-published by the Feminist Press and McGraw-Hill's Webster Division. During the life of the project, the books and teaching guides were extensively tested and evaluated by teachers in schools all across the country. Books in the Women's Lives/Women's Work series, alphabetically by author: The Feminist Press also played a pioneering role in the nascent field of women's studies by providing curricular materials, bibliographies, directories, and

13080-483: Was convinced that, just as she needed texts for teaching about women, so would other educators. Her initial appeal to a number of university and trade publishers to issue a series of critical feminist biographies proved of no avail. Ultimately, the Baltimore Women's Liberation, an active local group and publishers of a successful new journal, helped to raise money for the press's first publications. On November 17, 1970,

13200-538: Was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S. An experiment was conducted by Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron , 751 of which were pills, without their consent. In a 1969 article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology , it

13320-409: Was elected as mayor of the town. In 1902 he was called to serve as minister of its largest church, Macedonia Missionary Baptist. In 1901, some northern school teachers visited Eatonville and gave Hurston several books that opened her mind to literature. She later described this personal literary awakening as a kind of "birth". As an adult, Hurston often used Eatonville as a setting in her stories—it

13440-473: Was estimated that three children had died from the experiment. With significant post-war activity John D. Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter of eugenics. Even as late as 1951, John D. Rockefeller III and John Foster Dulles , who was chairman of the foundation at the time, established the Population Council to advance family planning , birth control , and population control , and goals of

13560-494: Was granted by New York . It is the second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America (after the Carnegie Corporation ) and ranks as the 30th largest foundation globally by endowment, with assets of over $ 6.3 billion in 2022. According to the OECD , the foundation provided $ 284 million for development in 2021. The foundation has given more than $ 14 billion in current dollars. The foundation has had an international reach since

13680-463: Was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize research, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho . This was done after the intervention of Vice President Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller ; the primary intention being to stabilise

13800-442: Was offered a scholarship by Barnard trustee Annie Nathan Meyer to Barnard College of Columbia University . She was the sole Black student in this women's college. Hurston assisted Meyer in crafting the play Black Souls ; which is considered one of the first " lynching dramas" written by a white woman. She conducted ethnographic research with anthropologist Franz Boas of Columbia University and later studied with him as

13920-540: Was one of the first members of the Zeta Phi Beta sorority, founded by and for black women. She was also the first in her family to attend college, meaning that she was a first-generation college student . While at Howard, Hurston co-founded The Hilltop , the university's student newspaper. She took courses in Spanish , English , Greek , and public speaking , and earned an associate degree in 1920. In 1921, she wrote

14040-557: Was renamed after the scandal reemerged. During the late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the former Division of Medical Education. The division was led by Richard M. Pearce until his death in 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945. During this period, the Division of Medical Sciences made contributions to research across several fields of psychiatry. In 1935

14160-412: Was researching lumber camps in north Florida and commented on the practice of white men in power taking black women as concubines , including having them bear children. This practice later was referred to as " paramour rights ", based on the men's power under racial segregation and related to practices during slavery times. The book also includes much folklore. Hurston drew from this material as well in

14280-510: Was revived after author Alice Walker published an article, "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston" (later retitled "Looking for Zora"), in Ms. magazine. In 2001, Hurston's manuscript Every Tongue Got to Confess , a collection of folktales gathered in the 1920s, was published after being discovered in the Smithsonian archives. Her nonfiction book Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018), about

14400-621: Was working for the WPA in Florida, she married Albert Price. The marriage ended after a few months, but they did not divorce until 1943. The following year, Hurston married James Howell Pitts of Cleveland. That marriage, too, lasted less than a year. Hurston twice lived in a cottage in Eau Gallie, Florida : in 1929 and again in 1951. When foundation grants ended during the Great Depression , Hurston and her friend Langston Hughes both relied on

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