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73-602: The dam was dedicated in October 1953 by Mexican President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The dam and lake are managed jointly by governments of the United States and Mexico through the International Boundary and Water Commission , which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. The lake

146-567: A plot by Los Zetas to destroy the Falcon Dam . On September 30, 2010, David Hartley and his wife Tiffany, from McAllen, Texas , were in Mexican waters riding WaveRunners back from Mexico when they were allegedly chased by two boats containing about six gunmen. The Zapata County Sheriff said the woman escaped and reported that her husband was shot. He is missing and feared dead. On October 10, 2010, Zapata County Sheriff Sigifredo Gonzalez sent word to

219-454: A mi medida. Lo tengo en el mejor concepto. Creo que es todo un caballero. ) The National Action Party , eventually the PRI's largest political opposition party, first participated in this election, nominating Efraín González Luna  [ es ] . In González Luna's campaign, he addressed social and national problems, including women's suffrage, like Ruiz Cortines. Vicente Lombardo Toledano

292-557: A political principle he would apply during his entire political career. In addition, it was at school where he acquired his fanatical interest in baseball. He always wanted to attend a university, but the American Invasion of 1914 forced him to abandon his studies. His first job was as an accounting assistant at a commercial textile company. In 1909, Ruiz read the book La sucesión presidencial de 1910 ( The Presidential Succession of 1910 ) published that year by Francisco I. Madero ,

365-553: A politician whom he had known in his youth, began living with him at his home in Veracruz. Caldelas helped with household chores and took care of the former president. On the afternoon of 3 December 1973, the health status of Ruiz Cortines became critical. Dr. Mario Díaz Tejeda went to the home to treat the condition of the former president. When the drugs took effect on him, Ruiz Cortines fell asleep. At 9:05 am on Monday, 3 December 1973, Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines died at 83 years of age,

438-579: A practical education that allowed them to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, he founded the Institute of Anthropology and the State Planning Committee, among others. He also modified the local constitution to allow women to participate in the local and municipal elections. He built roads and bridges to develop Veracruz's infrastructure since it was one of the main ports of Mexico at that time. On February 12, 1948, Alemán Valdés' Secretary of

511-488: A second term, but Lázaro Cárdenas and Manuel Ávila Camacho had former president Abelardo L. Rodríguez tell Alemán Valdés that they didn't think, "extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country." On 14 October 1951, Ruiz Cortines was named candidate for the presidency by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) by the incumbent president, as had become practice. The PRI

584-532: A veteran of the Mexican Revolution, there were several options open to him in the 1920s. He served in the government's Department of National Statistics. He took classes in statistics from Daniel Cosío Villegas , who was then a young teacher and later an important historian of Mexico. Ruiz Cortines argued in publications that the Department of National Statistics should be an autonomous agency. In 1935 during

657-405: A victim of heart failure caused by arteriosclerosis. In 1915 he married his first wife, Lucía Carrillo Guitiérrez, the daughter of Veracruz's then-governor, Lauro Carrillo. Ruiz Cortines and Lucía later divorced. Their first child, María Cristina Ruiz Carrillo, was born on December 6, 1917. Their second child, Lucía Ruiz Carrillo, was born on May 1, 1919. Their third child, Adolfo Ruiz Carrillo,

730-507: Is a term used to refer to the country's inward-looking development strategy that produced sustained economic growth . It is considered to be a golden age in Mexico's economy in which the Mexican economy grew 6.8% each year. It was a stabilizing economic plan which caused an average growth of 6.8% and industrial production to increase by 8% with inflation staying at only 2.5%. Beginning roughly in

803-740: Is named after María Rita de la Garza Falcón, for whom the town of Falcon (displaced by the creation of the reservoir) was named. Falcon International Reservoir has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in the reservoir include largemouth bass , crappie , catfish , and channel catfish . On the shores of Falcon Lake are Texas wild olive ( Cordia boissieri ), Mexican oregano ( Lippia graveolens ), hibiscus , mesquite thickets, huisache ( Vachellia farnesiana var. farnesiana ) and prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia spp.). Greater roadrunners , collared peccaries , white-tailed deer , and black-tailed jackrabbits also exist within

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876-467: Is recorded near the southeast corner of the reservoir at 26°33′29″N 99°08′14″W  /  26.5580°N 99.1372°W  / 26.5580; -99.1372 and an elevation of 97.5 metres (320 ft). In May 2010, Los Zetas pirates on the lake claiming to be Mexican Federal Police committed at least three armed robberies. The pirates boarded U.S. boats and demanded either weapons, drugs, or money. In June 2010, U.S. authorities also revealed

949-580: The Alameda Central park in Mexico City to protest reported electoral fraud, including the theft of ballot boxes. The government suppressed the peaceful protests, with an estimated 200 being killed, and more forced disappearances and arrests of people related to the protestors occurring in the following days. On 1 December 1952, he assumed the presidency of the republic, at age 62. In his inaugural address, Ruiz Cortines pledged that fighting corruption in

1022-581: The American Invasion of Veracruz , having to personally sign the surrender of the port in 1847. He was also reputed for organizing fundraisers in favor of the Mexican Army during the Second French Invasion of Mexico , as well as for his deep involvement in the education of the local children. José Ruiz Parra was the maternal grandson of Isidro Gómez de la Parra, subdelegado of the Spanish Crown to

1095-627: The Constitutional Army , Ruiz Cortines was the last Mexican president to have fought in the Mexican Revolution . He worked at the Ministry of Industry and Commerce during the administration of Adolfo de la Huerta and served as an official in the Department of Statistics from 1921 to 1935. Ruiz Cortines joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party and became Senior Official of the Government of

1168-712: The Ethiopian Empire or Abyssinia) during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War . In 1953, Ruiz Cortines invited Haile Selassie , the Emperor of Ethiopia , to visit Mexico, who used the opportunity to thank Mexico for condemning the invasion against him. In 1955, Selassie accepted the invitation, and inaugurated at plaque in Mexico City with his country's name on it. He inaugurated a plaque with Mexico's name on it in his country's capital in 1958. In 1957, Ruiz Cortines, as

1241-642: The Instituto Politécnico Nacional ( IPN ) in 1936 as a government-funded institution in the northern part of Mexico City, trained a new generation of Mexicans. In northern Mexico, the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , known in Mexico as the Tec de Monterrey , was founded by northern industrialists in 1942, with the programs designed by a former faculty member of the IPN and modeled after

1314-803: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology . From a small, private inception, the Tec de Monterrey built a major campus inaugurated by President Alemán in 1946, and has been a magnet for students from other areas of Latin America. In the years following World War II , President Miguel Alemán Valdés (1946–52) instituted a full-scale import-substitution program which stimulated output by boosting internal demand. The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods (such as machinery for Mexican production of consumer goods), which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during

1387-586: The Organization of American States (OAS). In the Conference of Caracas, held in 1954, Mexico failed in its attempt to defend the self-determination of the people. In total, Ruiz Cortines only made three foreign visits during his term, which was deliberately a small amount, as he did not want to waste money on planes or waste time on boats. In 1935, under Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico was one of only five countries to condemn Fascist Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia (then

1460-551: The Porfiriato , died two and a half months prior to his birth. His mother was María Cortines de la Cotera (1859–1932). Ruiz's grandfather was José Ruiz y Gómez de la Parra, better known as José Ruiz Parra , a member of the State of Veracruz 's first Congress in 1824, who co-wrote the state's constitution. José Ruiz Parra was president of the junta that ruled over the Port of Alvarado during

1533-453: The 1940s, the Mexican government would begin to roll out the economic plan that they would call "the Mexican miracle," which would spark an economic boom beginning in 1954 spanning some 15 years and would last until 1970. In Mexico , the Spanish economic term used is "Desarrollo estabilizador" or "Stabilizing Development." An important factor helping sustained growth in the period 1940–1970

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1606-478: The 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s. Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950, 24 percent in 1960, and 29 percent in 1970. The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period, while services stayed constant. The government promoted industrial expansion through public investment in agricultural, energy, and transportation infrastructure. Cities grew rapidly during these years, reflecting

1679-578: The 22nd of December of that year. On January 1 1956, Ruiz Cortines nominated Viceadmiral Roberto Gómez Maqueo to fill the position, and he held it until April 1 1958. From April 1 to September 15 of 1958, Ruiz Cortines's Secretary of the Navy was Héctor Meixuerio Alexandres. After becoming president, Ruiz Cortines proposed an alliance to Henríquez Guzmán between their parties. Henríquez Guzmán stated he would only accept if political and economic monopolies were ended. Ruiz Cortines rejected this, and repression against

1752-477: The Battle of El Ébano, but his main task was as a bookkeeper and paymaster. In 1920, Carranza was attempting to flee the country after his defeat by Sonoran generals Adolfo de la Huerta , Álvaro Obregón , and Plutarco Elías Calles , who rejected Carranza's attempt to impose his successor, and took with him a large amount of the national treasure (150 million pesos in gold). When the generals captured his train and

1825-629: The Chambers the necessary legal reforms so that women enjoy the same political rights as men," a campaign promise he would later fulfill with an amendment to Article 34 of the Constitution . General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán , formerly of the PRI, who had twice before attempted to secure the party's presidential nomination, was the candidate of the Federation of the Mexican People's Parties . His support

1898-617: The Farm Security program to protect farmers from natural disasters. At the beginning of his term, President Ruiz Cortines sent a bill to amend Article 34 of the Constitution to grant women equal political rights with men, which granted the vote to Mexican women. To promote measures to meet the need for homes, he created the National Housing Institute. He gave a stimulus to industry, particularly small- and medium-sized, and laid

1971-566: The Federal District in 1935 and member of the Chamber of Deputies for Veracruz in 1937. In 1939 he was appointed treasurer of the presidential campaign of Manuel Ávila Camacho and worked as Governor of Veracruz from 1944 to 1948, a position he left to become Secretariat of the Interior during the administration of Miguel Alemán Valdés . Ruiz Cortines protested as presidential candidate for

2044-563: The Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1951 and was elected a year later, after winning the disputed 1952 elections . During his administration, he put forward a reform to Article 34 of the Mexican Constitution , giving women the right to vote , and proposed several infrastructure bills, leading to the creation of the National Housing Institute and the National Nuclear Energy Commission. His social policies included

2117-407: The Interior , Héctor Pérez Martínez  [ es ] , died in office, and Alemán Valdés needed to fill the position. Manuel Ávila Camacho recommended Ruiz Cortines, to which Alemán Valdés agreed. It was in this position that Ruiz Cortines distinguished himself and became a contender for the next presidential election. In 1951, Miguel Alemán Valdés expressed his desire to be allowed to serve

2190-560: The Law for Development of New and Necessary Industries, was passed. "In the long view, some of the permanent alterations in Mexico from World War II were economic." Mexico benefited significantly during World War II, by its participation on the side of the Allies. Mexico supplied labor to the U.S. via the Bracero Program , but its most significant contribution was in its supply of material to fight

2263-460: The Mexican government. Ruiz Cortines's government decided to reduce public spending, to consolidate public finances and fight inflation. These policies led to macroeconomic stability, and contributed to the Mexican economy high growth rates during the 1950s. For first time in many years the Mexican government generated a budget surplus. However, following Ruiz Cortines's 1953 suspension of all government contracts, construction companies were weakened,

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2336-637: The Zetas that he has no plans to prosecute. On October 12, 2010, Commander Rolando Flores, the lead Mexican investigator for the David Hartley disappearance case, was beheaded by Mexican drug cartel members and sent in a suitcase to the Mexican military. The lake remains a popular fishing destination, and regularly hosts U.S. anglers and tournaments. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines ( Spanish pronunciation: [aˈðolfo ˈrwis koɾˈtines] 30 December 1889 – 3 December 1973)

2409-496: The accumulated savings to pay off foreign debts, so that Mexico's credit standing substantially improved (increasing investors' confidence in the government). With increased revenues coming from the war effort, the government was now in a position to distribute material benefits from the Revolution more widely; he used funds to subsidize food imports that especially affected urban workers. Workers in Mexico received higher salaries during

2482-505: The construction of projects like Falcon Dam , built with 58.6% American funds and 41.4% Mexican funds. The dam on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo in Mexico) was inaugurated on October 19, 1953, by Ruiz Cortines and United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In 1956, Ruiz Cortines attended a meeting with US President Eisenhower and Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent of Canada. During

2555-629: The construction of roads, railways, dams, schools and hospitals. He also implemented a plan called "March to the Sea", which had the aim of shifting population from the highlands to the coast, and making better use and development of marine and coastal resources. Under this program, malaria was eradicated. He created the Rural Social Welfare Program to improve the living conditions of the rural population and encouraged land distribution. Large foreign estates were expropriated. Furthermore, he implemented

2628-410: The devaluation, in 1955, Mexico's dollar reserves were roughly equivalent to $ 305 million, the highest since he took office. In December 1955, in a push for a balanced budget , Ruiz Cortines announced the next year's budget, 6,696,374,000 pesos ($ 535,709,920 in 1955), which was an increase from the previous year, but was still considered somewhat conservative given Mexico's rapidly growing economy. By

2701-556: The election with 90% of the popular vote. On 1 December 1958, Ruiz handed over power to his successor López Mateos, and then he retired from public life almost altogether. In 1964, he attended the inauguration of López Mateos' successor, President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz . According to Miguel Alemán Velasco , President Luis Echeverría once consulted Ruiz Cortines via telephone on an unspecified policy. Ruiz Cortines disagreed with Echeverría's idea, but Echeverría didn't take his advice. In his last days, his friend Manuel Caldelas García,

2774-458: The end of his term in 1958, he had faced three social-political conflicts with peasants, teachers and the labor union of the railroad workers. Mexico's real national income had increased 7% halfway through 1954, and 10% halfway through 1955. In 1954, Mexico's electric power output increased 10%, manufacturing increased 9.8%, and crude-oil production increased 15%. By 1955, Mexico's crop, coffee, and cotton production and yield had increased 20% since

2847-600: The end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution , with Buick and Ford Motor Company bringing production to Mexico in 1921 and 1925 respectively. With a growing middle class consumer market for such expensive consumer goods, the industrial base of Mexico expanded to meet the demand. The government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward domestic markets by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to imports . The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during

2920-483: The facilities of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and began subsidies to support universities through the republic. Another primary goal of his government was to improve the health of men and women in Mexico. Therefore, he fought malnutrition among children and promoted an immunization campaign. Ruiz Cortines turned his attention to social problems and imposed an era of austerity on

2993-430: The foundation for the development of the petrochemical industry and promoted the creation of jobs. In response to the technical advances in the field of nuclear energy, and considering that Mexico could not remain unaffected by this development, he created the National Nuclear Energy Commission. Primary and secondary education were boosted greatly. He specially supported the polytechnic university. Ruiz Cortines equipped

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3066-432: The general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s. The enrollment rates of the country's youth increased threefold during this period; consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their economic output was more productive. Mexico also made investments in higher education that created a generation of scientists, social scientists, and engineers, who enabled Mexican industrial innovation. The founding of

3139-449: The government and in business would be key aspects of his administration, and that he would continue to maintain close relations with the United States. Ruiz Cortines modified the law to promote responsibility and honesty among public servants to combat increasing amounts of corruption. He created a law that forced public servants to declare their assets before beginning to work in the government, including himself. Ruiz Cortines's purpose

3212-439: The government through his anti-corruption policies. He was criticized for slower implementation of reforms than some of his predecessors. He has been ranked among the most popular Mexican presidents of the 20th century. Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines was born on 30 December 1889 at 3:00 pm, in the state of Veracruz , into a family of Andalusian descent. His father, Adolfo Ruiz Tejada (1851–1889), regidor of Veracruz during

3285-472: The government's program of import substitution industrialization. Finished goods previously purchased abroad could be produced domestically with the purchase of machinery. One successful industry was textile production. Foreign transnational companies established branches in Mexico, such as Coca-Cola , Pepsi-Cola , and Sears (Mexico) under Mexican laws regulating foreign investment. The automotive industry in Mexico had already been established shortly after

3358-443: The implementation of aguinaldos . Unlike previous administrations from the PRI, he was an advocate of fiscal austerity . His administration was noted for increased transparency in contrast to his predecessor. One of the oldest presidents of Mexico, Ruiz Cortines has been credited with leading a strong economy during the period known as the " Mexican miracle ", and has been praised for personal integrity and increasing confidence in

3431-459: The leader of the opposition against President Porfirio Díaz . This book motivated Ruiz's interest in politics. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution started and he became inspired by several of its main players such as Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa . Because of this influence, in 1912 at the age of 23, he moved to Mexico City. During his stay in Mexico City, President Madero was assassinated and General Victoriano Huerta took power. Since Ruiz Cortines

3504-405: The meeting, the leaders discussed immigration issues, economic cooperation, civil aviation and illegal fishing in coastal areas. In general, President Ruiz Cortines's foreign policy was conservative and respectful of the sovereignty of other nations. His administration was looking for a closer relationship with Latin America and sought the integration into the institutional system of Latin America,

3577-442: The national output fell, the foreign trade deficit rose by a third, and almost all employers announced layoffs. He chose to shift away from austerity and reoriented his policy towards boosting production, and announced a record $ 400 million spending plan to pump into public works projects. In April 1954, in the so-called " crisis de la Semana Santa ", he had to devaluate the peso from $ 8.65 per dollar to $ 12.50 per dollar. Despite

3650-426: The national treasure's gold, it was the young and trusted officer, Major Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, who received it and delivered it safely and in presence of a notary to General de la Huerta in Mexico City. He continued to serve in the army after the revolution ended. In 1926, he requested and was granted retirement. With his reputation for precise accounting and bookkeeping, a reputation for honesty, and credentials as

3723-591: The opportunity to gain influence within the Institutional Revolutionary Party . After several years, the PRI designated him as candidate for governor of Veracruz. In December 1944, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines became governor of Veracruz. During his administration, he expanded public education in the state. Some of the institutions he founded were the Technical Studies Institute ( Departamento para Estudios Técnicos ) which provided people with

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3796-447: The park. Falcon State Park is 572.6 acres (2.317 km) located between Falcon Heights, Texas , and Nueva Ciudad Guerrero, Tamaulipas, and is the southern end of a 98,960-acre (400.5 km) International Falcon Reservoir. The park's main activities include camping, swimming, fishing, water skiing, and boating, with a self-guided nature trail. Bass fishing is particularly popular on the 98,960-acre (400.5 km) lake. Climate data

3869-622: The party continued. The government de-registered them in 1954, and in 1955 the party closed their offices. After the corruption scandals of the Alemán years, he wanted to give a new image to the government and re-establish its credibility. His credo was "austerity and moralization". He prosecuted several of Alemán's political and business associates who had enriched themselves during the previous administration. He suspended all government contracts in 1953 to cut waste and to root out corruption. He exercised tight control of public expenditure, supported

3942-426: The party had grown considerably, and included many young senators such as Adolfo López Mateos and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz . His campaign began on October 14, 1951, with his slogan being "austerity and work" ( Spanish : Austeridad y trabajo ). In one of his first speaking events during his campaign, he stated to around 20,000 women in attendance, "If the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before

4015-532: The presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas , Ruiz Cortines's political career began at age 45, as the director in charge of Mexico City. It was during that time that he met Miguel Alemán Valdés , son of a revolutionary soldier, now a young lawyer who would later become president of Mexico (1946–1952). In 1940, Ruiz Cortines managed the presidential campaign of Cárdenas's choice as successor, Manuel Avila Camacho . Miguel Alemán asked Ruiz to join him as his sub-secretary because of their personal friendship. This position gave Ruiz

4088-661: The province of Tuxtlas (appointed by Bernardo de Gálvez , viceroy of the New Spain ), and of his wife Dominga Casado de Toro y Tamariz, herself a descendant of the Luna y Arellano family, holders of the hereditary title of Mariscal de Castilla . Because of his father's premature death, Ruiz Cortines was raised and educated by his mother. María Cortines de la Cotera was the daughter of Diego Francisco Cortines y Gutiérrez de Celis (1829, Bielva, Cantabria , Spain), and María Dolores de la Cotera y Calzada (1824, Veracruz , Mexico), whose father

4161-497: The shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services. The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940. Growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of industrial employment, with surplus workers taking low-paying service jobs. Mexico's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s, when GDP growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita. Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually. Manufacturing remained

4234-667: The start of Ruiz Cortines's term, at that point an all-time high for Mexico. On July 28, 1957, an earthquake with an epicenter in the state of Guerrero shook Mexico City for about 90 seconds. It measured 7.7 on the Richter scale . Ruiz Cortines was in his office in the national palace at the time. During Ruiz' Cortines's term, Mexico had cold diplomatic relationships with the United States because Ruiz Cortines refused to make any agreements that committed Mexico to participate in international wars. During his term, Ruiz Cortines completed

4307-518: The subsequent elections of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952–58), Adolfo López Mateos (1958–64), and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–70), there were no political opposition challenges to the government's implementation of economic programs. During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas , there were significant policies in the social and political spheres that had impacts on future economic policies in Mexico, in particular nationalization of oil in 1938, as well as land reform, and nationalization of railways. Cárdenas

4380-450: The war, but there was a lack of consumer goods to purchase, so that workers had both personal savings and pent up demand for goods. A key government institution for development, founded under Lázaro Cárdenas's administration was Nacional Financiera (abbreviated Nafin ), the national development bank, which funded the expansion of the industrial sector. Growth was sustained by the government's increasing commitment to primary education for

4453-444: The war. It received cash payments for its material contributions, which meant that following the war the Mexican treasury had robust reserves. Although a participant in the war, like the U.S., Mexico was not a site of combat, so that in the post-war era, Mexico did not need to rebuild damaged infrastructure. However, with the resources available following the war, Mexico embarked on big infrastructure projects. Ávila Camacho used part of

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4526-510: The war. The government spent it heavily on infrastructure, including major dam projects to produce hydroelectric power, supply drinking water to cities and irrigation water to agriculture, and control flooding. By 1950 Mexico's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers, of which some 13,600 were paved. The economic stability of the country, high credit rating allowing borrowing, an increasingly educated work force, and savings allowing purchase of consumer goods were excellent conditions for

4599-476: Was a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 1952 to 1958. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), he previously served as Governor of Veracruz and Secretary of the Interior . During his presidency, which constituted the Mexican Miracle , women gained the right to vote , and he instigated numerous public health, education, infrastructure, and works projects. A member of

4672-450: Was born on November 28, 1922. He married his second wife, an old girlfriend named María de Dolores Izaguirre , in 1941, who would serve as his First Lady. She would become the first woman in Mexico to cast a vote after her husband passed the constitutional amendment promised during his campaign. Ruiz Cortines was known to frequently play domino games . Mexican Miracle The Mexican miracle ( Spanish : Milagro mexicano )

4745-558: Was from Peñarrubia , also in Cantabria . His mother taught him to read and write at the age of 3. Later, he entered a school directed by Joaquín Jerónimo Díaz and Florencio Veyro, called Escuela Amiga , but did his secondary educational studies at the Colegio de los Jesuitas , and at the age twelve, he attended the reputed Instituto Veracruzano , famously directed by the poet Salvador Díaz Mirón . Adolfo learned from his mentors about liberalism,

4818-407: Was in largely urban areas, and included Cárdenas supporters alienated during Alemán Valdés' presidency, established military men, and members of the middle class who desired a multi-party democracy. When asked for his opinion of Ruiz Cortines, Henríquez Guzmán stated: He would be a candidate to my measure. I have the best concept. I think he is quite a gentleman. ( Spanish : Sería un candidato

4891-594: Was opposed to the Huerta government, considered by a broad group of Mexicans as a usurper, he volunteered alongside other former students of the Instituto Veracruzano, under the command of Alfredo Robles, a right hand of the leader of the Constitutionalist faction, General Venustiano Carranza . Robles was in charge of the anti-Huerta forces in the south and center of Mexico. Ruiz Cortines did see military action in

4964-480: Was succeeded by the politically more moderate Manuel Ávila Camacho , who initiated a program of industrialization in early 1941 with the Law of Manufacturing Industries. One scholar has called the inaugural date of this law "the birthday of the Institutional Revolution," since it was the inception of import substitution industrialization . Further legislation in 1946 under President Miguel Alemán Valdés ,

5037-490: Was the Popular Socialist Party 's candidate. The election took place on July 7, 1952. When the results were announced, it was revealed that Ruiz Cortines won, with 74.31% of the popular vote (2,713,419 votes). Henríquez Guzmán won 15.87% (579,745 votes), González Luna won 7.82% (285,555 votes), and Lombardo Toledano won 1.98% (72,482 votes). The day after the election, Henríquez Guzmán's supporters gathered in

5110-464: Was the dominant party and Ruiz Cortines's electoral victory was entirely expected. Ruiz Cortines is believed to have been chosen due to his more bland image in contrast to Alemán's more colorful personality, and was not seen as divisive to differin sectors of the PRI. Reportedly, Ruiz Cortines accepted the nomination, but he "apparently did not seek it and certainly did not intrigue to secure it." However, by September, Ruiz Cortines' base of support within

5183-470: Was the reduction of political turmoil, particularly around national elections, with the creation of a single, dominant party. In 1946, the party founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in the wake of President-elect Álvaro Obregón 's assassination in 1928 changed its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party . With the party's presidential choice in 1946, Miguel Alemán Valdés , Mexico elected its first civilian president since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. With

5256-485: Was to compare the public servants' fortune before and after their participation in public charges to combat illicit enrichment and corruption. Ruiz Cortines's Secretary of the Navy , Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada  [ es ] , died on May 1 1955 of a myocardial infarction . On May 9, Sub-secretary of the Navy Alfonso Poire Ruelas was nominated to succeed Sánchez Taboada, a position which he held until

5329-452: Was tradition, was to announce the PRI's next presidential candidate. Taking input from ex-presidents Lázaro Cárdenas and Miguel Alemán Valdés , each symbolizing the left and right sectors of the PRI respectively, he announced his hard-working but little-known Labor Minister Adolfo López Mateos as the next candidate, with international observers seeing López Mateos as the sure winner despite his relative obscurity. López Mateos eventually won

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