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77-652: In 2011 the factory ceased production amidst the backdrop of the global crisis, but directly as a result of GM Korea 's refusal to prolong the factory's licence to produce the Aveo . GM claimed that one of the reasons for breaking the cooperation with FSO was the entry into force of the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement , which stipulated that import duties on cars imported from South Korea (then at 10%) were to be progressively eliminated. Since then, FSO has been producing automotive sub-assemblies. The FSO plant

154-535: A Methodist parish, 9 Jehovah Witnesses halls (including one offering English-language services), several evangelical churches, a Buddhist temple and a Jewish prayer house. Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the Nazi Party gained power in Germany , of which Gliwice was then a part. In 1933, there were 1,803 Jews living in

231-487: A shingle factory, 8 chalk factories and 2 glassworks . Other features of the 19th century industrialized Gleiwitz were a gasworks , a furnace factory, a beer bottling company , and a plant for asphalt and paste. Economically, Gleiwitz opened several banks , Savings and loan associations , and bond centers. Its tram system was completed in 1892, while its theater was opened in 1899; until World War II , Gleiwitz' theatre featured actors from throughout Europe and

308-478: A synagogue , a mining school, a convent , a hospital , two orphanages , and a barracks . Gleiwitz was the center of the mining industry of Upper Silesia . It possessed a royal foundry , with which were connected machine factories and boiler works. Other industrialized areas of the city had other foundries, meal mills, and factories producing wire, gas pipes, cement, and paper. After the end of World War I , clashes between Poles and Germans occurred during

385-452: A complaint with AvtoZAZ for failure to fulfil its obligations under the share purchase agreement. The State Treasury is seeking compensation from the Ukrainian company in the amount of PLN 250 million. AvtoZAZ considered the accusations made against them unfounded. *An existing company, but not currently producing any vehicles GM Korea GM Korea Company ( Korean : 한국지엠주식회사 )

462-770: A congregation point for Jews who had survived The Holocaust , with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to Israel , the United States , and other western counties. Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community. Gliwice has one Jewish prayer house , where religious services are held every Sabbath and on holidays. It

539-569: A decrease of 1,236 over the previous year. Gliwice faces a continuous population decline since 1988, which is credited to very low birth rates (exceeded by death rates) and suburbanisation. Historically, Gliwice was ethnically diverse, initially inhabited by Poles , later it had a German majority as a result of German colonization , with a significant autochthonous Polish minority. In the Upper Silesian Plebiscite in 1921, 78.9 percent of voters opted for Germany (however 15.1 percent of

616-535: A new model called the Polonez , a 5-door compact car based on the updated FSO 1500 design. The Polonez was also exported to many markets under the FSO brand. This model was to initially substitute all variants of the original 1500, but in actuality the production of the latter continued all the way until 1991. Both models were updated and revised multiple times during their production period. The Polski Fiat 125p production ended on

693-567: A profit. The FSO capital group diversified its activities by producing exhaust systems, MacPherson struts , fuel tanks, car electrical beams, fences, lamps, Lego blocks , subassemblies for household appliances, the group also sold and serviced cars and rented production halls and office spaces. In 2017, the Public Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Poland, acting on behalf of the Treasury, filed

770-756: A religion. The majority – 82.73 percent – belongs to the Catholic Church. This is significantly lower than the Polish average, which is 89.6 and 88.3 percent, respectively. According to the Catholic Church in Poland , weekly mass attendance in the Diocese of Gliwice is at 36.7 percent of obliged, on par with Polish average. Other larger denominations include Jehovah's Witnesses (0.56 percent or 1,044 adherents) and Protestants (0.37 percent or 701 adherents). Gliwice

847-417: A short period immediately after Reformation , Gliwice has always had a Catholic majority, with sizeable Protestant and Jewish minorities. According to the population estimate in 1861, 7,476 people (68.4 percent) were Catholic , 1,555 (14.2 percent) Protestant , and 1,892 Jewish (17.3 percent, highest share in city history). Currently, as of 2011 census, 84.7 percent of inhabitants claim they belong to

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924-483: A stake of 66.7% with investments of US$ 400 million. The GM holding was purchased by GM's Australian subsidiary, Holden , which held a seat on the board and was legally responsible for GM Daewoo. The remaining equity stake of 33.3% was held by Korea Development Bank and several other Korean creditors with investments of US$ 197 million. The deal did not include 15 plants, including Daewoo's oldest plant in Bupyeong-gu which

1001-797: Is a city in Upper Silesia , in southern Poland . The city is located in the Silesian Highlands , on the Kłodnica river (a tributary of the Oder ). It lies approximately 25 km west from Katowice , the regional capital of the Silesian Voivodeship . Gliwice is the westernmost city of the Metropolis GZM , a conurbation of 2.0 million people, and is the third-largest city of this area, with 175,102 permanent residents as of 2021. It also lies within

1078-531: Is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905. Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include: Gliwice is a major applied science hub for the Metropolis GZM . Gliwice is a seat of: The Polish north–south A1 and east–west A4 motorways, which are parts of the European routes E75 and E40 , respectively, run through Gliwice, and their junction is located in

1155-502: Is now operated under the name Incheon Motor Company as a supplier to GM Daewoo. In 2004, Tata Motors purchased Daewoo Commercial Vehicle , which had been spun out of bankrupt Daewoo Motor Co. in 2002. In February 2005, GM invested US$ 49 million to raise its share in the company to 48.2%. In 2010, General Motors owned 82.9%, SAIC 9.9%, and the Daewoo Motor Creditors Committee the remaining 7.2%. On 25 November 2003,

1232-525: Is the South Korean subsidiary of multinational corporation General Motors and the third largest automobile manufacturer in South Korea. GM Korea's roots go back to the former Daewoo Motors vehicle brand, which was split from its parent company, Daewoo , in 2002. In addition to importing vehicles for sale into South Korea, the company also operates three manufacturing facilities producing vehicles for

1309-567: Is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice , which has 23 parish churches in the city. Gliwice is also the seat of one of the three Armenian Church parishes in Poland (the other being in Warsaw and Gdańsk ), which is subject to the Holy See directly. Other denominations present in the city include a Greek Catholic Church parish, an Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession parish,

1386-438: The 1997 Asian financial crisis reached South Korea, Daewoo took over the troubled SUV manufacturer SsangYong in 1998, but ran into financial trouble and was forced to sell the company off in 2001 to GM affiliate SAIC . In 2001, General Motors bought most of Daewoo Motor's assets to form "GM Daewoo Auto & Technology". The new company started operations on 17 October 2002, with GM and its partners Suzuki and SAIC holding

1463-624: The 2011 Polish Census , 93.7 percent of people in Gliwice claimed Polish nationality, with the biggest minorities being Silesians (or both Poles and Silesians at the same time) at 9.7 percent (18,169 people) and Germans at 1.3 percent (2,525). 0.3 percent declared another nationality, and the nationality of 2.1 percent of people could not be established. These numbers do not sum up to 100 percent as responders were allowed to choose up to two nationalities. Most-common languages used at home were: Polish (97.7 percent), Silesian (2.3 percent), German (0.7 percent) and English (0.4 percent). Except for

1540-622: The Holden -based Statesman luxury car replacing the discontinued Daewoo Chairman . The third generation of Matiz was introduced, refreshed by the GM Daewoo design team, and an evolution of the four-door Kalos appeared: the Gentra . In early 2006, GM Daewoo presented Tosca , the replacement of the Magnus . GM Daewoo's official press releases says that Tosca is an acronym for "Tomorrow Standard Car". The end of

1617-553: The House of Vasa , and in 1666 it fell to Austria again. In 1683 Polish King John III Sobieski stopped in the city before the Battle of Vienna . In the 17th and 18th century, the city's economy switched from trading and brewing beer to clothmaking, which collapsed after the 18th-century Silesian Wars . During the mid 18th century Silesian Wars , Gleiwitz was taken from the Habsburg monarchy by

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1694-687: The Kingdom of Prussia along with the majority of Silesia. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Gleiwitz was administered in the Prussian district of Tost-Gleiwitz within the Province of Silesia in 1816. The city was incorporated with Prussia into the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . In 1897 Gleiwitz became its own Stadtkreis, or urban district. The first coke-fired blast furnace on

1771-617: The League of Nations . The New Synagogue was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi November pogroms known as Kristallnacht . During the Holocaust , Jews from Gliwice were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942 and 1943. Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles. Immediately after the War, Gliwice became

1848-799: The Polish insurrections in Silesia. Some ethnically Polish inhabitants of Upper Silesia wanted to incorporate the city into the Second Polish Republic , which just regained independence. On 1 May 1919, a Polish rally was held in Gliwice. Seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict, the League of Nations held a plebiscite on 20 March 1921 to determine which country the city should belong to. In Gleiwitz, 32,029 votes (78.7% of given votes) were for remaining in Germany, Poland received 8,558 (21.0%) votes, and 113 (0.3%) votes were declared invalid. The total voter turnout

1925-461: The Silesian University of Technology , which was founded in 1945 by academics of Lwów University of Technology . Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice. Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland. Following an economic transformation in the 1990s, Gliwice shifted from steelworks and coal mining to automotive and machine industry . Founded in the 13th century, Gliwice is one of

2002-728: The 26th of June, 1991. In total, 1,445,689 were manufactured. By that time, the design was 24 years old and used mechanicals which were essentially 30 years old, with only minor improvements. After the end of the Cold War , the Iron Curtain , the Fall of Communism in Poland , and with the Warsaw Pact Eastern Europe in 1989, the Polish government sought to privatize FSO by establishing a partnership with an international automaker to secure its future. Despite many attempts and negotiations, this

2079-705: The Damas/Labo microtrucks were sold without a brand name since 2011. GM's luxury division Cadillac entered South Korea in 1996 and, with a record sales year of 28,000 units in 2017, South Korea became the fifth largest market for Cadillac worldwide (after China, the United States, Canada and the Middle East). In 2011, the Daewoo Tosca was replaced by a locally built version of the Chevrolet Malibu . More recently,

2156-713: The Duchy of Bytom until 1354, later it was also ruled by other regional Polish Piast dukes until 1532, although in 1335 it fell under the suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown , passing with that crown under suzerainty of the Austrian Habsburgs in 1526. According to 14th-century writers, the town seemed defensive in character, when under rule of Siemowit of Bytom . In the Middle Ages the city prospered mainly due to trade and crafts, especially brewing . On 17 April 1433, Gliwice

2233-505: The European continent was constructed in Gleiwitz in 1796 under the direction of John Baildon . Gleiwitz began to develop into a major city through industrialization during the 19th century. The town's ironworks fostered the growth of other industrial fields in the area. The city's population in 1875 was 14,156. However, during the late 19th century Gleiwitz had: 14 distilleries , 2 breweries , 5 mills , 7 brick factories , 3 sawmills ,

2310-684: The Hungarian insurgents (see also Hungary–Poland relations ). The earliest population estimate of Gliwice from 1880, gives 1,159 people in 1750. The same source cites population to have been 2,990 in 1810, 6,415 in 1838, and 10,923 in 1861. A census from 1858 reported the following ethnic makeup: 7,060 - German , 3,566 - Polish , 11 - Moravian , 1 - Czech . Since the Industrial Revolution , Gliwice saw rapid economic growth which fuelled fast population increase. In 1890, Gliwice had 19,667 inhabitants, and this number has increased over twofold over

2387-662: The Matiz was added to the range in 2009 as the Chevrolet Spark . 2010 saw the introduction of the Chevrolet Orlando and Alpheon , a local version of the Buick LaCrosse . On 20 January 2011, General Motors announced that GM Daewoo would be renamed GM Korea "to reflect Daewoo's heightened status in the global operations of GM", effective March 2011. Most of the remaining Daewoo vehicles were rebadged as Chevrolets , although

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2464-586: The Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference , Gliwice fell inside Poland's new borders after Germany's defeat in the war. It was incorporated into Poland's Silesian Voivodeship on 18 March 1945, after almost 300 years of being outside of Polish rule. In 1956, Gliwice was the site of a manifestation of solidarity with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , and local Poles raised funds and donated blood for

2541-537: The Ukrainian market, where Matiz and Lanos, assembled by the local partner AvtoZAZ , became very popular. In 2004, Daewoo-FSO was renamed FSO again. During this period, the Polish government was actively seeking a new strategic partner for FSO, but no major automaker expressed interest. Finally, FSO entered talks with the British MG Rover , but as talks progressed it became apparent that the British company did not have

2618-566: The amount of 14,000 thalers . Although the original lease was for a duration of 18 years, it was renewed in 1580 for 10 years and in 1589 for an additional 18 years. Around 1612, the Reformed Franciscans came from Kraków , and then their monastery and Holy Cross Church were built. The city was besieged or captured by various armies during the Thirty Years' War . In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz it returned to Poland under

2695-974: The assembly and then full-fledged production of the Daewoo Lanos commenced, followed in 1999 by the Daewoo Matiz . Other contemporary Daewoo models like the Nubira , the Leganza , the Korando , the Musso and the Chairman were also assembled. The production of the Polonez was continued, the model was modernized, and new body styles were added. Shrinking market demand led FSO to cease Polonez production in 2002. Meanwhile, in 1998, General Motors decided to build their own factory in Gliwice , and relocated

2772-550: The border with Poland – the nearby Knurów was already in Poland. During the interbellum the city witnessed not only anti-Polish , but also anti-French incidents and violence by the Germans. In 1920, local Polish doctor and city councillor Wincenty Styczyński  [ pl ] , protested against the German refusal to treat French soldiers stationed in the city. In January 1922, he himself treated French soldiers shot in

2849-651: The city in the interbellum, including a local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany , Polish banks and a scout troop . On 9 June 1933, Gliwice was the site of the first conference of the Nazi anti-Polish organization Bund Deutscher Osten in Upper Silesia. In a secret Sicherheitsdienst report from 1934, Gliwice was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia. Polish activists were increasingly persecuted starting in 1937. The Gleiwitz incident

2926-581: The city of Lwów (Lviv), Volhynia , Polesie , the Wilno region (Vilnius region) and the Grodno region. In addition, Poles from other regions of Poland, including the vicinity of Kielce , Rzeszów , Łódź or Poznań , as well as Poles from other countries, settled in Gliwice. Many of these new inhabitants were academics from the Lwów Polytechnic who created the Silesian University of Technology . According to

3003-415: The city, both commemorated with monuments. During the final stages of the war, 124 inhabitants committed suicide fearing the advancing Red Army . On 24 January 1945, Gliwice was occupied by the Red Army. Soviet troops then murdered over 1,000 civilians, mostly women, children and elders. In February 1945, the Soviets carried out deportations of local men to Soviet mines. Under borders changes dictated by

3080-420: The city. On 9 April 1922, 17 Frenchmen died in an explosion during the liquidation of a German militia weapons warehouse in the present-day Sośnica district. Styczyński, who defended the rights of local Poles and protested against German acts of violence against Poles, was himself murdered by a German radical/militant on 18 April 1922. Nevertheless, various Polish organizations and enterprises still operated in

3157-451: The city. In addition the Polish National roads 78 and 88 also run through the city. The Gliwice Canal ( Kanał Gliwicki ) links the harbour to the Oder River and thus to the waterway network across much of Germany and to the Baltic Sea . There is also an older Kłodnica Canal ( Kanał Kłodnicki ) which is no longer operational. Other notable clubs: The city's President (i.e. Mayor) is Adam Neumann. He succeeded Zygmunt Frankiewicz who

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3234-445: The city; this number had dropped by half (to 902) by 1939 due to emigration. Between 1933 and 1937, Jews living in Upper Silesia enjoyed somewhat less legal persecution compared to Jews in other parts of Germany, thanks to the Polish-German Treaty of Protection of Minorities' Rights in Upper Silesia. This regional exception was granted thanks to the Bernheim petition that Gliwice citizen Franz Bernheim filed against Nazi Germany with

3311-468: The cooperation between FSO and ZAZ. UkrAVTO suggested it would provide a new model for FSO to manufacture after the Matiz and Lanos licences had expired. In mid-2006, the parent company of FSO, UkrAVTO, signed a licence agreement with General Motors to produce the Chevrolet Aveo (T250) saloon, and since July 2008, the 3 and 5-door hatchback. For the production of the Aveo a new company was formed, whose shareholders were FSO (60%) and GM (40%); FSO provided

3388-408: The deal. Therefore, FSO became de facto independent again. Through lengthy negotiations, the Polish government secured FSO the rights to manufacture and sell the Lanos and the Matiz until 2007. Nevertheless, FSO did not have the means to update the models, so they quickly became less and less attractive. Additionally, Daewoo's collapse caused buyers to become wary of Daewoo cars. FSO found salvation in

3465-462: The demise in 2020 of the Holden brand, hitherto a large distributor of GM Korea products. In April 2022, GM Korea's Bupyeong 2 plant was closed due to reduced productivity. The Spark and Malibu were to be discontinued in the South Korean market by August 2022. The Bolt EV and Bolt EUV were discontinued in the South Korean market on 1 December 2023. Gliwice Gliwice ( Polish: [ɡliˈvit͡sɛ] ; Silesian : Gliwicy )

3542-455: The design center was relocated to the new two-story building at the Bupyeong-gu headquarters. The first car to be produced under the GM Daewoo nameplate was the 2002 Daewoo Lacetti , replacing the Nubira . This car was developed in South Korea under the Daewoo Motor era, but it gradually became a GM world car , sold under many different marques all around the globe. After a few years without any new cars to present, in 2005, GM Daewoo introduced

3619-526: The domestic market and for export. The company also operates GM Technical Center Korea, a design, engineering, research & development facility for various GM products, primarily small-size cars. GM Korea's roots go back to the remnants of the Korean War and Shinjin Motors , which launched its business by rebuilding scrapped US military vehicles. Shinjin Motor was first established as National Motor in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, Japanese Korea . After changing its name to Saenara Motor in 1962, Saenara Motor

3696-480: The invasion of Poland, the assets of local Polish banks were confiscated by Germany. The Germans formed a Kampfgruppe unit in the city. It was also the cremation site of many of around 750 Poles murdered in Katowice in September 1939. In early 1940, the advanced shaped charge explosive developed for the attack on Fort Ében-Émael as part of the Blitzkreig attack on the Maginot Line on May 10, 1940 were tested at places in Gleiwitz to ensure secrecy. During

3773-404: The larger Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia, western Lesser Poland and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic . Gliwice is bordered by three other cities and towns of the metropolitan area: Zabrze , Knurów and Pyskowice . It is one of the major college towns in Poland, thanks to

3850-602: The low annual incomes a result of lower levels of sales, led to closing the non-profitable factories of the GM Korea unit. Starting from 2014, GM halted sales of all Chevrolet-branded cars in Europe, India, East and South Africa, most of which had up to then been manufactured completely or in part by GM Korea. In 2017, General Motors finalized its move out of the European market by selling the Opel and Vauxhall brands to PSA Group (now part of Stellantis ). This caused closure of GM Korea's Gunsan plant due to low productivity. The GM Vietnam vehicle assembly plant in Hanoi , which

3927-417: The means to complete the deal despite suggestions of the involvement of an (alternating) Chinese partner. MG Rover went into administration in 2005, putting an end to any hopes connected with it. Consequently, the UkrAVTO , the owner of ZAZ , became the only possible partner for FSO. The Ukrainian company gradually became a majority shareholder of FSO (84.31% of shares), while at the same time strengthening

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4004-409: The next 10 years to 52,362 in 1900. Gliwice gained its status of a large city ( Großstadt in German) in 1927, when population reached 102,452 people. In 1945, with the approaching Red Army, a significant number of residents were either evacuated or fled the city at their own discretion. Following the Yalta Conference , Gliwice, along most of Silesia , was incorporated into communist Poland , and

4081-409: The oldest settlements in Upper Silesia , with a preserved Old Town core. Gliwice's most historical structures include St Bartholomew's Church (15th century), Gliwice Castle and city walls (14th century), Armenian Church (originally a hospital, 15th century) and All Saints Old Town Church (15th century). Gliwice is also known for its Radio Tower , where Gleiwitz incident happened shortly before

4158-557: The outbreak of World War II and which is thought to be the world's tallest wooden construction, as well as Weichmann Textile House, one of the first buildings designed by world-renowned architect Erich Mendelsohn . Gliwice hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 which took place on 24 November 2019. In Slavic languages , the root gliw or gliv suggests terrain characterized by loam or wetland . In South Slavic languages, glive or gljive refers to mushrooms, with gljivice meaning little mushrooms. Gliwice

4235-447: The outdated Warszawa. The resulting model, called Polski Fiat 125p , was in fact a simplified version of the Italian 125 with Fiat 1300/1500 mechanicals, and was exported for some time as the Fiat 125p. After the licensing agreement had ended, it was rebranded as the FSO 1300/1500. It was also produced in estate (station wagon) and pick-up variants. Meanwhile, the Warszawa was manufactured concurrently until 1973. In 1978, FSO introduced

4312-425: The plant, while GM provided the finances. The first Aveo rolled off the FSO plant on 11 July 2007. The 100,000th Aveo rolled off the assembly lines on February 1, 2011. The licence for the production of Aveo expired in February 2011 and it was not resumed for the next generation model. By March 2011 more than 1,800 employees were made redundant and the land on which the factory was built was offered for sale. Despite

4389-481: The production of the Opel Astra to this facility. GM's assembly line at FSO was used for a short period to assemble the Opel Vectra for the Polish market and then shut down completely, ending the relationship with General Motors. Daewoo went bankrupt in 2000 leading to an acute deterioration of FSO's position in the industry. Daewoo Motors was bought out by General Motors (and its Asian partners), but overseas manufacturing subsidiaries such as Daewoo-FSO were not part of

4466-414: The remaining German population was expelled . Ethnic Poles, some of them themselves expelled from the Polish Kresy (which were incorporated into Soviet Union ), started to settle down in Gliwice. Population estimates reached their pre-war levels in 1950, at 119,968 people. Gliwice's population peaked in 1988 at 223,403 inhabitants. As of December 31, 2016, Gliwice's population stood at 182,156 people,

4543-435: The sale of some of the assets, the company's authorities declared their willingness to start production within a few months of signing the contract with a potential investor, announcing the possibility of achieving the plant's performance of 250,000. cars a year. In August 2014, the president of FSO in an interview assured that despite the lack of production, the company's condition was good and it did not have debt, and even made

4620-488: The same year, GM Daewoo introduced the Winstorm , its first proper sport utility vehicle (SUV), which was, as the Lacetti, sold worldwide under different brands and names including Opel Antara , Chevrolet Captiva and Holden Captiva, and previously Saturn Vue before the demise of the Saturn brand in 2010. It featured a common rail Diesel engine for the first time in a Daewoo vehicle, in addition to regular four and six cylinder gasoline engines. The diesel engine design

4697-438: The two-stroke Syrena . The Syrena, introduced in 1957, was a proprietary design of FSO; and its production was moved to the FSM car factory ( Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych ). In 1965, the Polish government signed licensing agreements with the Italian auto manufacturer Fiat to manufacture select Fiat models in Poland, under the brand of Polski Fiat . In particular, the Fiat 125 was to be manufactured at FSO to replace

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4774-416: The vote in Gliwice was cast by non-residents, who are believed to overwhelmingly vote for Germany across the region). After Germany's defeat in World War II, the Germans either fled or were displaced to Allied-occupied Germany in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . Polish inhabitants remained in Gliwice, and were joined by Poles displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union , including

4851-426: The war, the Germans operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war, and a Nazi prison in the city, and established numerous forced labour camps, including a Polenlager camp solely for Poles, a camp solely for Jews , a penal "education" camp, a subcamp of the prison in Strzelce Opolskie , and six subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner of war camp . From July 1944 to January 1945, Gliwice

4928-432: Was a false-flag attack on a radio station in Gleiwitz on 31 August 1939, staged by the German secret police, which served as a pretext, devised by Reinhard Heydrich under orders from Hitler, for Nazi Germany to invade Poland , and which marked the start of the Second World War . Shortly after the outbreak of the war, on 4 September 1939, the Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles . After

5005-425: Was also replaced by the new Veritas which is now based on the Holden Caprice V . In 2008, GM Korea built more than 1.9 million vehicles, including CKD products. Late 2008 and early 2009 were a major period for GM Daewoo with the introduction of the all-new Lacetti Premiere , which is based on the Chevrolet Cruze , a very important compact car for GM divisions worldwide. The newly rechristened third generation of

5082-425: Was bought by Shinjin Industrial in 1965, which changed its name to Shinjin Motor after establishing a partnership with Toyota . After Toyota's withdrawal in 1972 (to keep doing business with China, which would not trade with companies who engaged in South Korea or Taiwan), Shinjin Motor changed its name to GM Korea (GMK) in 1972 with General Motors purchasing a 50% stake in the company from Toyota in 1972; however GMK

5159-401: Was captured by the Duke Bolko V , who joined the Hussites after they captured Prudnik . After the dissolution of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1532, it was incorporated as Gleiwitz into the Habsburg monarchy . Because of the vast expenses incurred by the Habsburg monarchy during their 16th century wars against the Ottoman Empire , Gleiwitz was leased to Friedrich Zettritz for

5236-457: Was established in 1948 by the Communist Polish government in Żerań on Warsaw 's eastern bank of the river Vistula , to produce automobiles for post World War II Poland . The first FSO car was the Warszawa which was essentially a Polish manufactured re-badge of the GAZ-M20 Pobeda , built under licence from the Soviets. In 1953, an in-house team started development of a smaller and cheaper to manufacture car resulting in FSO's second model,

5313-403: Was first mentioned as a town in 1276, however, it was granted town rights earlier by Duke Władysław Opolski of the Piast dynasty . It was located on a trade route connecting Kraków and Wrocław and was part of various Piast -ruled duchies of fragmented Poland : Opole until 1281, Bytom until 1322, from 1322 to 1342 Gliwice was a capital of an eponymous duchy, afterwards again part of

5390-450: Was licensed from the Italian engine maker VM Motori . 2007 saw the introduction of the Lacetti and Kalos hatchback facelift's wagon version, becoming the Gentra X. For 2008, GM Daewoo introduced the first Korean-branded roadster: the G2X sports car, a badge-engineered Pontiac Solstice / Saturn Sky which was based on the GM Kappa platform , and started to sell the Opel Antara under the name of Winstorm MaXX . The Statesman flagship

5467-424: Was listed as 97.0%. This prompted another insurrection by Poles. The League of Nations determined that three Silesian cities: Gleiwitz (Gliwice), Hindenburg (Zabrze) and Beuthen (Bytom) would remain in Germany, and the eastern part of Upper Silesia with its main city of Katowice (Kattowitz) would join restored Poland. After delimiting the border in Upper Silesia in 1921, Gliwice found itself in Germany, but near

5544-499: Was managed by GM Korea, was sold to VinFast in 2018. In 2019, GM Korea split its R&D unit, GM Technical Center Korea (GMTCK), into a separate firm despite protests by unions worried about potential layoffs at factories. General Motors announced on 16 February 2020 that "as part of a strategy to exit markets that don't produce adequate returns on investments" it was exiting from all right-hand drive markets worldwide, including Australia, New Zealand, and Thailand. This coincided with

5621-872: Was mayor for 26 years (1993–2019) before being elected as a Polish Senator. Gliwice has 21 city districts, each of them with its own Rada Osiedlowa . They include, in alphabetical order: Bojków, Brzezinka, Czechowice, Kopernik, Ligota Zabrska, Łabędy, Obrońców Pokoju, Ostropa, Politechnika, Sikornik, Sośnica , Stare Gliwice, Szobiszowice , Śródmieście, Żwirki I Wigury, Trynek, Wilcze Gardło, Wojska Polskiego, Wójtowa Wieś, Zatorze, Żerniki. Members of Parliament ( Sejm ) elected from Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency include: Brzeziński Jacek (PO), Chłopek Aleksander (PiS), Gałażewski Andrzej (PO), Głogowski Tomasz (PO), Kaźmierczak Jan (PO), Martyniuk Wacław (LiD), Religa Zbigniew (PiS), Sekuła Mirosław (PO), Szarama Wojciech (PiS), Szumilas Krystyna (PO). There are honorary consulates of Germany , Kyrgyzstan and Slovakia in Gliwice. Gliwice

5698-506: Was not the case for many years. The first full-fledged venture started in 1994, when an agreement with General Motors was signed to assemble Opel Astra in Żerań. Nevertheless, the following year FSO was sold to the Korean Daewoo Motors , which was a competitor to GM at that time. The company was then renamed Daewoo-FSO. At first, Daewoo used FSO to assemble models such as Daewoo Tico , Daewoo Nexia and Daewoo Espero . In 1997,

5775-449: Was one of the most famous theatres in the whole of Germany . Despite Germanisation policies, the Poles established various Polish organizations, including the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society , and published local Polish newspapers. According to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Gleiwitz's population in 1905 was 61,324. By 1911, it had two Protestant and four Roman Catholic churches,

5852-451: Was renamed again in 1976 to Saehan Motors . Korea Development Bank (KDB), the company's creditor, took over management in 1976 as the company found itself unable to cope with competition from Hyundai and Kia . After Daewoo gained control in 1982, the name was changed once more to Daewoo Motor. In the early 1990s the company started to expand heavily throughout the world. Until 1996 all Daewoo cars were based on GM-designed models. After

5929-492: Was the location of four subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp . In the largest subcamp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles, Jews and Russians , nearly 100 either died of hunger, mistreatment and exhaustion or were murdered. During the evacuation of another subcamp, the Germans burned alive or shot 55 prisoners who were unable to walk. There are two mass graves of the victims of the early 1945 death march from Auschwitz in

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