Misplaced Pages

#675324

70-456: The area was inhabited in prehistoric times, as attested by several archaeological findings from the mid- Palaeolithic and late Bronze Ages . Between the 9th and the 6th centuries BC, a settlement of the Sabines , identified with the city of Cures , existed here, continuing into Roman Empire times. Remains from it include the baths, a small theatre and terraces for agriculture. The origins of

140-420: A "ceramic Mesolithic" can be distinguished between c.  9,000 to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by

210-581: A concept in use. In the archaeology of the Americas , an Archaic or Meso-Indian period, following the Lithic stage , somewhat equates to the Mesolithic. The Saharan rock paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer in central Sahara , and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa . Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a savanna region teeming with

280-500: A decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader hunter-gatherer way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of pottery and textiles may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking transition into

350-529: A possible "lunar calendar" at Warren Field in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the lunar phases . Both are dated to before c.  9,000 BP (the 8th millennium BC). An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern Denmark. Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them. As

420-593: A result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle. In one sample from the Blätterhöhle in Hagen , it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area; such societies may be called " Subneolithic ". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated

490-475: A stream, with roads that crossed each other at right angles . Over the lifetime of the Terramare culture, these settlements developed into stratified zones with larger settlements of up to 15-20Ha (approximately 1500-2000 people) surrounded by smaller villages. Especially in the later period, the proportion of settlements that were fortified approaches 100%. Around the 12th century BC the Terramare system collapsed,

560-569: A strong relationships between the two peoples. Another important element of this civilization are the Giants of Mont'e Prama , perhaps the oldest anthropomorphic statues of the western Mediterranean sea. Among the most important cultural expressions born in Sicily during the Bronze Age the cultures of Castelluccio (Ancient Bronze Age) and of Thapsos (Middle Bronze Age) are worth noting. Both originated in

630-530: A transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept. However, the terms "Mesolithic" and "Epipalaeolithic" remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia, the term "Mesolithic" is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas,

700-723: Is a Natufian carving in calcite . A total of 33 antler frontlets have been discovered at Star Carr. These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf. Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in Cueva de los Murciélagos in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago. In North-Eastern Europe , Siberia , and certain southern European and North African sites,

770-566: Is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in soapstone from Finland . The rock art in the Urals appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden Shigir Idol is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of larch carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently have been over 5 metres tall when made. The Ain Sakhri figurine from Palestine

SECTION 10

#1732883668676

840-651: Is more common in Near Eastern archaeology. The Balkan Mesolithic begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or Azilian , begins about 14,000 years ago, in the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and Southern France . In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene ), and it ends with the introduction of farming, depending on

910-522: Is now Pianura Padana (specially along the Panaro river, between Modena and Bologna ). Their total population probably reached an impressive peak of more than 120,000 individuals near the beginning of the Recent Bronze Age. In the early period they lived in villages with an average population of about 130 people living in wooden stilt houses : they had a square shape, built on land but generally near

980-475: Is now the Gargano Peninsula , and what is now its surface up to Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate. The arrival of the first known hominins was 850,000 years ago at Monte Poggiolo . The presence of Homo neanderthalensis has been demonstrated in archaeological findings dating to c. 50,000 years ago (late Pleistocene ). There are some twenty such sites, the most important being that of

1050-525: Is still debated; while most scholars considered them as fortresses, others see them as temples. A warrior and mariner people, the ancient Sardinians held flourishing trades with the other Mediterranean peoples. This is shown by numerous remains contained in the nuraghe, such as amber coming from the Baltic Sea , small bronze figures portraying African beasts, oxhide ingots and weapons from Eastern Mediterranean, Mycenaean ceramics. It has been hypothesized that

1120-634: Is the Duomo Collegiata di Sant'Antonio Martire . The municipality borders with Castelnuovo di Farfa , Montelibretti , Montopoli di Sabina , Nerola and Toffia . It counts the hamlets of Baccelli, Borgo Quinzio, Canneto Sabino, Coltodino, Corese Terra, Farfa , Passo Corese , Prime Case and Talocci. Fara in Sabina is twinned with: This Lazio location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Prehistoric Italy Timeline The prehistory of Italy began in

1190-568: Is the period during which the majority of the Italian peninsula was united in the Proto-Villanovan culture . Pianello di Genga is an exception to the small cemeteries characterized for the Protov-Villanovan culture. More than 500 burials were found in this cemetery which is known for its two centuries of usage by different communities. The Polada culture (Polada is a locality near Brescia )

1260-527: The Aeolian Islands ), characterized by the funeral ritual of incineration . The ashes of the deceased were placed into biconical urns decorated with geometric patterns. Their settlements were often located on the top of the hills and protected by stone walls. The Luco-Meluno culture originated in the transition period between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and occupied Trentino and part of South Tyrol . It

1330-542: The Apennine Bronze Age in Central and Southern Italy was the period when settlements were established both on lowland and upland areas. Hierarchy among the social groups was experienced during this period according to the evidence of the tombs. The two-tier grave found at Toppo Daguzzo is an example of elite groups growth. On the top level, nearly 10 fractured skeletons have been found without any grave objects, while at

1400-562: The Grotta del Cavallo , dated teeth from between 43,000 and 45,000 years ago. In 2011 the most ancient Sardinian complete human skeleton (called Amsicora ) was discovered at Pistoccu , in Marina di Arbus ; scientists date it to 8500 years ago (the transition period between the Mesolithic and Neolithic ). Cardium pottery is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of

1470-635: The Marche The main characteristic of the Villanovans (with some similarities with the so-called Proto-Villanovan period of the late Bronze Age) were the cremation burials, in which the deceased's ashes were housed in bi-conical urns and buried. The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture (c. 1300–750 BC), and Hallstatt culture (which succeeded

SECTION 20

#1732883668676

1540-736: The Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic . The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant and Caucasus . The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of Eurasia . It refers to the final period of hunter-gatherer cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between

1610-644: The Paleolithic period, when species of Homo inhabited the Italian territory for the first time, and ended in the Iron Age , when the first written records appeared in Italy . In prehistoric times, the Italian Peninsula was rather different from how it is now. During glaciations , for example, the sea level was lower and the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland. The Adriatic Sea began at what

1680-406: The archaeology of China , and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as "Early Neolithic". In the archaeology of India , the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains

1750-408: The " Neolithic package" (including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture. Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package likely as

1820-580: The "Younger Stone Age". Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin , which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in

1890-593: The 2000 BC or shortly later. The Apennine culture is a cultural complex of central and southern Italy that, in its broadest sense (including the preceding Protoapennine B and following Subapennine facies), spans the Bronze Age. In the narrower sense more commonly used today, it refers only to the later phase of the Middle Bronze Age in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE. The people of the Apennine culture were, at least in part, cattle herdsmen grazing their ungulates over

1960-598: The Alps (Provence, Savoy, Isère, Valais , the area of Rhine -Switzerland-eastern France). The members of the culture have been described as a warrior population who had descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino. It was a culture of the end of the Bronze Age (12th-10th century BC), widespread in much of the Italian peninsula and north-eastern Sicily (including

2030-552: The Bronze Age, and subsequently that of Ausonio (divided into two phases, I and II). Palma Campania culture takes shape at the end of the third millennium BC and is representative of the Early Bronze Age of Campania . It owes its name to the locality of Palma Campania where the first findings were made. Many villages of this culture were buried under volcanic ash after an eruption of the Mount Vesuvius that took place in

2100-754: The Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related Swifterbant culture of the Low Countries . A 2012 publication in the Science journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at

2170-579: The Greeks. The Castellieri culture developed in Istria during the developed Early and Middle Bronze Age , and later expanded into Friuli , the modern Venezia Giulia , Dalmatia and the neighbouring areas. It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the third century BC. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs ( Castellieri , Friulian cjastelir ) which characterized

Fara in Sabina - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-911: The Grotta Guattari at San Felice Circeo , on the Tyrrhenian Sea south of Rome; another is at the grotta di Fumane ( province of Verona ) and the Breuil grotto, also in San Felice. Homo sapiens sapiens appeared during the upper Palaeolithic : the earliest site in Italy dated 48,000 years ago is Riparo Mochi (Italy). In November 2011 tests conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in England on what were previously thought to be Neanderthal baby teeth, which had been unearthed in 1964 from

2310-558: The Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands, a macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes. There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or astronomical significance, including Stonehenge , with a short row of large post holes aligned east–west, and

2380-429: The Neolithic . The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose burial mounds are a mark of the Neolithic. The terms "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic" were introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times in 1865. The additional "Mesolithic" category

2450-712: The Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin. The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around Lake Baikal in Siberia. It appears in the Yelshanka culture on the Volga in Russia 9,000 years ago, and from there spread via the Dnieper-Donets culture to the Narva culture of

2520-827: The Neolithic, some authors prefer the term "Epipaleolithic" for hunter-gatherer cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving "Mesolithic" for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the Natufian culture . Other authors use "Mesolithic" as a generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with "Mesolithic" being widely used in European archaeology, while "Epipalaeolithic"

2590-466: The Urnfield culture). The Villanovans were initially devoted to agriculture and animal husbandry, with a simplified social order. Later, specialized craftsmanship activities such as metallurgy and ceramics created an accumulation of richness, which caused the appearance of social stratification. The Latial culture ranged approximately over ancient Old Latium . The Iron Age Latial culture coincided with

2660-527: The adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherer in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members. In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the Medieval period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in Scandinavia no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred "Older Stone Age" moving into

2730-779: The ancient Sardinians, or part of them, could be identified with the Sherden , one of the so-called People of the Sea who attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of eastern Mediterranean. Other original elements of the Sardinian civilization include the temples known as " Holy wells ", dedicated to the cult of the holy waters , the Giants' graves , the Megaron temples, several structures for juridical and leisure functions and numerous bronze statuettes , which were discovered even in Etruscan tombs, suggesting

2800-501: The arrival in the region of a people who spoke Old Latin . The culture was likely therefore to identify a phase of the socio-political self-consciousness of the Latin tribe , during the period of the kings of Alba Longa and the foundation of the Roman Kingdom . Mesolithic The Mesolithic ( Greek : μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is

2870-423: The beginning of a new culture in Northern Italy and is distinguished by the Polada culture . Polada settlements were mainly widespread in wetland locations such as around the large lakes and hills along the Alpine margin. The cities of  Toppo Daguzzo and La Starza were known as the center of the Proto-Apennine stage of Palma Campania culture spread in southern Italy at this time. The Middle Bronze Age known as

Fara in Sabina - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-487: The clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis , a marine mollusk . The alternative name Impressed Ware is given by some archaeologists to define this culture, because impressions can be with sharp objects other than Cardium shell, such as a nail or comb. Impressed Ware is found in the zone "covering Italy to the Ligurian coast" as distinct from the more western Cardial beginning in Provence , France and extending to western Portugal. This pottery style gives its name to

3010-442: The culture. The ethnicity of the Castellieri civilization is uncertain, although it was most likely of Pre-Indoeuropean stock, coming from the sea. The first Castellieri were indeed built along the Istrian coast and show a similar Cyclopean masonry which is also characterizing in the Mycenaean civilization at the time.The best researched Castelliere in Istria is Monkodonja near Rovinj. Hypotheses about an Illyrian origin of

3080-410: The end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution . In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000  BP ; in the Middle East (the Epipalaeolithic Near East ) roughly 20,000 to 10,000  BP . The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond Eurasia and North Africa . The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with

3150-554: The end of the Last Glacial Period . The carbon 14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments. Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking. These early pottery containers were made well before the invention of agriculture (dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum. Epipalaeolithic Near East Caucasus Zagros While Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in

3220-462: The end of the third millennium B.C. imported from Sardinia typical cultural aspects of Atlantic world, including the Culture of small dolmen-shaped structures that reached all over the Mediterranean basin. The Copper Age arrives very early in the Italian geographical area and therefore in Liguria . Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the 4th millennium BC in Liguria with the Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to 3700 BC. These are

3290-421: The first migratory wave of the proto- Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). They brought a new funerary practice— cremation —which supplanted inhumation . Canegrate terracotta is very similar to that known from the same period north to

3360-411: The gap with his naming of the Azilian Culture. Knut Stjerna offered an alternative in the "Epipaleolithic", suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between the Paleolithic and Neolithic. By the time of Vere Gordon Childe 's work, The Dawn of Europe (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that

3430-445: The largest castelliere was perhaps that of Nesactium , in southern Istria, not far from Pula . The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana , in what is now western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont and Ticino . It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where, in the 20th century, some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. It represents

3500-494: The lower level eleven burials were found accompanied by different valuable pieces: 6 males with bronze weapons, 4 females with beads and a child. The Middle Bronze Age in Northern Italy was characterised by the Terramare culture . The Recent Bronze Age, known as the Sub-Apennine period in Central Italy , is a frame of time when sites relocated to defended locations. At this time settlement hierarchy obviously appeared in cities such as Latium and Tuscany . The Final Bronze Age

3570-451: The main culture of the Mediterranean Neolithic, which eventually extended from the Adriatic sea to the Atlantic coasts of Portugal and south to Morocco . Since the Late-Neolithic, Aosta Valley , Piedmont , Liguria , Tuscany and Sardinia in particular were involved in the pan-Western European Megalithic phenomenon. Later, in the Bronze Age, megalithic structures were built also in Latium, Puglia and Sicily. The latter region, about

SECTION 50

#1732883668676

3640-477: The material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe. The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a microlithic technology – composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped stone tools ( microliths ), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes I–IV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal,

3710-429: The meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy, including on the Capitoline Hill at Rome , as shown by the presence of their pottery in the earliest layers of occupation. The primary picture is of a population that lived in small hamlets located in defensible places. There is evidence that herdsmen, when traveling between summer pastures, built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters. However, their range

3780-408: The metallurgy of copper and bronze (axes, daggers, pins etc.). Pottery was coarse and blackish. It was followed in the Middle Bronze Age by the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements . Located in Sardinia (with ramifications in southern Corsica ), the Nuragic civilization , who lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century B.C.) to the second century A.D. when the island

3850-468: The modern town date from Lombard times (late 6th century AD), as it has been supposed from the presence of the Lombard word fara ("family clan") in the name. A castle is known from 1006 and, from 1050, Fara was a possession of the Abbey of Farfa , which is located in the present municipal territory. Later it was a fief of the Orsini . During World War II , the POW camp P.G. 54 was located at adjacent Passo Corese . The main Roman Catholic church

3920-432: The northwestern and southwestern coasts of Sicily, previously occupied by the Conca d'Oro culture, while in the late Bronze Age there are signs in northeastern Sicily of cultural osmosis with the people of the peninsula that led to the appearance of Proto-Villanovan culture at Milazzo , perhaps linked to the arrival of Sicels . The nearby Aeolian Islands hosted the flourishing of the Capo Graziano and Milazzo cultures in

3990-400: The oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin. The Remedello , Rinaldone and Gaudo cultures are late Neolithic cultures of Italy, traces of which are primarily found in the present-day regions of Lombardy , Tuscany , Latium and Campania . They are sometimes described as Eneolithic cultures, due to their use of primitive copper tools. Other important eneolithic cultures of

4060-579: The open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros . Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses. A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in amber , and one from Star Carr in Britain in shale . The Elk's Head of Huittinen

4130-407: The peninsula and the islands, often related to those previously mentioned, are the Laterza culture in Apulia and Basilicata , the Abealzu-Filigosa culture in Sardinia , the Conelle-Ortucchio culture in Abruzzo and Marche , the Serraferlicchio culture in Sicily , and the Spilamberto group in Emilia-Romagna . The earliest Statue menhirs , frequently depicting weapons, were erected by

4200-609: The people are not confirmed. The Castellieri were fortified settlements, usually located on hills or mountains or, more rarely (such as in Friuli), in plains. They were constituted by one or more concentric series of walls, of rounded or elliptical shape in Istria and Venezia Giulia, or quadrangular in Friuli, within which was the inhabited area. Some hundred Castellieri have been discovered in Istria, Friuli, and Venezia Giulia, such as that of Leme , in west-central Istria, of Elerji , near Muggia , of Monte Giove near Prosecco ( Trieste ) and San Polo, not far from Monfalcone . However,

4270-417: The populations of northern Italy and Sardinia during this period. This sculptural tradition of possible steppe origin ( Yamna culture ), lasted in some regions well into the Bronze Age and even into the Iron Age. The Bell Beaker culture marks the transition between the Eneolithic and the early Bronze Age. The Italian Bronze Age is conditionally divided into four periods: The Early Bronze Age shows

SECTION 60

#1732883668676

4340-426: The region between c.  8,500 and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last glacial period ended have a much more apparent Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in

4410-399: The settlements were abandoned and the populations moved southward, where they mingled with the Apennine peoples. The influence of this population abandoning the Po valley and moving south may have formed the basis of the Tyrrhenian culture , ultimately leading to the historic Etruscans , based on a surprising level of correspondence between archeological evidence and early legends recorded by

4480-440: The southeastern part of the island. In these cultures, in particular in the Castelluccio phase, there are obvious influences from the Aegean Sea , where the Helladic civilization was flourishing. Some small monuments date back to this phase, used as tombs and found almost everywhere, both inland and along the coasts of this region. Belonging to a western (Iberian-Sardinian) type is the Bell Beaker culture known from sites on

4550-449: The term "Epipaleolithic" may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic). "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes also used alongside "Mesolithic" for the final end of the Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic. As "Mesolithic" suggests an intermediate period, followed by

4620-420: Was a cultural horizon extended from eastern Lombardy and Veneto to Emilia and Romagna, formed in the first half of 2nd millennium BC perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany. The settlements were usually made up of stilt houses ; the economy was characterized by agricultural and pastoral activities, hunting and fishing were also practiced as well as

4690-409: Was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by John Evans denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like the colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by Gabriel de Mortillet asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later. Edouard Piette claimed to have filled

4760-399: Was already Romanized, evolved during the Bonnanaro period from the preexisting megalithic cultures that built dolmens , menhirs , more than 2,400 Domus de Janas and also the imponent altar of Monte d'Accoddi . It takes its name from the characteristic Nuraghe . The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Their effective use

4830-413: Was not confined to the hills, nor was their culture confined to herding cattle, as shown by sites like Coppa Nevigata , a well-defended and somewhat sizeable coastal site where a variety of subsistence strategies were practiced alongside advanced industries such as dye production . The Terramare was a Middle and Recent Bronze Age culture, between the 16th and the 12th centuries B.C., in the area of what

4900-467: Was succeeded, in the Iron Age, by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture . The name of this Iron Age civilization derives from a locality in the frazione Villanova of Castenaso , Città metropolitana di Bologna , in Emilia , where a necropolis was discovered by Giovanni Gozzadini in 1853–1856. It succeeded the Proto-Villanovan culture during the Iron Age in the territory of Tuscany and northern Lazio and spread in parts of Romagna , Campania and Fermo in

#675324