71-589: Faggot , often shortened to fag in American usage, is a derogatory slur used to refer to gay men . In American youth culture around the turn of the 21st century, its meaning extended as a broader reaching insult more related to masculinity and group power structure. The usage of fag and faggot has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the English-speaking world (especially
142-399: A fag , leading Pascoe to argue that fag is used in this setting as a form of gender policing , in which boys ridicule others who fail at masculinity, heterosexual prowess, or strength. Because boys do not want to be labeled a fag, they hurl the insult at another person. Pascoe felt the fag identity does not constitute a static identity attached to the boy receiving the insult. Rather, fag
213-507: A Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School , suggested that these boys used the fag slur as a way to assert their own masculinity , by claiming that another boy is less masculine; this, in their eyes, makes him a fag, and its usage suggests that it is less about sexual orientation and more about gender. One-third of the boys in Pascoe's study claimed that they would not call a homosexual peer
284-492: A broad spectrum of non- heteronormative sexual or gender identities and politics. Academic disciplines such as queer theory and queer studies share a general opposition to binarism , normativity , and a perceived lack of intersectionality , some of them only tangentially connected to the LGBT movement. Queer arts, queer cultural groups, and queer political groups are examples of modern expressions of queer identities. Critics of
355-574: A cultural and social movement that began in the mid-1980s as an offshoot of punk expressed in a do-it-yourself style through zines, music, writing, art and film. The term queer migration is used to describe the movement of LGBTQ people around the world often to escape discrimination or ill treatment due to their orientation or gender expression. Organizations such as the Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees and Rainbow Railroad attempt to assist individuals in such relocations. A pride flag for
426-662: A feeling of unwellness or something that is questionable or suspicious. In the 1922 comic monologue " My Word, You Do Look Queer ", the word is taken to mean "unwell". The expression "in Queer Street " is used in the United Kingdom for someone in financial trouble. Over time, queer acquired a number of meanings related to sexuality and gender, from narrowly meaning "gay or lesbian" to referring to those who are "not heterosexual" to referring to those who are either not heterosexual or not cisgender (those who are LGBT+ ). The term
497-469: A gay movement centered more on obtaining straight privilege than challenging power." Commentators such as Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore have argued that it was exactly these "revolting queers" (who were now being pushed aside) who had made it safe for the assimilationists to now have the option of assimilation. The term may be capitalized when referring to an identity or community, in a construction similar to
568-462: A heteronormativity in medical rationales for the surgical normalization of infants and children born with atypical sex development, and Holmes and Carpenter have described intersex bodies as queer bodies . In "What Can Queer Theory Do for Intersex?" Iain Morland contrasts queer "hedonic activism" with an experience of insensate post-surgical intersex bodies to claim that "queerness is characterized by
639-512: A kind of meatball . In British English, 'fag' is common slang for a cigarette , sometimes also used to describe a tedious task. Use of fag and faggot as the term for an effeminate man has become understood as an Americanism in British English , primarily due to entertainment media use in films and television series imported from the United States. When Labour MP Bob Marshall-Andrews
710-463: A meager living by gathering and selling firewood. It may also derive from the sense of "something awkward to be carried" (compare the use of the word baggage as a pejorative term for old people in general). An alternative possibility is that the word is connected with the practice of fagging in British public schools , in which younger boys performed (potentially sexual) duties for older boys, although
781-459: A pejorative, there remain LGBT individuals who are uncomfortable with having this term applied to them. The use of the racial slur nigger (specifically the - a variant ) by African Americans is often viewed as another act of reclamation, though much like the latter in the LGBT movement, there exists a vocal subset of people with Sub-Saharan African descent that object to the use of the word under any circumstances. Queer Queer
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#1732876014172852-455: A queer theorist of color, specifically coined the term homonationalism to refer to the perceived rise of American exceptionalism , nationalism , white supremacy , and patriarchy within the gay community, catalyzed in response to the September 11 attacks . In their research on the queer movements of Indonesia and Malaysia , scholars Jón Ingvar Kjaran and Mohammad Naeimi have said that
923-594: A site of "collective contestation", referring to its commitment to challenging easy categories and definitions. Critics of queer theory argue that this refusal of straightforward categories can make the discipline overly abstract or detached from reality. Queer theorists such as Rod Ferguson , Jasbir Puar , Lisa Duggan , and Chong-suk Han have critiqued the mainstream gay political movement as allied with neoliberal and imperialistic agendas, including gay tourism, gay and trans military inclusion, and state- and church-sanctioned marriages for monogamous gay couples. Puar,
994-551: Is a fluid identity that boys strive to avoid, often by naming another as the fag. As Pascoe asserts, "[the fag identity] is fluid enough that boys police their behaviors out of fear of having the fag identity permanently adhere and definitive enough so that boys recognize fag behavior and strive to avoid it." There is a long history of using both fag and faggot in popular culture, usually in reference to gay and bisexual men. Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman 's 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet , based on Vito Russo 's book of
1065-423: Is a satire on the taboo of using the term, as it goes against political correctness . Some LGBTQ+ people have reclaimed the term as a neutral or positive term of self-description. Pejorative A pejorative word, phrase, slur , or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It
1136-455: Is about Matthew Shepard , a gay man from Wyoming whose 1998 murder brought national and international attention to hate crime legislation at both the state and federal level. In December 2007, BBC Radio 1 caused controversy by editing the word faggot from their broadcasts of the Kirsty MacColl and The Pogues song " Fairytale of New York ", deeming it potentially homophobic; however,
1207-451: Is also used to express criticism , hostility , or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa ) in some or all contexts. The word pejorative is derived from a Late Latin past participle stem of peiorare , meaning "to make worse", from peior "worse". In historical linguistics ,
1278-453: Is also widespread in Australia, including national counselling and support service Qlife and QNews . Other social movements exist as offshoots of queer culture or combinations of queer identity with other views. Adherents of queer nationalism support the notion that the LGBT community forms a distinct people due to their unique culture and customs. Queercore (originally homocore ) is
1349-405: Is an umbrella term for people who are not heterosexual or are not cisgender . Originally meaning ' strange ' or ' peculiar ' , queer came to be used pejoratively against LGBT people in the late 19th century. From the late 1980s, queer activists began to reclaim the word as a neutral or positive self-description. In the 21st century, queer became increasingly used to describe
1420-573: Is great. It has its place. But when a lot of lesbians and gay men wake up in the morning we feel angry and disgusted, not gay. So we've chosen to call ourselves queer. Using "queer" is a way of reminding us how we are perceived by the rest of the world. Queer people, particularly queer Black and Brown people, also began to reclaim queer in response to a perceived shift in the gay community toward liberal conservatism , catalyzed by Andrew Sullivan 's 1989 piece in The New Republic , titled Here Comes
1491-518: Is still widely used in Hiberno-English with its original meaning as well as to provide adverbial emphasis (very, extremely). By the late 19th century, queer was beginning to gain a connotation of sexual deviance, used to refer to feminine men or men who were thought to have engaged in same-sex relationships. An early recorded usage of the word in this sense was in an 1894 letter by John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry , as read aloud at
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#17328760141721562-425: Is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity, usually focusing on LGBT people and cultures. Originally centered on LGBT history and literary theory , the field has expanded to include the academic study of issues raised in biology , sociology , anthropology , history of science , philosophy , psychology , sexology , political science , ethics , and other fields by an examination of
1633-539: The New York Gay Pride Parade in June 1990 titled " Queers Read This ". The flier included a passage explaining their adoption of the label queer: Ah, do we really have to use that word? It's trouble. Every gay person has his or her own take on it. For some it means strange and eccentric and kind of mysterious [...] And for others "queer" conjures up those awful memories of adolescent suffering [...] Well, yes, "gay"
1704-651: The UK ) through mass culture, including film, music, and the internet. The first recorded use of faggot as a pejorative term for gay men was in the 1914 A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang , while the shortened form fag first appeared in 1923 in The Hobo by Nels Anderson . Its immediate origin is unclear, but it is based on the word for "bundle of sticks", ultimately derived, via Old French , Italian and Vulgar Latin , from Latin fascis . The word faggot has been used in English since
1775-406: The euphemism treadmill , for example as in the successive pejoration of the terms bog-house , privy-house , latrine , water closet , toilet , bathroom , and restroom (US English). When a term begins as pejorative and eventually is adopted in a non-pejorative sense, this is called melioration or amelioration . One example is the shift in meaning of the word nice from meaning a person
1846-707: The "Eurocentric discourse", homonationalism and homonormativity of "LGBT politics" in the global north . Several LGBT social movements around the world use the identifier queer , such as the Queer Cyprus Association in Cyprus and the Queer Youth Network in the United Kingdom. In India, pride parades include Queer Azaadi Mumbai and the Delhi Queer Pride Parade . The use of queer and Q
1917-415: The "localization of modern queer identity", rooted in local interpretations of queer theory and "Muslim modernism", has helped queer Indonesians and Malaysians to "promote their self-construction and organize a collective mobilization for their rights". They contrast this with the rhetoric of those conservative Muslim homophobes who portray "gay" or "LGBT" identities as a form of Western imperialism, as well as
1988-478: The 1930s and 1940s. As this binary became embedded into the social fabric, queer began to decline as an acceptable identity in the subculture. Similar to the earlier use of queer , gay was adopted by many U.S. assimilationist men in the mid-20th century as a means of asserting their normative status and rejecting any associations with effeminacy . The idea that queer was a pejorative term became more prevalent among younger gay men following World War II . As
2059-427: The 1960s and 1970s, the homophile identity was gradually displaced by a more radicalized gay identity. At that time gay was generally an umbrella term including lesbians , as well as gay-identified bisexuals and transsexuals ; gender-nonconformity , which had always been an indicator of gayness, also became more open during this time. During the endonymic shifts from invert to homophile to gay , queer
2130-716: The 2009 Beijing Queer Film Festival after previous attempts to hold a queer film festival were shut down by the government. Multidisciplinary queer arts festivals include the Outburst Queer Arts Festival Belfast in Northern Ireland, the Queer Arts Festival in Canada, and the National Queer Arts Festival in the United States. Television shows that use queer in their titles include
2201-493: The American usage. Faygele ( pronounced [feɪɡələ] ) is the nickname for a young girl named Faigie ('bird') after Moses ' wife Zipporah ( Hebrew for 'bird'). The similarity between the two words makes it possible that it might at least have had a reinforcing effect. There is an urban legend , called an "oft-reprinted assertion" by Douglas R. Harper, creator of the Online Etymology Dictionary , that
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2272-441: The English language in the 16th century , queer originally meant "strange", "odd", "peculiar", or "eccentric". It might refer to something suspicious or "not quite right", or to a person with mild derangement or who exhibits socially inappropriate behaviour. The Northern English expression " there's nowt so queer as folk ", meaning "there is nothing as strange as people", employs this meaning. Related meanings of queer include
2343-508: The Groom: The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage . By identifying themselves as queer rather than gay, LGBT activists sought to reject causes they viewed as assimilationist , such as marriage , military inclusion and adoption. This radical stance, including the rejection of U.S. imperialism, continued the tradition of earlier lesbian and gay anti-war activism, and solidarity with a variety of leftist movements, as seen in
2414-594: The Homeless Man by Nels Anderson: "Fairies or Fags are men or boys who exploit sex for profit." The word was also used together with another homophobic slur, bulldyke , by a character in Claude McKay 's 1928 novel Home to Harlem , indicating that it was used during the Harlem Renaissance . Specifically, one character says that he cannot understand: "a bulldyking woman and a faggoty man". Originally confined to
2485-523: The United States, the use of the words fag and faggot as slurs for gay men has spread elsewhere in the English-speaking world, but the extent to which they are used in this sense has varied outside the context of imported US popular culture. In the UK and some other countries, the words queer , homo , and poof are much more common as pejorative terms for gay men. The word faggot in the UK also refers to
2556-532: The accused being hanged and their property taken. The word faggot with regard to homosexuality was used as early as 1914, in Jackson and Hellyer's A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang, with Some Examples of Common Usages which listed the following example under the word " drag ": "All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight." The word fag is used in 1923 in The Hobo: The Sociology of
2627-530: The capitalized use of Deaf . The 'Q' in extended versions of the LGBT acronym, such as LGBTQIA+ , is most often considered an abbreviation of queer. It can also stand for questioning . Reclamation and use of the term queer is controversial; several people and organizations, both LGBT and non-LGBT, object to some or all uses of the word for various reasons. Some LGBT people dislike the use of queer as an umbrella term because they associate it with political and social radicalism; they say that deliberate use of
2698-492: The dominant, "normal" society. … It signaled the general perception of same-sex desire as something eccentric, strange, abnormal, and perverse. Beginning in the 1980s, the label queer began to be reclaimed from its pejorative use as a neutral or positive self-identifier by LGBT people. An early example of this usage was by an LGBT organisation called Queer Nation , which was formed in March 1990 and circulated an anonymous flier at
2769-816: The early 1990s. Modern queer film festivals include the Melbourne Queer Film Festival and Mardi Gras Film Festival (run by Queer Screen) in Australia, the Mumbai Queer Film Festival in India, the Asian Queer Film Festival in Japan, and Queersicht in Switzerland. Chinese film director Cui Zi'en titled his 2008 documentary about homosexuality in China Queer China , which premiered at
2840-464: The edit did not extend to other BBC stations, such as BBC Radio 2 . Following widespread criticism and pressure from listeners, the decision was reversed and the original unedited version of the song was reinstated, with clarification from Andy Parfitt, the station controller, that in the context of the song the lyrics had no "negative intent". Eminem used the word in numerous works, such as " Rap God " (2013), along with an inflammatory lyric containing
2911-518: The epithet queer by political radicals has, in their view, played a role in dividing the LGBT community by political opinion, class, gender, age, and other factors. Sociologist Joshua Gamson argues that the controversy about the word also marks a social and political divide in the LGBT community between those (including civil-rights activists) who perceive themselves as "normal" and who wish to be seen as ordinary members of society and those who see themselves as separate, confrontational and/or not part of
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2982-427: The gay identity became more widely adopted in the community, some men who preferred to identify as gay began chastising older men who still referred to themselves as queer by the late 1940s: In calling themselves gay, a new generation of men insisted on the right to name themselves, to claim their status as men, and to reject the "effeminate" styles of the older generation. [...] Younger men found it easier to forget
3053-468: The good bits, the cultural and political cachet, the clothes and the sound of gay culture, without ... the internalized homophobia of lived gay experience." Many queer people believe that "you don't have to identify as queer if you're on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum, but you do have to be on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum to identify as queer." In academia, the term queer (and the related verb queering ) broadly indicate
3124-530: The identity, lives, history, and perception of queer people. Organizations such as the Irish Queer Archive attempt to collect and preserve history related to queer studies. Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women's studies . Applications of queer theory include queer theology and queer pedagogy . Philosopher Judith Butler has described queer theory as
3195-417: The intersex movement did not rely solely on queer identity model for its strategies. Queer is sometimes expanded to include any non-normative sexuality, including (cisgender) " queer heterosexuality ". This has been criticized by some LGBTQ people, who argue that queer can only be reclaimed by those it has been used to oppress: "A straight person identifying as queer can feel like choosing to appropriate
3266-541: The large and visible presence of LGBT people in most urban centers. For another, activists soon realized that most intersex individuals were not interested in building intersex communities or culture; what they sought were professional psychological support to live ordinary lives as ordinary men and women and not the adoption of new, misleading identity. ... To make it worse, the word "intersex" began to attract individuals who are not necessarily intersex, but feel that they might be, because they are queer or trans. ... Fortunately,
3337-413: The late 16th century as an abusive term for women, particularly old women, and reference to homosexuality may derive from this, as female terms are often used with reference to homosexual or effeminate men (cf. nancy , sissy , queen ). The application of the term to old women is possibly a shortening of the term "faggot-gatherer", applied in the 19th century to people, especially older widows, who made
3408-451: The modern slang meaning developed from the standard meaning of faggot as "bundle of sticks for burning" with regard to burning at the stake . This is unsubstantiated; the emergence of the slang term in 20th-century American English is unrelated to any historical death penalties for homosexuality; moreover, homosexuality in England and its colonies was never punished by immolation but instead by
3479-514: The ordinary social order. Other LGBT people disapprove of reclaiming or using queer because they consider it offensive, in part due to its continued use as a pejorative. Some LGBT people avoid queer because they perceive it as faddish slang, or alternatively as academic jargon. Scholars and activists have proposed different ways in which queer identities apply or do not apply to intersex people. Sociologist Morgan Holmes and bioethicists Morgan Carpenter and Katrina Karkazis have documenting
3550-419: The origins of gay in the campy banter of the very queens whom they wished to reject. In other parts of the world, particularly England, queer continued to be the dominant term used by the community well into the mid-twentieth century, as noted by historical sociologist Jeffrey Weeks: By the 1950s and 1960s to say "I am queer" was to tell of who and what you were, and how you positioned yourself in relation to
3621-461: The positions taken at the first two National Marches on Washington in 1979 and 1987 , the radical direct action of groups like ACT UP , and the historical importance of events like the Stonewall riots . The radical queer groups following in this tradition of LGBT activism contrasted firmly with "the holy trinity of marriage, military service and adoption [which had] become the central preoccupation of
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#17328760141723692-404: The process of an inoffensive word becoming pejorative is a form of semantic drift known as pejoration . An example of pejoration is the shift in meaning of the word silly from meaning that a person was happy and fortunate to meaning that they are foolish and unsophisticated. The process of pejoration can repeat itself around a single concept, leaping from word to word in a phenomenon known as
3763-406: The queer community was created in 2015, though it is not widely known. Its colors include blue and pink for attraction to the same gender , orange and green for non-binary people, and black and white for agender , asexual , and aromantic people. The label queer is often applied to art movements, particularly cinema. New Queer Cinema was a movement in queer-themed independent filmmaking in
3834-404: The same name , notes the use of fag and faggot throughout Hollywood film history. The Think Before You Speak campaign has sought to stop fag and gay being used as generic insults. In 1973, a Broadway musical called The Faggot was praised by critics but condemned by gay liberation proponents. Larry Kramer 's 1978 novel Faggots discusses the gay community including the use of
3905-511: The sensory interrelation of pleasure and shame". Emi Koyama describes a move away from a queer identity model within the intersex movement: Such tactic [of reclaiming labels] was obviously influenced by queer identity politics of the 1980s and 90s that were embodied by such groups as Queer Nation and Lesbian Avengers. But unfortunately, intersex activists quickly discovered that the intersex movement could not succeed under this model. For one thing, there were far fewer intersex people compared to
3976-486: The slur faggot , although the lines containing it are often excised for radio play, and in live performances by singer/songwriter Mark Knopfler . The song was banned from airplay by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council in 2011 but the ban was reversed later the same year. Ironically, the song in context makes it clear he is actually mocking the jealous and homophobic nature of the antagonist in
4047-580: The slur, as well as for deadnaming his transgender uncle. In November 2009, the South Park episode " The F Word " dealt with the overuse of the word fag . The boys use the word to insult a group of bikers, saying that their loud motorcycles ruined everyone else's nice time. Officials from the dictionary, including Emmanuel Lewis , visit the town and agree that the meaning of the word should no longer insult homosexuals but instead be used to describe loud motorcycle riders who ruin others' nice times. The episode
4118-406: The song by adopting a third-person point of view to show the irony, bigotry, and ignorance of the character. In 1989, Sebastian Bach , lead singer of the band Skid Row , created a controversy when he wore a T-shirt with the parody slogan "AIDS: Kills Fags Dead". The 2001 song " American Triangle " by Elton John and Bernie Taupin uses the phrase, "God hates fags where we come from." The song
4189-513: The study of literature, discourse, academic fields, and other social and cultural areas from a non- heterosexual and/or non- cisgender viewpoint. Though the fields of queer studies and queer theory are broad, such studies often focus on LGBT+ lives, and may involve challenging the assumption that being heterosexual and cisgender are the default or "normal". Queer theory, in particular, may embrace ambiguities and fluidity in traditionally "stable" categories such as gay or straight. Queer studies
4260-407: The term being removed from " Fall ". A number of rappers have also used the slur in songs supporting the LGBT community. In 2012, Macklemore used the word faggot in the song " Same Love " in reference to the use of the homophobic slur in cyberbullying . Kendrick Lamar 's 2022 song " Auntie Diaries " is also supportive of the LGBT community; however, it sparked controversy for its repeated use of
4331-423: The term include members of the LGBT community who associate it more with its colloquial, derogatory usage; those who wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism ; and those who see it as too amorphous or trendy. Queer is sometimes expanded to include any non-normative sexuality, including cisgender queer heterosexuality , although some LGBT people view this use of the term as appropriation . Entering
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#17328760141724402-424: The terms used within the subculture, medical practitioners and police officers tended to use medicalized or pathological terms like "invert", "pervert", "degenerate", and "homosexual". None of the terms, whether inside or outside of the subculture, equated to the general concept of a homosexual identity, which only emerged with the ascension of a binary (heterosexual/homosexual) understanding of sexual orientation in
4473-458: The time (Guthrie had removed the word from live performances of the song in the 21st century). Phil Ochs uses the slur in his 1969 song "I Kill Therefore I Am". In the song, which is written from the point of view of a hateful police officer, he uses the slur to describe the student activists who protested the Vietnam War . The Dire Straits 1985 song " Money for Nothing " makes notable use of
4544-407: The trial of Oscar Wilde. Queer was used in mainstream society by the early 20th century, along with fairy and faggot , as a pejorative term to refer to men who were perceived as flamboyant. This was, as historian George Chauncey notes, "the predominant image of all queers within the straight mind". Starting in the underground gay bar scene in the 1950s, then moving more into the open in
4615-447: The word faggot was never used in this context, only fag . There is a reference to the word faggot being used in 17th-century Britain to refer to a "man hired into military service simply to fill out the ranks at muster ", but there is no known connection with the word's modern usage. The Yiddish word faygele ( lit. ' little bird ' ), itself a pejorative term for a gay man, has been claimed by some to be related to
4686-444: The word in an editorial. During the correspondence between the editors and a gay reader, the editors clarified that they would only use the word to describe a "practicing homosexual". They defended the use of the word, saying that it was important to preserve the social stigma of gays and lesbians. Arlo Guthrie uses the slur in his 1967 signature song " Alice's Restaurant ", noting it as a potential way to avoid military induction at
4757-563: The word within and towards the community. A description of Pamela Moore 's 1956 novel Chocolates for Breakfast in the Warner Books 1982 culture guide The Catalog of Cool reads: "Her fifteen-year-old heroine first balls a fag actor in H'wood, then makes it with some hermetic, filthy rich, hotel-bound Italian count." In its November 2002 issue, the New Oxford Review , a Catholic magazine, caused controversy by its use and defense of
4828-425: Was foolish to meaning that a person is pleasant. When performed deliberately, it is described as reclamation or reappropriation . Examples of a word that has been reclaimed by portions of the community that it targets is queer , faggot and dyke which began being re-appropriated as a positive descriptor in the early 1990s by activist groups. However, due to its history and – in some regions – continued use as
4899-508: Was overheard supposedly using the word in a bad-tempered informal exchange with a straight colleague in the House of Commons lobby in November 2005, it was considered to be homophobic abuse. Through ethnographic research in a high school setting, CJ Pascoe examined how American high school boys used the term fag during the early 2000s. Pascoe's work, culminating in a 2007 book titled Dude, You're
4970-542: Was used as a within-community identity term by men who were stereotypically masculine. Many queer-identified men at the time were, according to Chauncey, "repelled by the style of the fairy and his loss of manly status, and almost all were careful to distinguish themselves from such men", especially because the dominant straight culture did not acknowledge such distinctions. Trade referred to straight men who would engage in same-sex activity; Chauncey describes trade as "the 'normal men' [queers] claimed to be." In contrast to
5041-404: Was usually pejoratively applied to men who were believed to engage in receptive or passive anal or oral sex with other men as well as those who exhibited non-normative gender expressions. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, queer , fairy , trade , and gay signified distinct social categories within the gay male subculture. In his book Gay New York , Chauncey noted that queer
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