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116-532: The Fallschirmjäger ( German: [ˈfalʃɪʁmˌjɛːɡɐ] ) were the paratrooper branch of the German Luftwaffe before and during World War II . They were the first paratroopers to be committed in large-scale airborne operations. They were commanded by Kurt Student , the Luftwaffe's second-in-command. During the interwar years, the rapid development of aircraft and aviation technology drew

232-658: A Red Army effort to relieve the city. In October 1941, the German paratroopers were involved in heavy fighting against the Soviets and were successful in holding off Soviet attacks. From late October 1941 until 4 July 1942, the 22nd Air Landing Division participated in the Siege of Sevastopol . The Fallschirmjäger overran most of the Soviet 79th Naval Infantry Brigade during combat operations. The Soviet unit tried counterattacking on 10 June, but

348-453: A military unit responsible for training the rest of the unit. The cadre may be the permanent skeleton establishment of a unit, around which the full unit can be built if needed. In countries which have conscription , a cadre may comprise the permanent staff of a regiment who train the conscripts assigned to it. The term comes from the French expression en cadre , with the same meaning. In

464-511: A static line . Mobility of the parachutes is often deliberately limited to prevent scattering of the troops when a large number parachute together. Some military exhibition units and special forces units use "ram-air" parachutes , which offer a high degree of maneuverability and are deployed manually (without a static line) from the desired altitude. Some use high-altitude military parachuting , also deploying manually. Many countries have one or several paratrooper units, usually associated with

580-650: A "fire brigade" role on the western front. Their constituents were often encountered on the battlefield as ad hoc battle groups ( Kampfgruppen ) detached from a division or organised from miscellaneous available assets. In accord with standard German practice, these were called by their commander's name, such as Group Erdmann in France and the Ramcke Parachute Brigade in North Africa . After mid-1944, Fallschirmjäger were no longer trained as paratroops owing to

696-1220: A Parachutist Tactical group was deployed to Kurdistan . Its mission was to provide humanitarian aid. From July 1992, the Brigade supplied personnel to the "Vespri Siciliani" and later "Strade Sicure" internal security operations. The Folgore participated in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia from 3 December 1992 to September 1993. Parts of the Brigade have been employed many times in the Balkans (IFOR/SFOR in Bosnia and KFOR in Kosovo ), with MNF in Albania and INTERFET in East Timor . The Folgore participated from August 2005 to September 2005 in Operation Babylon in Iraq and to December 2014 in Afghanistan . In August 2007,

812-635: A Russian bridgehead on the west bank of the River Oder. What remained of the unit would be destroyed while trying to defend Berlin from the Red Army. In April 1945, the 10th Parachute Division would be destroyed by the Red Army in Austria. The division's artillery battalion was destroyed in Feldbach by the Red Army. What remained of the unit would be destroyed north of Bruenn. On 15 April 1945, 760 Allied bombers pounded

928-671: A group of instructors or a unit that trains potential instructors or non-commissioned officers (NCOs), in which case it usually also includes the trainees (e.g., the Mountain Leader Training Cadre of the Royal Marines ). In the Japan Self-Defense Forces , the direct translation in Japanese for this word is "幹部, (kanbu)", which refers to the commissioned officers (幹部自衛官, kanbu-jieikan). The JMSDF unofficially uses

1044-442: A hatch in the roof and then, crawling along the wire, position themselves along the wings and top of the fuselage, and jump together when ordered), the exercise managed to land 1,000 troops through air-drops followed by another 2,500 soldiers with heavy equipment delivered via airlandings. The gathered forces proceeded to carry out conventional light infantry attacks with the support of heavy machine guns and light artillery . Among

1160-411: A kampfgruppe commanded by Oberstleutnant Freiherr von der Heydte made the last Fallschirmjäger parachute operation of the war, Operation Stösser . The plan was to capture a strategic crossroads in advance of the 12th SS Panzer Divisions breakthrough. However, the rushed training and inexperience of both the paratroopers and the luftwaffe aircrews made the operation a fiasco; a significant proportion of

1276-578: A massive training program. In 1941, a Parachutist division was completed and was designated the 185th Infantry Division "Folgore" . It was trained for the assault on Malta but was used instead in ground combat operations in the North African Campaign , where it fought with great distinction during the Second battle of El Alamein , effectively stalling the southern part of the Commonwealth attack until

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1392-614: A new regiment. In September 1944, the 1st Parachute Corps fought in the Allied Offensive in Italy known as Operation Olive . In September 1944, the 4th Parachute Division was defending positions at the Futa and 2 Giogo Passes when the U.S. 91st and 85th divisions mounted an attack. This was followed by six days of intense fighting. American forces succeeded in capturing the 2nd Giogo Pass, Monticelli Ridge, and Monte Altuzzo, in Italy, mostly due to

1508-610: A plan that encountered opposition from the British, who argued they would not be able to support it properly. The pressure of the British government eventually caused the Poles to give in and agree to let the Brigade be used on the Western Front . On 6 June 1944 the unit, originally the only Polish unit directly subordinate to the Polish government in exile and thus independent of the British command,

1624-798: A reconnaissance and sabotage mission, followed on later nights by Lts. Ferruccio Nicoloso and Pier Arrigo Barnaba. The first extensive use of paratroopers ( Fallschirmjäger ) was by the Germans during World War II. Later in the conflict paratroopers were used extensively by the Allied Forces . Cargo aircraft of the period (for example the German Junkers Ju 52 and the American Douglas C-47 Skytrain/Dakota ) being small, they rarely, if ever, jumped in groups much larger than 20 from one aircraft. In English, this load of paratroopers

1740-498: A reorganisation 3 RAR relinquished the parachute role in 2011, and this capability is now maintained by units of Special Operations Command . Constant "Marin" Duclos was the first French soldier to execute a parachute jump on November 17, 1915. He performed 23 test and exhibition parachute drops without problems to publicise the system and overcome the prejudice aviators had for such life-saving equipment. In 1935, Captain Geille of

1856-594: A sector along the River Mius around the town of Charzysk during the winter of 1941 and into early 1942. In March 1943, the Fallschirmjäger of the 3rd Battalion of the 4th Regiment, 7th Airborne Division defended a hill at Lushi on the Eastern Front. They were reinforced by paras from 3rd Battalion of the 3rd Regiment. Between 20 and 27 March these two battalions held off two complete Soviet divisions. In May 1943, what

1972-617: A series of battles with the advance guard of the Allied spearhead. Parts of the unit had received special training in reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. This intelligence led to the last parachute drop in North Africa. The operation ended up a major failure due to mostly inexperienced and poorly trained pilots. The Fallschirmjäger were dropped too far from their targets. The paras never made it to their targets because many were captured by British patrols as they landed. On 26 December 1942,

2088-497: A significant airborne role again. It became the 1st Parachute Division in 1942, when it was reformed in Russia. The division existed as a fighting unit until the German surrender in Italy of 2 May 1945, one week before the end of World War II in Europe. The 2nd Parachute Division was formed in France under the command of Generalleutnant Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke in early 1943, based on

2204-673: A specific direction. The possible use of paratroopers also forces defenders to spread out to protect other areas which would otherwise be safe. Another common use for paratroopers is to establish an airhead for landing other units, as at the Battle of Crete . This doctrine was first practically applied to warfare by the Imperial German Army in 1916 then the Italians and the Soviets . The first known airborne commando operation in military history

2320-656: A tighter drop zone grouping than individually deployed rip-cord type parachutes. The word Fallschirmjäger is from the German Fallschirm "parachute", and Jäger "hunter", the light infantry of the Prussian Army . The Soviets were the first to demonstrate the military possibilities of airborne infantry in the 1930s with a series of maneuvers held in 1935 and 1936. Though somewhat crude (the Soviet paratroopers had to exit their slow-moving Tupolev TB-3 transporters through

2436-500: A total of 14 regular, one Rashtriya Rifles and two Territorial Army (India) battalions; of the regular bns, five are Airborne battalions, while nine are Special Forces battalions. Formerly designated "Commando" units, they are now designated Special Forces: Three of the Special Forces battalions were originally trained for use in certain environments; 1st Bn [strategic reserve], 9th Bn [mountain] and 10th Bn [desert]. Subsequently,

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2552-529: A train just passing them could continue its journey unhindered. Nazi Germany 's Luftwaffe Fallschirmjäger units made the first airborne invasion when invading Denmark on April 9, 1940, as part of Operation Weserübung . In the early morning hours they attacked and took control of the Masnedø fort and Aalborg Airport . The Masnedø fort was positioned such as it guarded the Storstrøm Bridge between

2668-691: A train just passing them could continue its journey unhindered. The second operational military parachute jump from 490 metres (1,600 ft) was logged in the night of August 8—9 1918 by Italian assault troops. Arditi Lieutenant Alessandro Tandura  [ it ] jumped from a Savoia-Pomilio SP.4 aircraft of the Gruppo speciale Aviazione I  [ it ] piloted by Canadian Major William George Barker and British Captain William Wedgwood Benn (both Royal Air Force pilots), when Tandura dropped behind Austro-Hungarian lines near Vittorio Veneto on

2784-405: Is called a "stick", while any load of soldiers gathered for air movement is known as a "chalk". The terms come from the common use of white chalk on the sides of aircraft and vehicles to mark and update numbers of personnel and equipment being emplaned. In World War II, paratroopers most often used parachutes of a circular design. These parachutes could be steered to a small degree by pulling on

2900-520: Is popularly known) and are presently involved in COIN operations. 31st Battalion (Commando), Rashtriya Rifles, is also affiliated to the Parachute Regiment, for special operations conducted by the counter-insurgency force. Israel Defense Forces (IDF) paratroopers have a history of carrying out special forces-style missions dating back to the 1950s. Paratrooper Brigade soldiers wear maroon berets with

3016-470: The Fallschirmjäger participated in the Battle of Leros . In October 1943, the 22nd Air Landing Division participated in the Battle of Kos . In November 1943, the 2nd Parachute Division was ordered to the Eastern Front where it took up position near the Russian held town of Zhitomir. The Red Army was to seize a communication center there and destroy the entire German Southern wing. The Red Army's primary aim

3132-434: The 7th Air Division were deployed, while approximately 12,000 troops of the 22nd Air Landing Division also participated. The Fallschirmjäger successfully captured bridges at Moerdijk and Dordrecht. The airborne troops suffered heavy casualties while taking Dordrecht. The paratroopers were able to capture airfields at Valkenburg, Ockenburg, Waalhaven, and Ypenburg. Yet, the Germans failed to capture The Hague and force

3248-541: The Argentine Army specialised in airborne assault operations. It is based in Córdoba , Córdoba Province . The Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido ("Rapid Deployment Force") is based on this unit. The members of the unit wear Red berets ( Boina Rojas ) of the paratroopers with unit badges. As of 2022 it consists of: Airborne forces raised by Australia have included a small number of conventional and special forces units. During

3364-642: The Army Special Forces Command and of the other Special Forces components provided by the Navy , Air Force and Carabinieri . Teishin Shudan ( 挺進集団 , Raiding Group ) was a Japanese special forces / airborne unit during World War II . The unit was a division -level force, and was part of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF). It was commanded by a major general , and

3480-778: The Combat Group "Folgore" ( Gruppo di Combattimento "Folgore" ) of the Italian Co-belligerent Army . Other scattered elements joined the Italian Social Republic , where they formed several Parachute units that continued to operate alongside the Germans against the Allies, fighting with distinction during the Battle of Anzio . After WW2, the Italian Army conscripted the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" , currently

3596-834: The French Air Force created the Avignon-Pujaut Paratroopers Schools after he trained in Moscow at the Soviet Airborne Academy. From this, the French military created two combat units called Groupes d’Infanterie de l’Air . Following the Battle of France , General Charles de Gaulle formed the 1re Compagnie d’Infanterie de l’Air in September 1940 from members of the Free French forces who had escaped to Britain . It

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3712-616: The Greece campaign , the German airborne forces would perform their last strategic parachute and glider performances of the war. The airborne troops captured a critical bridge that crossed the canal in the Isthmus of Corinth so German forces could pursue Allied forces further in the Greek mainland. The operation did not go smoothly due in part to heavy enemy ground fire. Demolition charges were also accidentally detonated, due to carelessness, leading to damage to

3828-598: The Gustav Line . Monte Cassino , a historic hilltop abbey founded in AD 529 by Benedict of Nursia , dominated the nearby town of Cassino and the entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys. Lying in a protected historic zone, it had been left unoccupied by the Germans. They had defended some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls. Repeated pinpoint artillery attacks on Allied assault troops caused their leaders to conclude

3944-899: The Loire Valley in September 1944, in Belgium on January, and in Netherlands in April 1945. The 1er Régiment Parachutiste de Choc carried out operations in Provence . After World War II , the post-war French military of the Fourth Republic created several new airborne units. Among them were the Bataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux (BPC) based in Vannes-Meucon , the Metropolitan Paratroopers, and

4060-400: The Military of the United States , a cadre is a group or member of a group of leaders , especially in units that conduct formal training schools. In United States Army jargon, the word is singular and plural. At the United States Military Academy, the upper-class cadets who conduct Cadet Basic Training for incoming freshmen are called the cadre. In the British Armed Forces , a cadre is

4176-427: The Norwegian Army in a five-day battle . On 10 May 1940, the Fallschirmjäger performed a successful raid on the powerful fortification known as Ében-Émael . Eben Emael consisted of multiple gun emplacements and was defended by 1,200 Belgian troops. There are few better representations by elite troops and everything was cutting edge at the time, from tactics to method of deployment. The airborne troops attacked

4292-423: The Ruhr Pocket while the 9th and 10th fought on the rapidly collapsing Eastern Front , including within Germany. The 9th fought in the Battle of the Seelow Heights and in the Battle of Berlin before being destroyed in April 1945; the 10th surrendered to Soviet army forces in May 1945. The typical Fallschirmjäger infantry paratrooper's uniform included the paratrooper helmet M36, which differed heavily from

4408-399: The 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 1st Parachute Regiment and the 2nd Battalion of the Luftlande-Sturmregiment (Airlanding Assault Regiment) were assigned to the Army Group North 's 18th Army where they would conduct operations in the Leningrad area. The Fallschirmjäger were specifically deployed to the east of Leningrad on the River Neva to confront

4524-475: The 1st Battalion, 9th Parachute Regiment executed a successful attack on the U.S. 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment . Initially, the Americans would suffer the loss of their outposts mostly due to German artillery and mortar fire. The Americans held due to their artillery and air support, and the paras eventually were forced to retreat. On 11 July 1944 the 3rd Parachute Division suffered heavy casualties while attempting to prevent American forces from capturing

4640-529: The 21st Bn was raised for jungle warfare . Currently, all Special Forces battalions are cross trained for all environments. The 8th Battalion became 16th Battalion, Mahar Regiment in 1976 before reconverting to the 12th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment. A sizable part of the battalion was retained in the airborne role for some time, forming the armoured element of the 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade and equipped with their BMP-2 Infantry Combat Vehicles. But due to administrative and logistic reasons, it

4756-423: The 2nd Parachute Brigade that had fought in North Africa. Sent to Rome as part of the occupation force when the Italian government began to reconsider its war effort, it later fought in Ukraine and in western France. The majority of the division was cut off and surrounded in Brest during the German retreat from France, resulting in the Battle for Brest , that lasted until September 1944. A new 2nd Parachute Division

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4872-462: The 2nd Parachute Corps battled the U.S. 1st Army at Coutances-Marigny-St. Lo. The Fallschirmjäger utilized the terrain of the so-called bocage and the hedgerows to their advantage to negate American superiority in both firepower and quantity of troops. The Fallschirmjäger inflicted heavy casualties on American forces due mostly to tactical superiority and the terrain preventing the Americans from utilizing their armored forces. On 11 July 1944

4988-442: The 2nd Parachute Division. By the last week of the month the Red Army had forced the paras across the Southern Bug River where they would establish defensive positions on the opposite bank. By May the Red Army forced the Fallschirmjäger back to the river of Dniester . The Fallschirmjäger had been decimated by the fighting and by the end of the month the division was transferred back to Germany for refitting. On 3 July 1944

5104-434: The Colonial Paratroopers and Bataillons Étrangers de Parachutistes ( French Foreign Legion ), which coexisted until 1954. During the First Indochina War , a Bataillon Parachutiste Viet Nam was created (BPVN) in southeast Asia. In total, 150 different airborne operations took place in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. These included five major combat missions against the Viet Minh strongholds and areas of concentration. When

5220-464: The Dutch to surrender. Therefore, the performance of the paratroopers in the Netherlands was mixed as far as efficiency and results was concerned. The 22nd Air Landing Division was forced to land many of its aircraft on exposed motorways because the 7th Air Division had failed to secure designated airfields. Most aircraft ended up being shot up by Dutch infantry and artillery fire. The airborne troops were able to cause disruption behind Dutch lines. During

5336-428: The Folgore took part in United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon , under aegis of the United Nations (Resolution 1701), as a result of the war between Israel and Hezbollah of summer 2006. The Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" is still mainly deployed abroad in international stabilization and peacekeeping operation, on rotation with the other elite units of the Italian Army . Other paratroopers units operate as part of

5452-450: The French left Vietnam in 1954, all airborne battalions were upgraded to regiments over the next two years. Only the French Air Force's Commandos de l'Air (Air Force) were excluded. In 1956, the 2e Régiment de Parachutiste Coloniaux took part in the Suez Crisis . Next, the French Army regrouped all its Army Airborne regiments into two parachute divisions in 1956. The 10th parachute division ( 10e Division Parachutiste , 10e DP) came under

5568-453: The Greece campaign was the German invasion of Crete, in May 1941. The Fallschirmjäger would suffer further heavy losses during the Battle of Crete especially during Operation Merkur which would be the end of large scale airborne and glider operations for the Fallschirmjäger . The Battle for Crete would see the Germans lose approx. 3,800 dead and 2,600 wounded. The Allies' losses were approximately 1,700 dead and 15,000 captured. During

5684-401: The JGSDF’s Ground Component Command (Japanese: 陸上総隊). During the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , the Peruvian army had also established its own paratrooper unit and used it to great effect by seizing the Ecuadorian port city of Puerto Bolívar , on July 27, 1941, marking the first time in the Americas that airborne troops were used in combat. In 1965, a paratrooper unit known as the Sinchis

5800-491: The Luftwaffe were required to successfully complete six jumps in order to receive the Luftwaffe Parachutist's Badge (instituted on 5 November 1936). The 7th Air Division, later called the 1st Parachute Division , was formed in 1938. It carried out airborne operations in the early stages of the war, including the successful capture of Fort Ében-Émael in Belgium. It later fought in the Battle of Crete but after heavy losses there, Hitler refused to consider using his troops in

5916-407: The Parachute Brigade alternatively serving their field tenures in counter-insurgency/high altitude areas. One of the two field regiments (9 Para Fd Regt and 17 Para Fd Regt) also forms part of the brigade while the other serves out its field tenure on rotation. The two Territorial Army battalions, 106th (Bangalore) and 116th (Deolali) form the airborne element of the Terriers (as the Territorial Army

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6032-441: The Prussian Police Force, who had assembled a special detachment of 14 officers and 400 men within just two days. On 17 July, the detachment was officially renamed Landespolizeigruppe Wecke . On 22 December 1933, the unit was again retitled, becoming the Landespolizeigruppe General Göring . The unit carried out conventional police duties for the next two years under the command of Göring's ministerial adjutant Friedrich Jakoby, but it

6148-402: The Red Army conducted a new offensive against the 2nd Parachute Division. The Fallschirmjäger suffered heavy casualties. The 2nd Battalion of the 5th Regiment was destroyed. By 6 January 1944 the 7th, 5th, and 2nd Regiments had been forced to retreat from Novgorodka due to the efforts of the Red Army. The Paras dug in around Kirovograd. In March the Red Army once again resumed operations against

6264-426: The Second World War in Castel Benito , near Tripoli ( Libya ), where the first Military school of Parachuting was located. They were two native battalions of the Royal Libyan Troops Corps and two battalions of Italian troops, later joined by the Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion . Moved back to Italy in 1941, the staff of the Castel Benito school was expanded into the Paratroopers School at Tarquinia and became

6380-429: The Second World War the Australian Army formed the 1st Parachute Battalion ; however, it did not see action. In the post-war period Australia's parachute capability was primarily maintained by special forces units. In the 1970s and 1980s a parachute infantry capability was revived, while a Parachute Battalion Group based on the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) was established in 1983. However, following

6496-404: The Vistula and Bug rivers. The first opposed airborne attacks occurred during the Norwegian Campaign , first during the initial invasion when Fallschirmjäger captured the defended air base of Sola , near Stavanger . The Fallschirmjäger also had their first defeat in Norway, when a company was dropped on the village and railroad junction of Dombås on 14 April 1940 and was destroyed by

6612-434: The Wiesel Armoured Weapons Carrier (AWC), a light air-transportable armoured fighting vehicle , more specifically a lightly armoured weapons carrier. It is quite similar to historical scouting tankettes in size, form and function, and is the only true modern tankette in use in Western Europe. The Parachute Regiment is the Special Forces/airborne regiment of the Indian Army. The Regiment was formed in 1952 The regiment has

6728-428: The abbey was being used by the Germans as an observation post, at the least. Fears escalated along with casualties and in spite of a lack of clear evidence, it was marked for destruction. On 15 February American bombers dropped 1,400 tons of high explosives, creating widespread damage. The raid failed to achieve its objective, as the Fallschirmjäger occupied the rubble and established excellent defensive positions amid

6844-475: The aftermath of the Algiers putsch , the 10e and 25e Parachute divisions were disbanded and their regiments merged into the Light Intervention Division ( Division Légère d'Intervention ). This division became the 11th Parachute Division ( 11e Division Parachutiste , 11e DP) in 1971. In the aftermath of the Cold War , the French Army reorganised and the 11e DP become the 11th Parachute Brigade in 1999. The first known airborne commando operation in military history

6960-423: The artillery casements and pillboxes with flame throwers, demolition charges, and hollow charge grenades. The mission was accomplished by Sturmgruppe Granit (Assault Group Granite), which consisted of only 85 soldiers. Despite being at both a numerical and firepower disadvantage, the airborne troops took control of the fort after a few hours of fighting. During the invasion of the Netherlands over 2,000 troops of

7076-409: The attention of imaginative military planners. The idea of aerially inserting a large body of troops inside enemy territory was proposed during World War I by Brigadier General Billy Mitchell , commander of the U.S. Army Air Corps in France. However, the Entente High Command was forced to abandon the idea, as it was unprepared for such an undertaking, both logistically and in materiel . Among

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7192-406: The bridge and heavy casualties. One group of paratroopers was accidentally dropped into the sea where they all drowned. The airborne forces did manage to capture British anti-aircraft positions, which forced the surrender of the local town. 12,000 Commonwealth and Greek troops were also captured. The German airborne forces suffered 63 killed and 174 wounded. The final major offensive German action of

7308-404: The city of St. Lo. The German 12th Parachute Gun Brigade, 3rd Parachute Reconnaissance Company, and 3rd Engineer Battalion all suffered heavy casualties mostly due to outstanding American artillery fire. The Paras would hold out until 27 July due to their great effort. German forces managed to inflict 11,000 casualties on its American opponents. On 25 July 1944, the 21st Parachute Pioneer Battalion

7424-495: The command of General Jacques Massu and General Henri Sauvagnac took over the 25th Parachute Division ( 25e Division Parachutiste , 25e DP). Again the Commandos de l'Air were kept under command of the Air Force. By the late 1950s, in Algeria , the FLN had launched its War of Independence . French paratroopers were used as counter insurgency units by the French Army. This was the first time in airborne operations troops used helicopters for air assault and fire support . But in

7540-526: The division during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945. The Fallschirmjäger were issued specialist weapons such as the FG 42 and specially designed helmets. In the modern German Bundeswehr , the Fallschirmjägertruppe continue to form the core of special operations units. The division has two brigade equivalents and several independent companies and battalions. All told, about 10,000 troops served in that division in 2010, most of them support or logistics personnel. The Fallschirmjägertruppe currently uses

7656-465: The exclusive mission to drop into occupied Poland in order to help liberate the country. The British government, however, pressured the Poles into allowing the unit to be used in the Western theatre of war . Operation Market Garden eventually saw the unit sent into action in support of the British 1st Airborne Division at the Battle of Arnhem in 1944. The Poles were initially landed by glider from 18 September, whilst, due to bad weather over England,

7772-529: The first to recognize the potential of airborne forces were Italy and the Soviet Union . The first effective means of supporting massed infantry airborne operations came with the development of the static-line parachute in Italy in 1922 whereby parachutes are attached to the inside of the aircraft and deployed automatically upon departure. This technique used in the German Rückfallschirm, Zwangablösung (backpack parachute, static line) rig allowed jumps at lower altitudes, limiting exposure to enemy fire and providing

7888-450: The force were dropped 80km from the drop zone and others were just returned to their airfields. Only about 300 Fallschirmjäger gathered but the panzers failed to break through. As they were only equipped for a 24 hour operation, the survivors tried to return to German lines but the majority either became casualties or, including the commander, were captured. In April 1945, the 9th Parachute Division would be destroyed while trying to contain

8004-437: The foreign observers present was Hermann Göring . Impressed, Göring became personally committed to the creation of Germany's airborne arm in the 1930s. As Prussian Minister-president and Minister of the Interior, he had ordered the formation of a specialist police unit in 1933, the Polizeiabteilung Wecke , devoted to protecting Nazi Party officials. The organization of this unit was entrusted to Polizeimajor Walther Wecke of

8120-453: The general retreat of the Axis forces, when it was destroyed. Another major paratroopers division was formed during 1942 (the 184th Infantry Division "Nembo") and a third had started forming in 1943 (the 184th Parachute Division "Ciclone"). After the September 8th 1943 Armistice , elements of the "Nembo" division joined the Allies against the germans as part of the Italian Liberation Corps ( Corpo Italiano di Liberazione ) and later as part of

8236-458: The ground. This is one of the three types of "forced entry" strategic techniques for entering a theater of war ; the other two being by land and by water. Their tactical advantage of entering the battlefield from the air is that they can attack areas not directly accessible by other transport. The ability of airborne assault to enter the battlefield from any location allows paratroopers to evade emplaced fortifications that guard from attack from

8352-520: The infantry pin and reddish-brown boots. Distinct from all other soldiers of the IDF, Paratroopers wear a tunic and belt over the shirt. The IDF has one active paratrooper brigade and four reserve brigades consisting of personnel who served their mandatory time in the 35th brigade, and who are mostly relatively recently discharged, aside from officers. The IDF paratrooper brigades include: The first units of Italian parachutists were trained and formed shortly before

8468-540: The islands of Falster and Masnedø – on the main road from the south to Copenhagen . Aalborg Airport played a key role acting as a refueling station for the Luftwaffe in the further invasion into Norway . In the same assault the bridges around Aalborg were taken. Fallschirmjäger were also used in the Low Countries against the Netherlands , although their use against The Hague was unsuccessful. Their most famous drop

8584-664: The largest unit of paratroopers of the Italian Army . The Brigade operates as Light Infantry with airborne drop and air transport capability with secondary light mechanized capabilities, as part of the "Vittorio Veneto" Division , the on-call divisional HQ controlling the rapid reaction components of the Italian Army . In 1982 the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" landed in Beirut with the Multinational Force in Lebanon . In 1991,

8700-811: The men of Parachute Company of the Brandenburg Regiment were transported by gliders in an operation to destroy bridges and supply routes used by the British. It too was a disaster. Some of the gliders were shot down while flying over enemy lines while others were destroyed while approaching their targets. Most of the paras were killed in the operation. The 2nd Parachute Regiment, an Assault Regiment Battalion, and Antitank and Machine Gun Battalions were sent to conduct operations in Ukraine . They would be assigned to Army Group South . This force would be known as Kampfgruppe Sturm commanded by Oberst Alfred Sturm . The Fallschirmjäger suffered heavy casualties while defending

8816-504: The national Army or Air Force, but in some cases the Navy. In 1944, Argentina became the second country on the continent of South America to use Paratroopers, after Peru. The first paratroopers were issued jump helmets similar to that used by the British at the time, with other equipment based on the Fallschirmjäger . The 4th Parachute Brigade ( 4 Brigada Paracaidista ) is a unit of

8932-561: The open where massive air support inflicted heavy casualties and material losses. The Axis campaign in Italy had ended in defeat. According to the General Staff of the Wehrmacht the Fallschirmjäger had suffered the following losses by February 1945: Total: 121,593 enlisted men and 2,827 officers. Paratroop Paratroopers jump out of aircraft and use parachutes to land safely on

9048-472: The operation. Only two enemy soldiers died during the operation. The primary unit responsible for the success of the mission was Fallschirmjäger Lehr Batallion. It was considered elite of the elite and named for security reasons 1./FJR7. It was under the command of Major Harald Mors . General Kurt Student played a major role in the planning of the operation. The operation ended up being controversial due to Waffen SS legend Otto Skorzeny also participating in

9164-562: The operation. Skorzeny and his participating 26 Waffen SS troops managed to take much of the credit for the success of the operation despite the fact the 82 Fallschirmjäger soldiers played a more significant role during the operation. Skorzeny received a promotion to Sturmbannführer , the award of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and fame that led to his "most dangerous man in Europe" image. During 26 September 1943 to 16 November 1943,

9280-452: The overwhelming firepower of American forces. On 21 September 1944, British and Canadian forces were successful in overcoming defensive positions occupied by the 1st Parachute Corps to capture Rimini. On 13 October 1944, Axis forces which included the 4th Parachute Division manage to halt an Allied 2nd Corps' advance south of Bologna, Italy. On December 17, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge

9396-572: The parachute section of the Brigade was held up, and jumped on 21 September at Driel on the South bank of the Rhine. The Poles suffered significant casualties during the next few days of fighting, but still were able, by their presence, to cause around 2,500 German troops to be diverted to deal with them for fear of them supporting the remnants of 1st Airborne trapped over the lower Rhine in Oosterbeek. The Brigade

9512-560: The paratroopers stabilized the front but suffered heavy casualties. During 17 January – 18 May 1944, the Fallschirmjäger participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino . Allied Forces' aim was a breakthrough to Rome . At the beginning of 1944, the western half of the Winter Line was being anchored by Germans holding the Rapido-Gari , Liri and Garigliano valleys and some of the surrounding peaks and ridges. Together, these features formed

9628-404: The port. Other elements of the 2nd Parachute Division were destroyed by American armored forces while on their way to assist the 5th Parachute Division at St. Malo. American forces captured Brest on 20 September 1944. What was left of the 2nd Parachute Corps was sent to Cologne after Falaise for rest and refitting. Heydte's 6th Parachute Regiment went to Guestrow-Mecklenburg to form the foundation of

9744-513: The positions of 1st Parachute Corps and other Axis units in the Argenta Gap, Italy. The paratroopers continued to fight but by 18 April, the Axis forces wavered to the massive Allied ground and aerial onslaught. In May 1945, the remaining paratroopers of the 1st and 4th Parachute Divisions surrendered in Italy along with the remaining Axis Forces. The Allied Forces had succeeded in driving Axis forces into

9860-500: The realities of the strategic situation, but retained the Fallschirmjäger honorific. Near the end of the war, the series of new Fallschirmjäger divisions extended to over a dozen, with a concomitant reduction in quality in the higher-numbered units of the series. Among these divisions was the 9th Fallschirmjäger Division, which was the final parachute division to be raised by Germany during World War II . The Russian army destroyed

9976-646: The rest of the regiment was sent to Altengrabow. Germany's parachute arm was officially inaugurated on 29 January 1936 with an Order of the Day calling for recruits for parachute training at the Stendal Parachute Training School located 96 km (60 mi) west of Berlin . The school was activated several months after the first parachute units were established in January 1936 and was open to active and reserve Luftwaffe personnel. NCOs, officers and other ranks of

10092-518: The retreat westwards. Between November and December 1942, the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 5th Parachute Regiment were flown into Tunisia to protect its airfields and take up defensive positions around the city of Koch during the Allied Operation Torch. It was followed closely by the 11th Parachute Pioneer Battalion under the command of Major Rudolf Witzig. It had the strength of 716 men. It took up defensive positions west of Tunis where it had

10208-448: The risers (four straps connecting the paratrooper's harness to the connectors) and suspension lines which attach to the parachute canopy itself. German paratroopers, whose harnesses had only a single riser attached at the back, could not manipulate their parachutes in such a manner. Today, paratroopers still use round parachutes, or round parachutes modified so as to be more fully controlled with toggles. The parachutes are usually deployed by

10324-507: The ruins. Between 17 January and 18 May, Monte Cassino and the Gustav defenses were assaulted four times by Allied troops, the last involving twenty divisions attacking along a twenty-mile front. The German defenders were finally driven from their positions, but at a high cost. The capture of Monte Cassino resulted in 55,000 Allied casualties, with German losses being far fewer, estimated at around 20,000 killed and wounded. In early January 1944,

10440-495: The same year and training commenced at Altengrabow. Göring also ordered that volunteers be drawn for parachute training. These volunteers would form a core Fallschirmschützen Bataillon ("parachute soldiers battalion"), a cadre for future Fallschirmtruppe ("parachute troops"). In January 1936, 600 men and officers formed the 1st Jäger Battalion/RGG, commanded by Bruno Bräuer, and the 15th Engineer Company/RGG and were transferred to training area Döberitz for jump training while

10556-404: The typical M1935, M1940, and M1942 Stahlhelm . Paratrooper helmet M36 was often worn with fine or wide netting, often made of chicken wire . During the 1939–41 period, the Fallschirmjäger uniform consisted of a pair of Field Grey trousers, a Field Blue tunic and a green jump smock. The webbing was often made of brown leather in this period, although M1940 webbing differed. The FG-42 rifle

10672-438: The western front as regular infantry. Both divisions surrendered at the end of May. The 8th , 9th and 10th were Fallschirmjäger by name only, as they were hastily formed in late 1944–early 1945 from a disparate collection of Luftwaffe units, including ground crews. They never reached divisional strength and were under-trained and mostly ill-prepared for combat. The 8th fought in the Netherlands before being destroyed in

10788-600: The word "准幹部, jun-kanbu" which means, "associate cadre" if the word is directly translated for the warrant officers , since their position as the warrant officer is different from the other two ( Ground and Air ) branches. Adapted from the military usage, in Canadian police services, a cadre is an individual officer. It is used in place of badge number and is used in Records Management Systems for dispatching and report entry. This military -related article

10904-649: Was Free French SAS Captain Pierre Marienne who jumped into Brittany ( Plumelec , Morbihan ) on June 5 with 17 Free French paratroopers. The first Allied soldier killed in the liberation of France was Free French SAS Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4e Bataillon d’Infanterie de l’Air , also in Brittany in Plumelec: June 6, 0 h 40. Captain Pierre Marienne was killed on July 12 in Plumelec. French SAS paratroopers also fought in

11020-554: Was Göring's intention to ultimately produce a unit that would match the Reichswehr . In March–April 1935, Göring transformed the Landespolizei General Göring into Germany's first dedicated airborne regiment, giving it the military designation Regiment General Göring (RGG) on 1 April 1935 (after Hitler introduced conscription on 16 March 1935). The unit was incorporated into the newly formed Luftwaffe on 1 October of

11136-505: Was acknowledged in the army report of October 4, 1916: Eastern theater of war: ... Oberleutnant v. Cossel, who was set down from the plane southwest of Rowno by Vice Sergeant Windisch and picked up again after 24 hours, interrupted the Rowno-Brody railway line at several points by means of explosives. ... The First Quartermaster General. Ludendorff. According to Russian reports, however, the tracks were only slightly damaged in one place, so that

11252-451: Was acknowledged in the army report of October 4, 1916: Eastern theater of war: ... Oberleutnant v. Cossel, who was set down from the plane southwest of Rowno by Vice Sergeant Windisch and picked up again after 24 hours, interrupted the Rowno-Brody railway line at several points by means of explosives. ... The First Quartermaster General. Ludendorff. According to Russian reports, however, the tracks were only slightly damaged in one place, so that

11368-516: Was also to take Kiev . By December the Red Army had massed a large force northeast of the city. The Fallschirmjäger managed to assist other German forces in plugging the gaps created by the Soviet advance. On 15 December 1943, the 2nd Parachute Division was airlifted to Kirovograd and put on the front at Klintsy . It was supported by the 11th Panzer Division and the 286th Self Propelled Artillery Brigade. The Fallschirmjäger participated in fierce fighting around Novgorodka . By 23 December

11484-612: Was conducted by Maximilian Hermann Richard Paschen von Cossel, then Leutnant of the Royal Prussian Army and his new pilot, then Royal Saxon Vice Sergeant Rudolf Windisch. Windisch flew the Roland Walfisch used for this purpose and set Cossel down in a wooded area behind the Russian front. During the night of October 2/3, 1916, Cossel blew up the Rowno–Brody railway line, 85 kilometers behind the eastern front, in several places. This

11600-438: Was conducted by Maximilian Hermann Richard Paschen von Cossel, then Leutnant of the Royal Prussian Army and his new pilot, then Royal Saxon Vice Sergeant Rudolf Windisch. Windisch flew the Roland Walfisch used for this purpose and set Cossel down in a wooded area behind the Russian front. During the night of October 2/3, 1916, Cossel blew up the Rowno–Brody railway line, 85 kilometers behind the eastern front, in several places. This

11716-714: Was created from the 601e Groupe d'Infanterie de l'Air in Morocco and the 3e and 4e Bataillons d'Infanterie de l'Air (BIA) in England in the Special Air Service . The 2e and 3e Régiments de Chasseurs Parachutistes followed in July 1944. During the Invasion of Normandy , French Airborne forces fought in Brittany , ( Operation Dingson , Operation Samwest ). The first Allied soldier to land in France

11832-464: Was discontinued and their role being taken over by the para battalions themselves, with a platoon strength of each battalion being trained and equipped for the mechanized role within the brigade. The 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade comprises the following units: ( 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade Provost Section. The President's Body Guard also forms part of the brigade as the pathfinders company. Three Airborne units in rotation form part of

11948-679: Was established under the Civil Guard as a counterinsurgency and anti-narcotics force. With the dissolution of the Civil Guard in 1991, the unit became part of the National Police of Peru . The 1st (Polish) Independent Parachute Brigade was a parachute brigade under the command of Major General Stanisław Sosabowski , created during the Second World War in Scotland in September 1941, with

12064-657: Was formed in France in 1943. It was involved in the fighting in Normandy after D-Day and most of its personnel were killed or captured in the Falaise Pocket . It was reformed in the Netherlands with Luftwaffe ground crew. It fought in the Ardennes offensive and along the Rhine before its survivors surrendered at the end of the war. The 6th and 7th Parachute divisions were formed in 1944 in France and Germany respectively and fought on

12180-609: Was formed in November 1944 and the following year was involved in fighting in Arnhem, during the Rhine crossings and in the Ruhr Pocket with Army Group B . The 3rd and 4th Parachute divisions were formed in 1943. The 4th also contained Italian paratroopers drawn from the 184th Infantry Division "Nembo" and 185th Infantry Division "Folgore" . The 3rd fought during the Normandy campaign ; it

12296-664: Was largely destroyed in the Falaise Pocket in August 1944. It was then reformed and took part in the Battle of the Ardennes , and ended the war in the Ruhr Pocket where it surrendered to US troops in April 1945. The 4th fought exclusively on the Italian front including the Battle of Anzio , Rome and on the Gothic Line . It surrendered to Allied forces in April 1945. The 5th Parachute Division

12412-576: Was left of Fallschirmjäger units in North Africa had been captured by Allied forces. The Fallschirmjäger commanders were flown out of North Africa and managed to escape captivity. On 12 September 1943, the Fallschirmjäger conducted a successful rescue mission of Italian Prime minister Benito Mussolini at the Gran Sasso. It is known as the Gran Sasso raid . The operation received wide acclaim despite there being very little enemy resistance during

12528-575: Was organized as follows: Notably, Japanese troopers fought in the Battle of Palembang and in the takeover of Celebes in the Dutch East Indies. The 1st Airborne Brigade (Japanese: 第1空挺団, Dai-Ichi Kūtei Dan), established in 1958 is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force’s elite airborne unit meant for anti-guerilla and commando operations. The unit is currently used for homeland defense and international combat operations as part of

12644-619: Was originally trained close to RAF Ringway and later in Upper Largo in Scotland. It was finally based in Lincolnshire, close to RAF Spitalgate (Grantham) where it continued training until its eventual departure for Europe after D-Day. The Brigade was formed by the Polish High Command in exile with the aim of it being used to support the Polish resistance during the nationwide uprising ,

12760-595: Was positioned on the road between Dunaburg and Kovno in Lithuania. The Red Army attacked the Battalion the following day. The Battalion would be encircled and eventually destroyed. The unit would be disbanded and sent to other Fallschirmjäger units. On 25 July 1944, the 2nd Parachute Division was involved in the defense of Brest against the American 7th Corps. American forces suffered 4,000 casualties in its effort to invest

12876-459: Was refused on the grounds of "operational considerations" and the "difficulties" in coordinating with the Soviet forces. Eventually, the Brigade entered combat when it was dropped during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. En cadre A cadre ( / ˈ k ɑː d r ə / , also UK : / ˈ k ɑː d ər / , also US : / ˈ k ɑː d r eɪ / ) is the complement of commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers of

12992-546: Was repulsed. The Soviet formation was effectively destroyed, with the support of the Luftwaffe, which used anti-personnel bombs against Soviet infantry caught in the open. In July 1942, the Ramcke Parachute Brigade was deployed to North Africa to assist the Axis war effort there. In late October the Brigade participated in the 2nd Battle of El Alamein. The Brigade successfully captured a British supply column which provided it with some trucks and much needed supplies for

13108-411: Was the 1941 Battle of Crete , though they suffered large casualties. Hence later in the war, the 7th Air Division's Fallschirmjäger assets were re-organised and used as the core of a new series of elite Luftwaffe Infantry divisions, numbered in a series beginning with the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division . These formations were organised and equipped as motorised infantry divisions, and often played

13224-457: Was transferred into the same command structure as all other Polish Forces in the West . It was slotted to take part in several operations after the invasion of Normandy , but all of them were cancelled. On 27 July, aware of the imminent Warsaw Uprising , the Polish government in exile asked the British government for air support, including dropping the Brigade in the vicinity of Warsaw. This request

13340-603: Was transformed into the Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes in October 1941. By June 1942, these units were fighting in Crete and Cyrenaica alongside the British 1st SAS Regiment . As part of the SAS Brigade , two independent French SAS units were also created in addition to the other French Airborne units. They operated until 1945. In May 1943, the 1er Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes

13456-419: Was used heavily by units of the Fallschirmjäger . The RZ 20 Fallschirmjäger parachute only had a single contact point, making control impossible and landing difficult. Because of this they did not jump with rifles, and instead got them from a canister attached to a separate parachute. During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Fallschirmjäger were sent to occupy several airfields between

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