Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (sometimes shortened as Fetch! ) is an American live-action / animated television series that aired on PBS Kids Go! and is largely targeted toward children ages 6–10. It is a reality competition hosted by Ruff Ruffman, an animated anthropomorphic dog who dispenses challenges to the show's real-life contestants. The series ran from May 29, 2006, to November 4, 2010 on PBS across five seasons and 100 episodes, and featured 30 contestants. Although a sixth season was planned, with auditions taking place in January 2010, WGBH announced on June 14, 2010 that the series would end due to lack of funding. In June 2008, the series received its first Emmy for Best Original Song for its theme.
170-497: Fetch! is a reality-based game show where young contestants (ages 10–14) take on various challenges to gain points. During these challenges, they must complete various tasks assigned to them ahead of time and on the fly by Ruff and surrogates, depending on the situation. There is also an educational component, as contestants often must learn something, such as astronomy , puzzles , carpentry , engineering , food science , biology , chemistry , physics , and mathematics , to complete
340-448: A binary black hole . A second gravitational wave was detected on 26 December 2015 and additional observations should continue but gravitational waves require extremely sensitive instruments. The combination of observations made using electromagnetic radiation, neutrinos or gravitational waves and other complementary information, is known as multi-messenger astronomy . One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science,
510-520: A Dream , first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself. Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyoncé's cover of Amy Winehouse 's " Back to Black " with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack
680-487: A billion legs coming out of it!" In season 4, episode 16, when Ruff calls Isaac, who is dressed as an old lady, he accidentally calls him Mrs. Doubtfire before correcting himself and calling him Mrs. Issacson. In season 4, episode 17, Talia gets to hold Roger Federer 's tennis racket . In season 5, episode 14, when Rubye and Marc learn skydiving signs, Ruff remarked that one of the signs resembled "one of Beyoncé 's dance moves." In season 5, episode 18, when Joe explains to
850-463: A budget of $ 20 million. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé received ten nominations, tying with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. Beyoncé went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyoncé provide guest vocals on Lady Gaga 's single " Telephone ". The song topped
1020-460: A cappella version exclusively on Tidal . Black Is King , a visual album based on the music of The Lion King: The Gift , premiered globally on Disney+ on July 31, 2020. Produced by Disney and Parkwood Entertainment , the film was written, directed and executively produced by Beyoncé. The film was described by Disney as "a celebratory memoir for the world on the Black experience". Beyoncé received
1190-528: A child, Beyoncé began performing through various singing and dancing competitions. She debuted in the late 1990s and rose to fame as a member of Destiny's Child , one of the best-selling girl groups of all time . She released her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which became one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century . After releasing the albums B'Day (2006), I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), and 4 (2011), many of her songs charted highly on
1360-436: A documentary and concert film focusing on Beyoncé's historic 2018 Coachella performances , was released by Netflix on April 17, 2019. The film was accompanied by the surprise live album Homecoming: The Live Album . It was later reported that Beyoncé and Netflix had signed a $ 60 million deal to produce three different projects, one of which is Homecoming . Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé received six nominations at
1530-558: A few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away. Only 10% of gamma-ray sources are non-transient sources. These steady gamma-ray emitters include pulsars, neutron stars , and black hole candidates such as active galactic nuclei. In addition to electromagnetic radiation, a few other events originating from great distances may be observed from the Earth. In neutrino astronomy , astronomers use heavily shielded underground facilities such as SAGE , GALLEX , and Kamioka II/III for
1700-565: A group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search , the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995, Beyoncé's father, Mathew, resigned from his job to manage
1870-570: A joint tour with Knowles's husband Jay-Z, was leaked on Facebook. Information about the tour was later taken down. The couple announced the joint tour officially as On the Run II Tour on March 12 and simultaneously released a trailer for the tour on YouTube. On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé played the first of two weekends as the headlining act of the Coachella Music Festival . Her performance of April 14 , attended by 125,000 festival-goers,
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#17330854111822040-552: A model allows astronomers to select between several alternative or conflicting models. Theorists also modify existing models to take into account new observations. In some cases, a large amount of observational data that is inconsistent with a model may lead to abandoning it largely or completely, as for geocentric theory , the existence of luminiferous aether , and the steady-state model of cosmic evolution. Phenomena modeled by theoretical astronomers include: Modern theoretical astronomy reflects dramatic advances in observation since
2210-518: A number of disability charities and activists, argued that the word "spaz" represented a derogatory term for spastic diplegia , a form of cerebral palsy . In response, in August 2022, a representative for Beyoncé issued a statement and explained that "The word, not used intentionally in a harmful way, will be replaced". On January 21, 2023, Beyoncé performed in Dubai at a private show . The performance, which
2380-661: A number of important astronomers. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336) made major contributions to astronomy and horology , including the invention of the first astronomical clock, the Rectangulus which allowed for the measurement of angles between planets and other astronomical bodies, as well as an equatorium called the Albion which could be used for astronomical calculations such as lunar , solar and planetary longitudes and could predict eclipses . Nicole Oresme (1320–1382) and Jean Buridan (1300–1361) first discussed evidence for
2550-556: A passage in the Book of Isaiah . In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black . In November, the group released their debut single and first major hit, " No, No, No ". They released their self-titled debut album in February 1998, which established the group as a viable act in the music industry. The group released their Multi-Platinum second album The Writing's on
2720-439: A pop singer based on Diana Ross . To promote the film, Beyoncé released " Listen " as the lead single from the soundtrack album . In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million. Beyoncé conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest . At
2890-562: A repeating cycle known as a saros . Following the Babylonians, significant advances in astronomy were made in ancient Greece and the Hellenistic world. Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena. In the 3rd century BC, Aristarchus of Samos estimated the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , and he proposed a model of
3060-610: A short-span, the highest-grossing tour by a female artist . On July 28, Beyoncé appeared on " Delresto (Echoes) ", the second single from rapper Travis Scott 's album Utopia , eventually becoming her 100th career appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (encompassing Destiny's Child, her solo career, and musical duo The Carters). On November 30, 2023, Beyoncé released documentary concert film Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé written, directed, and produced by her in collaboration with film distributor AMC Theatres . The film chronicles
3230-574: A single year, and went on to win 8 awards, including Video of the Year for "Formation". The eight wins made Beyoncé the most-awarded artist in the history of the VMAs (24), surpassing Madonna (20). Beyoncé occupied the sixth place for Time magazine's 2016 Person of the Year . In January 2017, it was announced that Beyoncé would headline the Coachella Music and Arts Festival . This would have made Beyoncé only
3400-608: A substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of dark matter , dark energy , and black holes ; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe . Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include Solar System formation and evolution ; stellar dynamics and evolution ; galaxy formation and evolution ; magnetohydrodynamics ; large-scale structure of matter in
3570-520: A teaser clip for a project called Lemonade . A one-hour film which aired on HBO on April 23, a corresponding album with the same title was released on the same day exclusively on Tidal. Lemonade debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Beyoncé the first act in Billboard history to have their first six studio albums debut atop the chart; she broke a record previously tied with DMX in 2013. With all 12 tracks of Lemonade debuting on
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#17330854111823740-580: A worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It sponsored by McDonald's Corporation , and performed songs such as " No, No, No ", " Survivor ", " Say My Name ", " Independent Women " and " Lose My Breath ". In addition to renditions of the group's recorded material, they also performed songs from each singer's solo careers, including numbers from Dangerously in Love . During the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following
3910-427: Is visible light , or more generally electromagnetic radiation . Observational astronomy may be categorized according to the corresponding region of the electromagnetic spectrum on which the observations are made. Some parts of the spectrum can be observed from the Earth's surface, while other parts are only observable from either high altitudes or outside the Earth's atmosphere. Specific information on these subfields
4080-538: Is a ubiquitous figure within popular culture and has influenced various other artists . Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born on September 4, 1981, at the Park Plaza Hospital in Houston , Texas to Tina Knowles ( née Beyoncé ), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager. Tina is Louisiana Creole and Mathew is African American . Beyoncé's younger sister, Solange Knowles ,
4250-580: Is a branch of astronomy that studies the universe as a whole. Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of the night sky . These include the Egyptians , Babylonians , Greeks , Indians , Chinese , Maya , and many ancient indigenous peoples of the Americas . In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry , celestial navigation , observational astronomy , and
4420-584: Is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, requiring observations at these wavelengths to be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space. Ultraviolet astronomy is best suited to the study of thermal radiation and spectral emission lines from hot blue stars ( OB stars ) that are very bright in this wave band. This includes the blue stars in other galaxies, which have been the targets of several ultraviolet surveys. Other objects commonly observed in ultraviolet light include planetary nebulae , supernova remnants , and active galactic nuclei. However, as ultraviolet light
4590-475: Is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child . Solange and Beyoncé are the first sisters to have both had number one solo albums. Beyoncé's maternal grandparents, Lumis Albert Beyincé and Agnéz Deréon (daughter of Odilia Broussard and Eugène DeRouen), were French-speaking Louisiana Creoles , with roots in New Iberia ; She is a descendant of Acadian militia officer Joseph Broussard , who
4760-542: Is also believed that the ruins at Great Zimbabwe and Timbuktu may have housed astronomical observatories. In Post-classical West Africa , Astronomers studied the movement of stars and relation to seasons, crafting charts of the heavens as well as precise diagrams of orbits of the other planets based on complex mathematical calculations. Songhai historian Mahmud Kati documented a meteor shower in August 1583. Europeans had previously believed that there had been no astronomical observation in sub-Saharan Africa during
4930-544: Is also of distant Irish and Jewish ancestry. Beyoncé also has Belgian ancestry from Hainaut Province , Wallonia and is related to a former mayor of Froidchapelle , Belgium. Beyoncé was raised with multiple religious traditions, attending St. John's United Methodist Church in Houston as well as St. Mary of the Purification Catholic Church. She went to St. Mary's Catholic Montessori School in Houston and enrolled in dance classes there. Her singing ability
5100-431: Is an American singer-songwriter and businesswoman. Regarded as the greatest musical artist of the 21st century by major publications and an influential cultural figure , Beyoncé has been credited with transforming the sound of popular music with her innovative projects and live performances . Rolling Stone named her the world's greatest living entertainer and one of the greatest vocalists of all time in 2024. As
5270-583: Is an inseparable part of the discipline of astrobiology. Astrobiology concerns itself with interpretation of existing scientific data , and although speculation is entertained to give context, astrobiology concerns itself primarily with hypotheses that fit firmly into existing scientific theories . This interdisciplinary field encompasses research on the origin of planetary systems , origins of organic compounds in space , rock-water-carbon interactions, abiogenesis on Earth, planetary habitability , research on biosignatures for life detection, and studies on
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5440-427: Is easily absorbed by interstellar dust , an adjustment of ultraviolet measurements is necessary. X-ray astronomy uses X-ray wavelengths . Typically, X-ray radiation is produced by synchrotron emission (the result of electrons orbiting magnetic field lines), thermal emission from thin gases above 10 (10 million) kelvins , and thermal emission from thick gases above 10 Kelvin. Since X-rays are absorbed by
5610-414: Is founded on the detection and analysis of infrared radiation, wavelengths longer than red light and outside the range of our vision. The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light, such as planets, circumstellar disks or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust. The longer wavelengths of infrared can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing
5780-458: Is from these clouds that solar systems form. Studies in this field contribute to the understanding of the formation of the Solar System , Earth's origin and geology, abiogenesis , and the origin of climate and oceans. Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary scientific field concerned with the origins , early evolution , distribution, and future of life in the universe . Astrobiology considers
5950-416: Is given below. Radio astronomy uses radiation with wavelengths greater than approximately one millimeter, outside the visible range. Radio astronomy is different from most other forms of observational astronomy in that the observed radio waves can be treated as waves rather than as discrete photons . Hence, it is relatively easier to measure both the amplitude and phase of radio waves, whereas this
6120-645: Is not as easily done at shorter wavelengths. Although some radio waves are emitted directly by astronomical objects, a product of thermal emission , most of the radio emission that is observed is the result of synchrotron radiation , which is produced when electrons orbit magnetic fields . Additionally, a number of spectral lines produced by interstellar gas , notably the hydrogen spectral line at 21 cm, are observable at radio wavelengths. A wide variety of other objects are observable at radio wavelengths, including supernovae , interstellar gas, pulsars , and active galactic nuclei . Infrared astronomy
6290-467: Is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold 200 million records worldwide. With her work widely considered to be amongst the greatest in music history, her accolades include a record high 32 Grammy Awards and a Peabody Award . She has the most NAACP Image Awards , BET Awards and Soul Train Music Awards of any artist, and was repeatedly named artist of the decade for both
6460-471: Is one of the few sciences in which amateurs play an active role . This is especially true for the discovery and observation of transient events . Amateur astronomers have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets. Astronomy (from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον astron , "star" and -νομία -nomia from νόμος nomos , "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of
6630-476: Is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects , rather than their positions or motions in space". Among the objects studied are the Sun , other stars , galaxies , extrasolar planets , the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background . Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum , and
6800-499: Is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects. Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars . Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations , and an ability to determine past and future positions of
6970-402: Is the possibility to earn more than 100 points outside of bonuses. The record for most points earned in one episode was 125, by Brian, Noah, and Khalil in episode 5, season 1, "Ye Olde Colonial Episode". In Season 4, contestants are able to have 1/2 points, such as 515 1 ⁄ 2 points. At the end of the season, the final points tally is tabulated and a series of elmination challenges occur in
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7140-607: The 2000s and 2010s , including recognition as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)'s Top Certified Artist of the Decade and Pollstar ' s Touring Artist of the Decade. Beyoncé is the only female artist to have all 8 of her studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , and the only artist to achieve a Billboard Hot 100 separate number-one song in the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s. She
7310-517: The 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. The performance was lauded, with several publications noting an ascension in Knowles' capabilities as a live performer. Other publications discussed the polarized attitude of the UK music establishment in response to a Black woman performing on the same stages and to the same crowd sizes that were past reserved for legacy rock acts. Her fourth studio album 4
7480-415: The 46th Annual Grammy Awards ; Best Contemporary R&B Album , Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for " Dangerously in Love 2 ", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Crazy in Love", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for " The Closer I Get to You " with Luther Vandross . During the ceremony, she performed with Prince . In November 2003, she embarked on
7650-469: The 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for "Drunk in Love", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé . In April 2014, Beyoncé and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour . It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received
7820-446: The 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017, Lemonade led the nominations with nine, including Album, Record, and Song of the Year for Lemonade and "Formation" respectively. and ultimately won two, Best Urban Contemporary Album for Lemonade and Best Music Video for "Formation". In September 2017, Beyoncé collaborated with J Balvin and Willy William , to release a remix of the song " Mi Gente ". Beyoncé donated all proceeds from
7990-524: The 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . Beyoncé starred as the voice of Nala in the remake The Lion King , which was released in July 2019. Beyoncé is featured on the film's soundtrack , released on July 11, 2019, with a remake of the song " Can You Feel the Love Tonight " alongside Donald Glover , Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen , which was originally composed by Elton John . An original song from
8160-871: The 94th Academy Awards for the song, alongside co-writer Dixson . On March 27, 2022, Beyoncé performed "Be Alive" at the 94th Academy Awards. Choreographed by friend and past collaborator Fatima Robinson , Beyoncé was applauded for choosing to perform on the Compton tennis courts Venus and Serena Williams practiced on in their childhood instead of at the venue. On June 9, 2022, Beyoncé removed her profile pictures across various social media platforms, causing speculation that she would be releasing new music. Days later, Beyoncé caused further speculation via her nonprofit BeyGood's Twitter account hinting at her upcoming seventh studio album. On June 15, 2022, Beyoncé officially announced her seventh studio album, titled Renaissance . The lead single of Renaissance , " Break My Soul ",
8330-447: The Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, "Crazy in Love", featuring Jay-Z , became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single " Baby Boy " also reached number one, and singles, " Me, Myself and I " and " Naughty Girl ", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at
8500-541: The Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single " Déjà Vu ", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single " Irreplaceable " was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; " Ring
8670-413: The Billboard Hot 100 chart, Beyoncé also became the first female act to chart 12 or more songs at the same time. Lemonade was streamed 115 million times through Tidal, setting a record for the most-streamed album in a single week by a female artist in history. It was 2016's third highest-selling album in the U.S. with 1.554 million copies sold in that time period within the country as well as
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#17330854111828840-575: The Billboard Hot 100 chart. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Beyoncé sold 2.3 million units worldwide, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 2013. The album also went on to become the twentieth best-selling album of 2014. As of November 2014 , Beyoncé has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and has generated over 1 billion streams, as of March 2015 . At
9010-508: The Billboard Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in
9180-527: The Blue Man Group . In season 2, episode 4, Bridget and Rosario met puppeteer John Kennedy posing as Bernie the Pig. In season 3, episode 4, Sam meets Senator Ted Kennedy . In season 4, episode 2, the host of Design Squad Nathan Ball , appeared in a pole vault challenge. In season 4, episode 17, Gary Sohmers, an appraiser for 13 seasons of Antiques Roadshow , appears to challenge two of the contestants to explore
9350-752: The Brimfield Antique Show in Brimfield, Massachusetts . In season 5, episode 4, Crush the sea turtle from the movie Finding Nemo appears via Ruff's Fetch 3000, with Andrew Stanton reprising his role. Fetch! (an acronym for "Fabulously Entertaining TV with a Canine Host") was produced at WGBH Studios in Boston. Seasons were filmed about a year before they aired. Season 4 was the first season to be filmed in High Definition (HD) in 2009. The challenges were filmed mostly in Boston (as well as other areas in
9520-472: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory or by specialized telescopes called atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes . The Cherenkov telescopes do not detect the gamma rays directly but instead detect the flashes of visible light produced when gamma rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Most gamma-ray emitting sources are actually gamma-ray bursts , objects which only produce gamma radiation for
9690-790: The Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII , at the Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love , Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of
9860-520: The Earth's atmosphere , all X-ray observations must be performed from high-altitude balloons , rockets , or X-ray astronomy satellites . Notable X-ray sources include X-ray binaries , pulsars , supernova remnants , elliptical galaxies , clusters of galaxies , and active galactic nuclei . Gamma ray astronomy observes astronomical objects at the shortest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays may be observed directly by satellites such as
10030-631: The Great Wall of China , the Egyptian pyramids , Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. "Eat, Play, Love", a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists . On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at
10200-569: The I Am... Tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $ 119.5 million. Beyoncé further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic Cadillac Records . Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress , and an NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress . Beyoncé donated her entire salary from
10370-481: The Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Beyoncé also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for "Pretty Hurts", as well as best collaboration for "Drunk in Love". In November, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row – earning $ 115 million in
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#173308541118210540-939: The Milky Way , as its own group of stars was only proven in the 20th century, along with the existence of "external" galaxies. The observed recession of those galaxies led to the discovery of the expansion of the Universe . In 1919, when the Hooker Telescope was completed, the prevailing view was that the universe consisted entirely of the Milky Way Galaxy. Using the Hooker Telescope, Edwin Hubble identified Cepheid variables in several spiral nebulae and in 1922–1923 proved conclusively that Andromeda Nebula and Triangulum among others, were entire galaxies outside our own, thus proving that
10710-762: The Muslim world by the early 9th century. In 964, the Andromeda Galaxy , the largest galaxy in the Local Group , was described by the Persian Muslim astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi in his Book of Fixed Stars . The SN 1006 supernova , the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event in recorded history, was observed by the Egyptian Arabic astronomer Ali ibn Ridwan and Chinese astronomers in 1006. Iranian scholar Al-Biruni observed that, contrary to Ptolemy ,
10880-555: The Renaissance , Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. His work was defended by Galileo Galilei and expanded upon by Johannes Kepler . Kepler was the first to devise a system that correctly described the details of the motion of the planets around the Sun. However, Kepler did not succeed in formulating a theory behind the laws he wrote down. It was Isaac Newton , with his invention of celestial dynamics and his law of gravitation , who finally explained
11050-555: The Solar System where the Earth and planets rotated around the Sun, now called the heliocentric model. In the 2nd century BC, Hipparchus discovered precession , calculated the size and distance of the Moon and invented the earliest known astronomical devices such as the astrolabe . Hipparchus also created a comprehensive catalog of 1020 stars, and most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy. The Antikythera mechanism ( c. 150 –80 BC)
11220-487: The greater Boston area over the summer, during school vacations, and a few weekends during the school year. FETCHers needed to be filmed without missing school. Auditions were handled by Maura Tighe Casting. The show had auditions for their sixth season in January 2010, but on June 14, 2010, due to lack of funding, WGBH Boston announced that Season 5 will be the final season. On June 27, 2010, Jim Conroy (the voice of Ruff) made
11390-427: The interstellar medium . The study of the abundance of elements and isotope ratios in Solar System objects, such as meteorites , is also called cosmochemistry , while the study of interstellar atoms and molecules and their interaction with radiation is sometimes called molecular astrophysics. The formation, atomic and chemical composition, evolution and fate of molecular gas clouds is of special interest, because it
11560-442: The 1990s, including studies of the cosmic microwave background , distant supernovae and galaxy redshifts , which have led to the development of a standard model of cosmology . This model requires the universe to contain large amounts of dark matter and dark energy whose nature is currently not well understood, but the model gives detailed predictions that are in excellent agreement with many diverse observations. Astrophysics
11730-482: The Acadian expulsion. The Estates of Brittany had divided the lands of Belle Île to distribute them among 78 other Acadian families and the already settled inhabitants. The Trahan family lived on Belle Île for over ten years before migrating to Louisiana, where she married a Broussard descendant. Beyoncé researched her ancestry and discovered that she is descended from a slave owner who married his slave. Her mother
11900-571: The Alarm ", " Get Me Bodied ", and " Green Light " (released in the United Kingdom only). At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards (2007), B'Day was nominated for five Grammy Awards , including Best Contemporary R&B Album , Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for " Ring the Alarm " and Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration "for "Déjà Vu"; the Freemasons club mix of "Déjà Vu" without
12070-706: The American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans . The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But
12240-403: The Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties", while "astrophysics" refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with "the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena". In some cases, as in the introduction of the introductory textbook The Physical Universe by Frank Shu , "astronomy" may be used to describe the qualitative study of
12410-468: The FETCHers and Michelle about the book she read, Michelle states: "I believe that was Green Eggs and Ham ." The show also had several guest stars. In season 1, episode 6, Aaron Carter and the contestants appear in his new music video. In season 1, episode 10, Anna and Noah earn quick cash by building a lemonade stand with the help from Norm Abram . In season 2, episode 2, Ruff sends Madi and Willie to meet
12580-536: The Motion Picture (2006). Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin , grossing $ 158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson , Jamie Foxx , and Eddie Murphy playing
12750-617: The North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the U.S. and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006. The group has sold 60 million records worldwide. Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 4, 2006, in the U.S., to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop
12920-522: The Sun's apogee (highest point in the heavens) was mobile, not fixed. Some of the prominent Islamic (mostly Persian and Arab) astronomers who made significant contributions to the science include Al-Battani , Thebit , Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi , Biruni , Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī , Al-Birjandi , and the astronomers of the Maragheh and Samarkand observatories. Astronomers during that time introduced many Arabic names now used for individual stars . It
13090-574: The Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the geocentric model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system , named after Ptolemy . A particularly important early development was the beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, which began among the Babylonians , who laid the foundations for the later astronomical traditions that developed in many other civilizations. The Babylonians discovered that lunar eclipses recurred in
13260-497: The U.S. Beyoncé released " Fighting Temptation " as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyoncé's contributions to the soundtrack, "Summertime", fared better on the U.S. charts. Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z 's song " '03 Bonnie & Clyde " that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on
13430-627: The U.S. Billboard 200 , with 123,000 album-equivalent units , of which 70,000 were pure album sales. On December 2, 2018, Beyoncé alongside Jay-Z headlined the Global Citizen Festival : Mandela 100 which was held at FNB Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa. Their 2-hour performance had concepts similar to the On the Run II Tour and Beyoncé was praised for her outfits, which paid tribute to Africa's diversity. Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé ,
13600-555: The U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. On June 14, 2003, Beyoncé premiered songs from her first solo album Dangerously in Love during her first solo concert and the pay-per-view television special, "Ford Presents Beyoncé Knowles, Friends & Family, Live From Ford's 100th Anniversary Celebration in Dearborn, Michigan". The album was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop
13770-556: The U.S. Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again". During the break, she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities,
13940-456: The U.S. The album featured her fourth UK number-one single " If I Were a Boy " and her fifth U.S. number-one song " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) ". " Halo " achieved the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, "Halo " 's success in the U.S. helped Beyoncé attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. The music video for "Single Ladies" has been parodied and imitated around
14110-412: The U.S. The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyoncé the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. In June 2012, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to her daughter. In January 2013, Beyoncé performed
14280-519: The U.S. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; Musically an electro - R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as " bulimia , postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood". The single " Drunk in Love ", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on
14450-440: The U.S. box office and grossed $ 73 million. Beyoncé released " Work It Out " as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding Jr. in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in
14620-636: The US Billboard Hot 100 , including " Crazy in Love ", " Baby Boy ", " Irreplaceable ", " Check On It ", " If I Were a Boy ", " Halo ", " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) ", " Run The World (Girls) " and " Love On Top ". Beyoncé's career shifted after forming her own management company Parkwood Entertainment , creating monocultural events through acclaimed concept albums . The albums Beyoncé (2013) and Lemonade (2016), which explored themes of feminism and racial inequality , are credited with popularizing surprise albums and visual albums , with
14790-476: The US state of Massachusetts ) and various other parts of the USA , depending on the challenges, during summertime when the children are out of school. The challenges, which were out on the field, are cut documentary -style, very similar to network reality TV shows. After the FETCHers finished filming the challenges, contestants acted in-studio, with the voice of Ruff. Jim Conroy traveled to Boston from New York for
14960-412: The United States, becoming Beyoncé's sixth song of her solo career to do so. On January 4, 2018, the music video of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 4:44 collaboration, " Family Feud " was released. It was directed by Ava DuVernay . On March 1, 2018, DJ Khaled released " Top Off " as the first single from his forthcoming album Father of Asahd featuring Beyoncé, husband Jay-Z, and Future . On March 5, 2018,
15130-519: The Wall in 1999. The record features songs such as " Bills, Bills, Bills ", the group's first number-one single, " Jumpin' Jumpin' " and " Say My Name ", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. "Say My Name" won the Best R&;B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards . The Writing's on
15300-464: The Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson , an original member of Boyz II Men , on the song "After All Is Said and Done" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man , as well as "Ways To Get Cut Off", a collaboration with fellow Columbia Records signee JoJo Robinson that was later shelved. The remaining band members recorded " Independent Women Part I ", which appeared on
15470-521: The age of the Universe and size of the Observable Universe. Theoretical astronomy led to speculations on the existence of objects such as black holes and neutron stars , which have been used to explain such observed phenomena as quasars , pulsars , blazars , and radio galaxies . Physical cosmology made huge advances during the 20th century. In the early 1900s the model of the Big Bang theory
15640-402: The app. Former FETCHer Liza Giangrande participates in three of the four challenges. The show was an instant hit with audiences and received critical acclaim. The New York Times praised the series, writing "The show’s creators have written in all the sarcasm and amazingness of a more sophisticated and harder-edged show, but not in a way that condones such behavior. There’s a kind of genius to
15810-486: The atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission. Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places on Earth or in space. Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared. This allows the study of the chemistry of space; more specifically it can detect water in comets. Historically, optical astronomy, which has been also called visible light astronomy, is the oldest form of astronomy. Images of observations were originally drawn by hand. In
15980-429: The best-selling album worldwide with global sales of 2.5 million throughout the year. Lemonade became the most critically acclaimed work of her career. Several music publications included the album among the best of 2016, including Rolling Stone , which listed Lemonade at number one. The album's visuals were nominated in 11 categories at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards , the most ever received by Beyoncé in
16150-486: The challenges were sorted into the show order. Then they were sent to Jim Conroy in New York City, to voice the dialog for Ruff's animation. Once that was complete, it was sent back to WGBH where editors placed audio clips of the animated characters. Once all of this was done, the episode was sent to Global Mechanic to animate the show. One out of the four editors had an off-set four-week system in place where one of them
16320-519: The choice of either keeping the prize or giving it to a fellow contestant. During the remaining four seasons, there are two unknown prizes which the winner chooses between. The chosen prize may be "mailed" to the mailbox in Studio G, although occasionally large prizes are hidden elsewhere on the set. In season 2, episode 7, "I'm OK you're Okra", Rosario gave his prize to Nina. In season 4, episode 15, "Ruff Needs His Herring Checked", Sterling returned his prize to
16490-497: The company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyoncé's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins 's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records with the assistance of Columbia talent scout Teresa LaBarbera Whites . The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon
16660-496: The cosmos. It uses mathematics , physics , and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution . Objects of interest include planets , moons , stars , nebulae , galaxies , meteoroids , asteroids , and comets . Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts , quasars , blazars , pulsars , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere . Cosmology
16830-408: The department is historically affiliated with a physics department, and many professional astronomers have physics rather than astronomy degrees. Some titles of the leading scientific journals in this field include The Astronomical Journal , The Astrophysical Journal , and Astronomy & Astrophysics . In early historic times, astronomy only consisted of the observation and predictions of
17000-474: The detection of neutrinos . The vast majority of the neutrinos streaming through the Earth originate from the Sun , but 24 neutrinos were also detected from supernova 1987A . Cosmic rays , which consist of very high energy particles (atomic nuclei) that can decay or be absorbed when they enter the Earth's atmosphere, result in a cascade of secondary particles which can be detected by current observatories. Some future neutrino detectors may also be sensitive to
17170-625: The development and execution of Beyoncé's Renaissance World Tour, and contained new song " My House " in the end credits. In February 2024, Beyoncé launched her hair care brand Cécred . On February 11, 2024, immediately following a partner commercial with Verizon for the Super Bowl LVIII , she announced the second installment of her trilogy project and released its first two songs, " Texas Hold 'Em " and " 16 Carriages ". "Texas Hold 'Em" became her highest chart debut in her career, her ninth solo number-one and her thirteenth across all credits on
17340-463: The film by Beyoncé, " Spirit ", was released as the lead single from both the soundtrack and The Lion King: The Gift – a companion album released alongside the film, produced and curated by Beyoncé. Beyoncé called The Lion King: The Gift a "sonic cinema". She stated that the album is influenced by everything from R&B , pop, hip hop , gqom and Afro Beat . The songs were produced by African producers, which Beyoncé said
17510-469: The film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet . When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, " Bootylicious " and
17680-456: The film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed . She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker . The film received negative reviews from critics, and did well at the U.S. box office, grossing $ 68 million – $ 60 million more than Cadillac Records – on
17850-649: The final episode date being November 4, 2010. After the series ended, reruns aired on selected PBS stations until August 31, 2014. A few years later, the PBS Kids channel launched, and reruns returned to broadcast on January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018. In May 2014, a new spin-off was announced, called Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius . This spin-off debuted in Fall 2014 and features short animations of Ruff Ruffman and Blossom, focusing on internet safety. Episodes: A new season of Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius centered on
18020-413: The first female artist to have her first seven studio albums debut at number one in the United States. "Break My Soul" concurrently rose to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the twelfth song to do so across her career discography. The song "Heated", which was co-written with Canadian rapper Drake , originally included the lyrics "Spazzin' on that ass / spazz on that ass". Critics, including
18190-403: The former changing Global Release Day to Friday. Her ongoing trilogy project highlighted the contributions of Black pioneers to American musical and cultural history – the project currently includes Renaissance (2022), which blends post- 1970s Black dance music styles, and Cowboy Carter (2024), which explores diverse Southern sub-genres as a reimagining of Americana . Beyoncé
18360-473: The group. The move reduced the family's income by half, and Beyoncé's parents were forced to sell their house and cars and move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records , moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by
18530-414: The introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope and photography . Joseph von Fraunhofer discovered about 600 bands in the spectrum of the Sun in 1814–15, which, in 1859, Gustav Kirchhoff ascribed to the presence of different elements. Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth's own Sun, but with a wide range of temperatures , masses , and sizes. The existence of the Earth's galaxy,
18700-579: The late 19th century and most of the 20th century, images were made using photographic equipment. Modern images are made using digital detectors, particularly using charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and recorded on modern medium. Although visible light itself extends from approximately 4000 Å to 7000 Å (400 nm to 700 nm), that same equipment can be used to observe some near-ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Ultraviolet astronomy employs ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 100 and 3200 Å (10 to 320 nm). Light at those wavelengths
18870-421: The left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled , the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the U.S. and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles " Lose My Breath " and " Soldier ", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on
19040-477: The mailbox. Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman contains many cultural references, which makes up most of its comedic style. In the season 2 premiere, when Nina does a sloppy job at making chocolate candy, Ruff remarks that it is " Jackson Pollock candy." In the following episode, he mentions that he likes REO Speedwagon . In season 2, episode 4, when Rosario voiced Ruff for the first time, Ruff remarked: "Is that Ruff Ruffman or Marge Simpson ?" In season 2, episode 15, when
19210-576: The making of calendars . Professional astronomy is split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. This data is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. These two fields complement each other. Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results. Astronomy
19380-450: The most nominations (9) at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards and the most awards (4), which made her the most-awarded singer, most-awarded female artist, and second-most-awarded artist in Grammy history . In 2021, Beyoncé wrote and recorded a song titled " Be Alive " for the biographical drama film King Richard . She received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at
19550-589: The motions of objects visible to the naked eye. In some locations, early cultures assembled massive artifacts that may have had some astronomical purpose. In addition to their ceremonial uses, these observatories could be employed to determine the seasons, an important factor in knowing when to plant crops and in understanding the length of the year. As civilizations developed, most notably in Egypt , Mesopotamia , Greece , Persia , India , China , and Central America , astronomical observatories were assembled and ideas on
19720-417: The motions of the planets. Newton also developed the reflecting telescope . Improvements in the size and quality of the telescope led to further discoveries. The English astronomer John Flamsteed catalogued over 3000 stars. More extensive star catalogues were produced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille . The astronomer William Herschel made a detailed catalog of nebulosity and clusters, and in 1781 discovered
19890-406: The nature of the Universe began to develop. Most early astronomy consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry . From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with
20060-480: The observation of young stars embedded in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies. Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous galactic protostars and their host star clusters . With the exception of infrared wavelengths close to visible light, such radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as
20230-483: The official announcement at the Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony. On his Facebook page, he said, "It's such an impossible task going up against Sesame Street , Cyberchase , and The Electric Company . So you have to consider the nomination as a win. Can't complain. PBS gave us 100 episodes and 5 seasons. Many good shows never saw that kind of time." Fetch! aired its fifth and final season in October 2010, with
20400-507: The online game Spyhounds . It would feature Ruff, Blossom, and Chet having a new career as super-spies, and Ruff is in way over his head. Luckily, he has much help: five clever kids, a purple poodle named Trixie, and millions of kids online. The spinoff plans were announced but were later canceled. On July 21, 2022, WGBH and Jim Conroy released FetchTok , a TikTok -based challenge where Ruff (voiced again by Conroy) asks viewers to record themselves performing his challenges and posting them on
20570-534: The particles produced when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere. Gravitational-wave astronomy is an emerging field of astronomy that employs gravitational-wave detectors to collect observational data about distant massive objects. A few observatories have been constructed, such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory LIGO . LIGO made its first detection on 14 September 2015, observing gravitational waves from
20740-474: The performance, Beyoncé announced The Formation World Tour , which highlighted stops in both North America and Europe. It marked the first ever all-stadium tour by a female artist and ended on October 7, with Beyoncé bringing out her husband Jay-Z , Kendrick Lamar , and Serena Williams for the last show. The tour went on to win Tour of the Year at the 44th American Music Awards . In April 2016, Beyoncé released
20910-497: The planet Uranus , the first new planet found. During the 18–19th centuries, the study of the three-body problem by Leonhard Euler , Alexis Claude Clairaut , and Jean le Rond d'Alembert led to more accurate predictions about the motions of the Moon and planets. This work was further refined by Joseph-Louis Lagrange and Pierre Simon Laplace , allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations. Significant advances in astronomy came about with
21080-470: The planets with great accuracy, a field known as celestial mechanics . More recently the tracking of near-Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters or potential collisions of the Earth with those objects. The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the Universe. Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for
21250-471: The potential for life to adapt to challenges on Earth and in outer space . Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος ( kosmos ) "world, universe" and λόγος ( logos ) "word, study" or literally "logic") could be considered the study of the Universe as a whole. Beyonc%C3%A9 Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( / b i ˈ ɒ n s eɪ / bee- ON -say ; born September 4, 1981)
21420-576: The pre-colonial Middle Ages, but modern discoveries show otherwise. For over six centuries (from the recovery of ancient learning during the late Middle Ages into the Enlightenment), the Roman Catholic Church gave more financial and social support to the study of astronomy than probably all other institutions. Among the Church's motives was finding the date for Easter . Medieval Europe housed
21590-458: The properties examined include luminosity , density , temperature , and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics , electromagnetism , statistical mechanics , thermodynamics , quantum mechanics , relativity , nuclear and particle physics , and atomic and molecular physics . In practice, modern astronomical research often involves
21760-468: The properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared. Measurements of the radial velocity and proper motion of stars allow astronomers to plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy. Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of speculated dark matter in the galaxy. During the 1990s, the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars
21930-459: The question of whether extraterrestrial life exists, and how humans can detect it if it does. The term exobiology is similar. Astrobiology makes use of molecular biology , biophysics , biochemistry , chemistry , astronomy, physical cosmology , exoplanetology and geology to investigate the possibility of life on other worlds and help recognize biospheres that might be different from that on Earth. The origin and early evolution of life
22100-559: The rap was put forward in the Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical category. B'Day won the award for Best Contemporary R&B Album. The following year , B'Day received two nominations – for Record of the Year for " Irreplaceable " and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for " Beautiful Liar " (with Shakira ), also receiving a nomination for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media for her appearance on Dreamgirls: Music from
22270-425: The rotation of the Earth, furthermore, Buridan also developed the theory of impetus (predecessor of the modern scientific theory of inertia ) which was able to show planets were capable of motion without the intervention of angels. Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) and Regiomontanus (1436–1476) helped make astronomical progress instrumental to Copernicus's development of the heliocentric model decades later. During
22440-474: The same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira " Beautiful Liar ". I Am... Sasha Fierce was released in November 2008 and formally introduced Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce. It was met with mixed reviews from critics, but sold 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number-one album in
22610-465: The same year, Beyoncé was featured on the remix of Megan Thee Stallion 's song " Savage ", marking her first music release for the year. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Beyoncé's eleventh song to do so across all acts. On June 19, 2020, Beyoncé released the nonprofit charity single " Black Parade ". On June 23, she followed up the release of its studio version with an
22780-511: The school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School . Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church where she sang her first solo and was a soloist for two years. When Beyoncé was eight, she met LaTavia Roberson at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into
22950-461: The scuba instructors arrived at the beach, Ruff claimed that they were "faster than Batman " and that he "hoped [Batman] was watching the show". In season 3, episode 13, when Sam and Harsha throw sacks in a pail, Ruff states that, "I feel like Shaq in the free throw line", referencing Shaquille O' Neal . In season 4, episode 14, when Talia finds a horseshoe crab while working on a shrimp boat, Ruff states that it "Looks like Darth Vader 's face with
23120-420: The second female headliner of the festival since it was founded in 1999. It was later announced on February 23, 2017, that Beyoncé would no longer be able to perform at the festival due to doctor's concerns regarding her pregnancy. The festival owners announced that she would instead headline the 2018 festival. Upon the announcement of Beyoncé's departure from the festival lineup, ticket prices dropped by 12%. At
23290-401: The setup." Larisa Wiseman of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars, saying this entertaining PBS series combines the comedy of a cartoon, the challenge of a game show, and the best of reality TV. Fetch! has received numerous awards over the years. Astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in
23460-621: The show. On June 6, 2018, Beyoncé and husband Jay-Z kicked-off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff , United Kingdom. Ten days later, at their final London performance, the pair unveiled Everything Is Love , their joint studio album, credited under the name The Carters, and initially available exclusively on Tidal. The pair also released the video for the album's lead single, " Apeshit ", on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel. Everything Is Love received generally positive reviews, and debuted at number two on
23630-500: The song to hurricane charities for those affected by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in Texas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and other Caribbean Islands. On November 10, Eminem released " Walk on Water " featuring Beyoncé as the lead single from his album Revival . On November 30, Ed Sheeran announced that Beyoncé would feature on the remix to his song " Perfect ". "Perfect Duet" was released on December 1, 2017. The song reached number-one in
23800-502: The soundtrack to the 2000 film Charlie's Angels . It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera , starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer . Set in Philadelphia ,
23970-436: The stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with astrology , the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct. "Astronomy" and " astrophysics " are synonyms. Based on strict dictionary definitions, "astronomy" refers to "the study of objects and matter outside
24140-403: The studio can earn a maximum of 50 points in the "Half-Time Quiz Show". The show has a Fetch Fairness Guarantee ; that every contestant will "compete for the same number of points" across thirteen challenges and six "Half-time Quiz Shows" before the final episode. Additionally, Ruff assigns "Bone-us" points, usually 5 or 10, but sometimes 15 or 20, to stand-out contestants. On rare occasions, there
24310-459: The studio each episode to complete tasks. According to Ruff, "As determined by the Fetch 3000", the contestants in the studio participate in the "Half-Time Quiz Show", in which he asks them up to ten questions, with the limited time based on the activities of the contestants out on challenges. While participating in challenges, contestants will have the potential to earn up to 100 points. The contestants in
24480-420: The studio for season 3. The television through which the contestants communicate with Ruff was changed to a more current flat-screen TV, and Ruff's owner parked her car, a dusty Volkswagen Karmann Ghia , in the studio. A flamingo and trees as well as a "Studio G" sign and a "wall of fame" displaying past Fetch! contestant season winners were added to the studio in season 2. In season 4, a new remote control mailbox
24650-452: The studio to determine the winner of the season. The winner won the "Grand Prize" (which varied in each season) and get a poster in the Fetch Wall of Fame. Prizes are not always desirable, and sometimes the prize holder winds up with a " booby prize "; for example, in "Good Dancing and Bad Breath", Anna and Brian had to dance a waltz in the studio. During the first season, the contestant had
24820-412: The studio – the intro, half-time quiz show, and "Triumph Tally". In season 1, the contestants recognized that Studio G looked like a garage and asked Ruff why. This really annoyed Ruff, who told them it was not a garage but "Studio G". Over the course of the show's five seasons, the studio changed. For season 1 and 2, the studio remained relatively unaltered, but sizable changes were made to
24990-477: The subject, whereas "astrophysics" is used to describe the physics-oriented version of the subject. However, since most modern astronomical research deals with subjects related to physics, modern astronomy could actually be called astrophysics. Some fields, such as astrometry , are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics. Various departments in which scientists carry out research on this subject may use "astronomy" and "astrophysics", partly depending on whether
25160-420: The task. Unlike most reality competition shows there were no eliminations outside of the season finale and standings for the show was determined by a points system with points being awarded from challenge performance in each episode. In the season finale a final points tally was tabulated and a series of elmination challenges in the studio occurred to determine the winner for the season. Not all contestants leave
25330-577: The title track, " Survivor ", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut, playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop
25500-419: The two weeks they spent shooting in the studio. The fourth camera simply captured Conroy doing his lines as Ruff in the audio booth. The kids heard him in the studio and he heard their reactions in his headphones. Ruff's lines were the only lines that were scripted out, though he would sometimes ad-lib an answer to a question or comment from a FETCHer. Once the lines were recorded, the show went into editing, where
25670-534: The universe consists of a multitude of galaxies. With this Hubble formulated the Hubble constant , which allowed for the first time a calculation of the age of the Universe and size of the Observable Universe, which became increasingly precise with better meassurements, starting at 2 billion years and 280 million light-years, until 2006 when data of the Hubble Space Telescope allowed a very accurate calculation of
25840-409: The universe; origin of cosmic rays ; general relativity and physical cosmology , including string cosmology and astroparticle physics . Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe , and their interaction with radiation . The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and chemistry . The word "astrochemistry" may be applied to both the Solar System and
26010-431: The utility of artificial intelligence was released by PBS Kids on March 1, 2024. In this season of shorts, Ruff has a new cat assistant named Lupine. Episodes: On July 30, 2017, PBS Kids and WGBH announced that Ruff Ruffman along with his two assistants Blossom and Chet will be making a comeback in a new digital series called The Ruff Ruffman Show , where they answer questions from real kids, take on challenges and learns
26180-472: The value of perseverance—all while modeling science inquiry skills. The digital series premiered on September 28, 2017. On December 15, 2020, a web series called Team Hamster! premiered. It is a spin-off focusing on Ruff Ruffman's hamsters - Sadie, Mateo, and Tasha. The series also ties-in with games on the PBS KIDS website. WGBH and Global Mechanic had announced plans to produce a spin-off of Fetch! based on
26350-651: The world, spawning the "first major dance craze" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star . At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , the video won three categories, including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to Taylor Swift 's " You Belong with Me ", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyoncé embarked on
26520-567: The year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyoncé released " Formation " in on February 6, 2016, and performed it live for the first time during the NFL Super Bowl 50 halftime show . The appearance was considered controversial as it appeared to reference the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party and the NFL forbids political statements in its performances. Immediately following
26690-640: Was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting those stars. Theoretical astronomers use several tools including analytical models and computational numerical simulations ; each has its particular advantages. Analytical models of a process are better for giving broader insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models reveal the existence of phenomena and effects otherwise unobserved. Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models that are based on existing observations and known physics, and to predict observational consequences of those models. The observation of phenomena predicted by
26860-462: Was an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of the Sun , Moon , and planets for a given date. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe. Astronomy flourished in the Islamic world and other parts of the world. This led to the emergence of the first astronomical observatories in
27030-552: Was because "authenticity and heart were important to [her]", since the film is set in Africa. In September of the same year, a documentary chronicling the development, production and early music video filming of The Lion King: The Gift entitled " Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift " was aired on ABC . In March 2020, a photograph Beyoncé captured of her swimming pool was used as the album cover for rapper Jay Electronica 's highly anticipated debut album A Written Testimony . In April of
27200-496: Was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and Beyoncé finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyoncé's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon 's " Imagine " to beat 15/16-year-olds. In the fall of 1990, Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she performed with
27370-561: Was exiled to French Louisiana after the expulsion of the Acadians , and of the French military officer and Abenaki chief Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie, Baron de Saint-Castin . She has additional Breton heritage. Beyoncé's fourth great-grandmother, Marie-Françoise Trahan, was born in 1774 in Bangor , located on Belle Île , France . Trahan was a daughter of Acadians who had taken refuge on Belle Île after
27540-532: Was formulated, heavily evidenced by cosmic microwave background radiation , Hubble's law , and the cosmological abundances of elements . Space telescopes have enabled measurements in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum normally blocked or blurred by the atmosphere. In February 2016, it was revealed that the LIGO project had detected evidence of gravitational waves in the previous September. The main source of information about celestial bodies and other objects
27710-525: Was her first full concert in more than four years, was delivered to an audience of influencers and journalists. Beyoncé was reportedly paid $ 24 million to perform. Beyoncé faced criticism for her decision to perform in the United Arab Emirates where homosexuality is illegal. On February 1, Beyoncé announced the Renaissance World Tour with dates in North America and Europe, becoming for
27880-455: Was immediately praised, with multiple media outlets describing it as historic. The performance became the most-tweeted-about performance of weekend one, as well as the most-watched live Coachella performance and the most-watched live performance on YouTube of all time. The show paid tribute to black culture, specifically historically black colleges and universities and featured a live band with over 100 dancers. Destiny's Child also reunited during
28050-549: Was placed on the TV Screen, which popped out when a challenge was in the mailbox. Season 5's major renovation occurred during the season finale – it became the Go Get It! studio (Studio P), and was a remodeled version of the Studio G set with new carpeting and pink chairs. To audition for the program, potential contestants were required to be between the ages of 10 and 14 by the first day of shooting, and be able to live in
28220-414: Was ready to send a cut of a new episode to Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada every Friday. It took about six months to complete one season of the show. Due to a lack of funding, WGBH announced that Fetch! would be canceled at the end of its fifth season even though casting had been completed for a sixth. Studio G is the studio for Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman . Three segments of the show take place in
28390-507: Was released on June 20, 2022. The album was released on July 29, 2022. "Break My Soul" became Beyoncé's 20th top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100, which made her join Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson as the only artists in Hot 100 history to achieve at least twenty top tens as a solo artist and ten as a member of a group. As Renaissance was released, Beyoncé announced that the album
28560-548: Was released two days prior in the U.S. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the U.S. The album was preceded by two of its singles " Run the World (Girls) " and " Best Thing I Never Had ". The fourth single " Love on Top " spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&;B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on
28730-468: Was released. Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, "Rise Up", co-written with Sia . On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album in
28900-450: Was the first installment of a trilogy she conceived and recorded over three years during the COVID-19 pandemic . A time she found to be her "most creative [period]." The three recorded projects are designated into acts under Roman numerals . Upon release, Renaissance received universal acclaim from critics. Renaissance debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, making her
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