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76-524: The ideological and strategic differences that arose within the Spanish Regional Federation led to its dissolution in 1881 as soon as the possibility of acting legally again was glimpsed. The initiative came from the Catalan anarcho-syndicalist group led by Josep Llunas i Pujals , Rafael Farga Pellicer , Antoni Pellicer i Paraire and Eudald Canivell i Masbernat who, tried taking advantage of

152-807: A criminal organization by Minister of the Interior Práxedes Mateo Sagasta .   The fallout from the Paris Commune furthered the divide between the working and middle classes in Spain. After the fall of the Serrano government in July 1871, the incoming government led by Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla was more friendly towards the International and the FRE-AIT federal council moved back to Spain.  In September 1871,

228-576: A diffuse fear and had an undoubted journalistic appeal, although ultimately in no process was any activity attributable to that mysterious organization ever proven." The 3rd Congress of the FTRE held in Valencia from October 4 to October 1883, accused the impact of the "Black Hand" affair as fewer delegates and federations attended than the previous one held in Seville (152 delegates representing 88 local Federations; no

304-619: A fundamental part. In fact, Blas Infante , the creator of Andalusian nationalism, drew heavily from the Regenerationism movement in Spain after the loss of Spain's last territories in the Caribbean and Asia in the Spanish–American War conflict. There is a binomial denomination of Andalusia as High and Low, where High refers to the territory in the Baetic system and Low to the valley of

380-671: A much higher figure: 2,000 in Cádiz and 3,000 in Jerez. As Avilés Farré has pointed out, "in most cases the reason why they were detained was not for belonging to the Black Hand, but to the FTRE". The body of the FRTE La Revista Social protested the indiscriminate arrests of members of the organization. The press, both in Cádiz and in Madrid, dealt with the matter without questioning the existence of

456-546: A new rift began forming in the FRE-AIT between the anarcho-collectivist and anarcho-communist wings, led by followers of Bakunin and followers of Kropotkin respectively. While the FRE-AIT overall maintained a Bakunist collectivist approach, the Andalusian section organized itself along more anarcho-commnunist lines. In 1881, freedom of association was guaranteed by the new federal government led by Sagasta.  With splintering ideologies and rampant radicalization within

532-621: A previous assembly in March - made public a manifesto, probably written by Farga Pellicer, in which they called a workers' congress of the Spanish Region in Barcelona for the end of September. Soon the "collectivist workers" from twenty-two towns in the rest of Spain joined the proposal. The Congress, which was held between September 24 and 25, 1881 at the Teatro Circo de Barcelona on Montserrat Street,

608-676: A rich traditional culture which includes Flamenco style of music and dance developed in Andalusia and the Americas in the 19th and 20th centuries. Another example of traditional culture is the Holy Week ("Semana Santa"), shared with other Hispanic countries in America or the Philippines (see Holy Week in Spain , Holy Week observances and Holy Week in the Philippines ). Spanish Catholic religion constitute

684-611: A similar revolt in the region.   After the fall of the Paris Commune, many communards fled to Spain as refugees which further stoked liberal and conservative fears of a socialist working class uprising.  The Spanish government curtailed FRE-AIT activities and in June 1871 the organization's federal council left Spain for exile in Portugal.  In the Spanish Cortes , the IWA was portrayed as

760-542: A traditional vehicle of Andalusian cultural cohesion and the levels of participation seems to be independent of political preferences and orthodoxy. All the different regions of Andalusia have developed their own distinctive customs, but all share a connectedness to Catholicism as developed during baroque Spain society. Genetic tests show a strong presence of Y-DNA J-M172 ( Levant ) and E-M81 in Andalusian Men, with E-M81 ( North Africa ) being most commonly found in

836-488: A universal, patient and calculated organization, to get a few more cents in wages or an hour less work... This kind of resistance is as ineffective and impractical as cooperation." In October 1888 the "Pact" held a Congress in Valencia in which it was decided to dissolve the FTRE, and separate union activity, which would be reserved for the newly created Federation of Resistance to Capital , from revolutionary activity, for which

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912-561: A worker's uprising in Alcoy known as the Petroleum Revolution , but this uprising was suppressed after 4 days and the FRE-AIT moved its operations back to Madrid from Alcoy.   At the same time, a general strike was held in Barcelona with support from the FRE-AIT. More radical anarchist supporters, known as "intransigents", did not recognize any state-sponsored federation and began organizing independent cantons to self-associate during

988-416: Is not an obstacle to the existence of small "maffias" (groups influenced by anarcho-communism ), on the frontiers of secular rebellion and common crime that, skillfully exploited by the organs of Power, served to justify a repression and a campaign that, despite their protests, would in some way break the FTRE." For his part, Josep Termes affirms that it was "a police setup", although he acknowledges that "it

1064-575: Is the belief that Andalusians are a nation separate from other ethnicities within Spain. In Antiquity, Andalusian people used to trade with Phoenicians and Jews some thousand years before Christ, and they were called as Tarshish or Tartessos in the Old Testament and Greek texts. The genesis of modern Andalusian culture can be traced to the incorporation of the Moors territory to the Crown of Castile during

1140-540: Is the most populous region of Spain. In comparison with the rest of Spain, Andalusia population growth has been slower and it continues to be sparsely populated in some rural areas (averaging just 84 inh. per km ). Since 1960, the region's share of total population has declined, despite birth rates being about 40 percent higher than the Spanish average during past decades (currently it is only 13% higher. ) Between 1951 and 1975, over 1.7 million Andalusian people emigrated out of

1216-470: Is undeniable that violence was present in agrarian Andalusia." According to Avilés Farré, "the regulations of the Black Hand and the People's Court were understood by some Civil Guard commanders as proof of a vast clandestine conspiracy, which would be behind all the acts of violence that had been taking place in the fields of western Andalusia. The ominous name of the Black Hand came to specify in something specific

1292-472: The Anarchist Organization of the Spanish Region was founded, "which was the least organization possible; the commission created had no other function than to act as a liaison. There were no statutes or disciplinary rules." But the new organization disappeared the following year. According to historian Carlos Dardé, the FTRE was dissolved in 1888 when the anarchist sector prevailed, which criticized

1368-640: The Guadalquivir river (that descends from the Baetic system to the Atlantic Ocean). The autonomous community institutions are in a good part in Low Andalusia ( Seville ). When that has been seen as a source of centrism there have been groups formed to make the problems visible. An example was the lack of a Spanish high speed train to Granada. The service has since launched, starting in 2019. The Andalusians have

1444-677: The Middle Ages at the end of the Reconquista . It also coincides with the arrival of the Gitanos in the mid 15th century who also contributed to the culture of modern Andalusia and the expels of non-converted Muslims and Jews in 1492 , and finally with the forced expulsion of all moriscos of Spain between 1609 and 1613. Subsequently the region was influential in the development of the Columbian exchange and global trade where Seville and Cadiz took

1520-457: The Province of Huelva and J-M172 being most common in the Province of Granada . Andalusian people live mainly in Spain's eight southernmost provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga , and Sevilla , which all are part of the region and modern Autonomous Community of Andalucía . In January 2006 the total population of this region stood at 7,849,799; Andalucía

1596-513: The Rio de la Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay and in the coastal areas of Chile , Peru , and Ecuador . Some descriptions of the south of Spain highlights the landownership system, in the past often formed by large estates called latifundios , as a relevant force in shaping the region and migratory past dynamics. These wide expanses of land have their origins in landowning patterns that stretch back to Roman times; in grants of land made to

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1672-451: The cantonal rebellions that lasted until 1874. In January 1874, the Spanish government was dissolved in a coup led by General Pavía that brought forth another reactionary conservative era.  On January 10, the FRE-AIT was again prohibited and its offices were occupied by the government.   The FRE-AIT moved underground and began organizing materials and meetings secretly.   The organization managed to maintain its ties with

1748-565: The nobility , to the military orders, and to the church during the Reconquest ( Reconquista ) as well as in laws of the nineteenth century by which church and common lands were sold in large tracts to the urban middle class . The workers of this land, called jornaleros (peasants without land), were themselves landless. This economic and cultural system produced a distinctive perspective, involving class consciousness and class conflicts as well as significant emigration . In contrast to

1824-532: The proletariat needs to be, in addition to being intelligent, honest, and honest to all tests." The social impact that the Black Hand affair had and the fear that it would cause the FTRE to be outlawed, caused the Federal Committee, based in Barcelona, to distance itself from the Andalusian movement, accepting the version given by the government and by the press. The angry response of the Andalusian federations

1900-551: The province of Cádiz . On November 21, a group of 90 civil guards arrived in Jerez under the command of Captain José Oliver y Vidal who immediately, with the help of the head of the Jerez municipal guard, Tomás Pérez Monforte, proceeded to arrest hundreds of day laborers and affiliates of the FRTE, supposed members of the mysterious Black Hand. In a few weeks there were more than 3,000 day laborers and anarchists imprisoned — Josep Termes gives

1976-507: The " trade unionist " tendency advocated the strengthening of the organization so that, through strikes and other forms of struggle, it could wrest improvements in wages and working conditions from the employers. The brutal repression unleashed by the government on the Andalusian anarchists as a result of the murders and robberies attributed to the Black Hand , a mysterious and supposed underground anarchist organization that had nothing to do with

2052-503: The "profile" of the new FTRE was very different from that of the eight-year-old FRE-AIT before. "Unlike in 1873, when the manufacturing, industrial and urban areas of Barcelona, Valencia (including Alicante) and Madrid predominated, the profile of the new militants in 1882 was strongly Andalusian , with great weight from the agrarian organizations that for a decade they had united in the Union of Rural Workers (UTC), specifically aimed at organizing

2128-479: The "regulations" of a secret organization called the " Black Hand " that he had found and by which "the Socialists" in the region, which according to the report was proof that this secret organization was behind the "fires, felling of mountains and trees, injuries or murders" that were taking place in those months of agrarian crisis. Two weeks after receiving the documents, the government decided to send reinforcements to

2204-753: The AIT ended here, to give way to the reconstruction of a powerful union movement, something that the same men of the Alliance did, the anarcho-syndicalists from Barcelona, ex-officio workers, imposed themselves on the insurrectionary anarchists who were not very inclined to public union action." Almost simultaneously with the celebration of the Extraordinary Conference, the liberal government of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta approved freedom of association . On July 10, some fifty workers 'societies in Catalonia - which had held

2280-581: The Andalusian Miguel Rubio. The debate focused on maintaining the Federation in legality. "While some, especially the Catalan trade unionists, wanted a public movement that would structure a workers' movement as massive as possible and legal, others, especially in Andalusia, wanted it to maintain its secret and revolutionary character , and was willing to practice propaganda of the deed . The conflict in

2356-459: The Andalusian countryside would put the tensions and differences between the two models to the test." In the manifesto approved in Congress, the moderate anarcho-collectivist and legalist theses triumphed - it was proclaimed, for example, that strikes "when we cannot necessarily avoid them, we will do them regulatory and solidarity". However, "unanimity" within the FTRE was not such, as demonstrated by

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2432-593: The Barcelona Congress were not united in how best to achieve the IWA's class struggle aims, and the newly formed FRE-AIT developed factions along the lines of Bakuninist collectivist anarchism , syndicalism , and cooperativism . At the onset of the Paris Commune in March 1871, reactionary fear of a working class uprising spread through the upper and middle classes.  Strikes and union meetings were banned in Barcelona in an effort to thwart any attempt of

2508-477: The Black Hand and creating an atmosphere of fear based on sensational articles on the "abominable association", "abortion of dementia and crime." It focused on the three crimes of which the Black Hand was accused. On December 4, two days after the first wave of arrests ordered by Captain Oliver, a couple of innkeepers were assassinated on the road to Trebujena , near Jerez de la Frontera . Two months later, on February 4,

2584-579: The FRE - Josep Llunas i Pujals , Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antoni Pellicer i Paraire - with Francisco Tomás Oliver . One year after its founding, the FTRE already had about 60,000 members, which, as Clara Lida has highlighted, is still surprising since after almost ten years of persecution and in hiding the Spanish anarchist movement , far from disappearing, had resurfaced with such force, going from 30,000 affiliates in 1873 to 60,000 in 1882. Lida also stressed that

2660-474: The FRE-AIT held the Valencia Conference where the organization passed more Bakuninist resolutions putting it in conflict with the International's resolutions which were leaning more Marxist . The smaller Madrid section of the FRE-AIT, however, maintained a more orthodox Marxist approach and would harbour Karl Marx's daughter and son-in-law, Laura Marx and Paul Lafargue , as exiles in late 1871 in

2736-480: The FRE-AIT organized demonstrations in Barcelona and other cities to demand improved workers' rights and a more decentralized federal state.   While Pi was receptive to these ideas, the government's response was seen as too slow by FRE-AIT and radicals as the Spanish Cortes hoped to achieve a Spanish federation through the drafting of a new Spanish Constitution . In July 1873, the FRE-AIT attempted to organize

2812-551: The FRE-AIT, the organization was dissolved at the Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1881 and replaced by the more moderate anarcho-syndicalist Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE) that was permitted to operate openly.   The FTRE itself only existed until 1888. Andalusians The Andalusians ( Spanish : andaluces ) are the people of Andalusia , an autonomous community in southern Spain . Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as

2888-457: The FTRE, contributed to the triumph of the "spontaneist" and "insurrectionalist" tendency in 1883. Although the anarchist movement continued to be present through publications and educational initiatives, with the dissolution of the FRTE, "the way was opened for the predominance of individual actions of a terrorist character, for the propaganda of the deed that would proliferate in the following decade." Spanish Regional Federation of

2964-623: The IWA The Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association ( Spanish : F ederación R egional E spañola de la A sociación I nternacional de T rabajadores ), known by its Spanish abbreviation FRE-AIT , was the Spanish chapter of the socialist working class organization commonly known today as the First International .  The FRE-AIT was active between 1870 and 1881 and

3040-474: The Spanish Federation of Resistance to Capital, better known by the name of the " Union and Solidarity Pact ", whose purpose was "to bring together in a common action the resistant force of the Spanish proletariat to direct it against the prevailing capitalism...". To this end, "unconditional support for any strike promoted by workers to safeguard their outraged dignity or to improve their working conditions"

3116-440: The Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalities of Andalusia, as well as those Spaniards who reside abroad and had their last Spanish residence in Andalusia, and their descendants. Since reform in 2007, the Andalusian statute of autonomy identifies the territory as a historic nationality in the preamble. The Spanish Language Academy recognizes Andalusian Spanish as a set of diverse dialects . Andalusian nationalism

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3192-452: The Spanish moved on, and by 1930 only 1,219 remained, including a scant eight children born in Hawai'i. Most Spanish people left for the promising fields of California to make higher wages and live among relatives and friends who had settled in greater numbers there. Additionally, Andalusians formed the major component of Spanish immigration to certain parts of Spain's American and Asian empire and

3268-538: The St. Imier International and the FRE-AIT even sent delegates to the International's 1875 Congress in Brussels. After moving underground, the FRE-AIT moved from Madrid to Barcelona and leaned more towards insurrectionist policies in an attempt to overthrow the restored Bourbon monarchy .   By 1876, the FRE-AIT began advocating for propaganda of the deed which put it at odds with the St. Amier International.   In 1877,

3344-626: The aftermath of the Paris Commune. On November 10, 1871, the Spanish Cortes passed a motion prohibiting the FRE-AIT from organizing.   This prohibition, though not always enforced, forced the FRE-AIT to operate clandestinely leading into 1872.  The next FRE-AIT congress held in Zaragoza in April 1872 saw further division between the Marxists and the Bakuninists, with the latter continuing to dominate

3420-652: The agricultural proletariat within the Spanish Federation." Between September 24 and 26, 1882, the 2nd FTRE Congress was held in Seville , in which the anarcho-collectivist and the " legalists " clashed for the first time, led by the Catalan Josep Llunas - who was elected a member of the Federal Commission— and the Galician Ricardo Mella , and the anarcho-communists and insurrectionalists , led by

3496-559: The coffee plantations, mainly in rural areas of São Paulo State . There are currently around 16 million people of Spanish descent in Brazil. Half of these are of Andalusian origin, around 8 million. Spanish immigrants to Hawai'i who were solicited to work in the sugar industry, arrived in October 1898, numbering 7,735 men, women and children by 1913. Most of them came from Andalusia, home of Don Marin. However, unlike other plantation immigrant groups,

3572-517: The corpse, buried in the open field, of a young peasant named Bartolomé Gago, better known as "El Blanco de Benaocaz ", who later became known to have been assassinated the same day as the innkeepers. It was known as the crime of the Parrilla. At that time, it transpired that the death of the young ranch guard named Fernando Olivera, which occurred in August 1882, had not been an accident, but had been caused by

3648-498: The crime of La Parrilla, on June 18, 1883, the Jerez court sentenced seven people to death and another eight to seventeen years and four months in prison. Two of the accused were acquitted. But the prosecutor appealed the sentence to the Supreme Court which in April 1884 sentenced all but one to capital punishment. Nine had the death sentence commuted to prison but seven were executed by garrote on June 14, 1884, in Jerez - among them

3724-452: The data of the total affiliates were given). On the "Black Hand", the Congress protested the confusion of "our public, legal and revolutionary organization, with other factions with objectionable objectives" and once again rejected any solidarity with those who organize "the perpetration of common crimes", also agreeing "to dissolve the Federation if it cannot act calmly in the law." The Manifesto of Congress concluded: "In order to redeem itself,

3800-409: The economic struggle, of the destructive politics of all privileges and all monopolies of this unjust organization of present society. [...] The workers' Congress declares itself collectivist in terms of property, anarchist or autonomist in terms of social organization. The Federal Commission was established on October 7 with the Barcelona internationalist group that had taken the initiative to end

3876-429: The existence of a public, legal organization with a union dimension and which, on the contrary, defended the " spontaneism " — since any type of organization limited individual autonomy and could "distract" its components from the basic objective, the revolution, in addition to promoting their "gentrification" - and the " insurrectionalist " path - the workers' uprising would put an end to capitalist society. Faced with it,

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3952-415: The existence of an anarchist organization that advocated the social revolution . Thus, at the end of 1882, the FTRE newspaper La Revista Social reported that in some places members of the organization were not hired or forced to leave if they wanted to be hired, and many others had lost their job for that reason. The newspaper also denounced that "to the demonstrations that the workers en masse make before

4028-606: The fact that the illegalists shortly after the Seville Congress constituted a new federation under the name of The Disinherited . In their press organ The Social Revolution they denounced years later that the Federal Commission had not published the agreement of the London Congress of 1881 on " propaganda of the deed ". And on the other hand, it was not clear that the authorities and employers were going to tolerate

4104-467: The first time in decades.  The Barcelona Workers' Congress held in June 1870 provided the first opportunity for representatives from the emerging Spanish working class to organize publicly.  Eighty-nine delegates attended the Barcelona Congress where attendees voted to join the International Workingmen's Association which had been founded six years earlier in London with the aim of uniting workers and trade unions globally.   Delegates at

4180-409: The following year was a complete failure, as was the one held in Madrid between May 15 and 17, 1887, in which only 16 delegates attended. Between May 18 and 20, 1888, an "expanded" Congress was held in Barcelona, which was not attended by the Andalusian federations already opting for anarcho-communism and "illegalism." The delegates, the vast majority Catalan, and the Federal Committee decided to create

4256-422: The growing force of the International in Spain. The second objective was more local: it was about making it impossible for the farm workers to organize and preventing an agrarian strike from making it difficult to harvest the crops." The Federal Committee of the FTRE, which had already reiterated that the propaganda could not be carried out "neither because of the robbery, nor because of the kidnapping, nor because of

4332-404: The largest group to participate in the colonisation of the Canary Islands . Principally, Andalusians and their descendants predominate in the Canary Islands (Spain), Mexico , the Caribbean islands ( Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic , and Cuba ), and the circum-Caribbean area ( Guatemala , Costa Rica , Panama , the Caribbean coast of Colombia , and in Venezuela ). They were also predominant in

4408-426: The local Barcelona section of FRE-AIT reaching 6,000 members compared to the Madrid section never exceeding 200 members. The FRE-AIT is considered a predecessor of the present-day CNT which was founded in 1910. The Glorious Revolution of 1868 overthrew the Bourbon Queen Isabella II and initiated the Sexenio Democrático period of Spanish history where liberal and radical theories were spread openly for

4484-474: The much smaller farm towns and villages of northern Spain, where the land was worked by its owners, class distinctions in the agro-towns of Andalusia stood out. The families of the landless farmers lived at, or near, the poverty level, and their relations with the landed gentry were marked by conflict at times. Conditions were often improved by the opportunities to migrate to other parts of Spain, or to other countries in Western Europe . Some of this migration

4560-417: The municipalities asking for bread and work ", especially in Andalusia that was going through a serious agrarian crisis, they responded "by arresting the most determined and sending forces of the Army to maintain order ", or by sending the Civil Guard to investigate the affiliates' meetings. For this reason, the newspaper demanded that the "public powers" not resort to "reprobate and illegal means" to repress

4636-551: The murder," replied that it had no connection with the Black Hand, "nor with any secret association that has for its own sake an objective to perpetrate crimes of common law, refusing all solidarity with those who have committed or may commit criminal acts." It also condemned illegalism again, thus deepening "even more the differences between the Catalan anarcho-syndicalist nucleus and the Andalusian illegalists, as well as those who were beginning to be born in and around Barcelona, especially in Gràcia, also prone to direct action ". For

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4712-461: The opportunity offered by the new liberal government chaired by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta that had promised the recognition of freedom of association —which would put an end to the period of secrecy—, they proposed to change the policy of the Federal Commission, which "had moved away from the idea of large labor movements, in favor of secret groups, supporters of direct action ." For this purpose, they convened an Extraordinary Regional Conference that

4788-424: The organization.   Finally, by June 1872, members of Marxist faction within the FRE-AIT associated with Lafargue were expelled. The expelled Marxist members centered in Madrid formed the New Madrid Federation  [ es ] in July 1872 that was officially recognized by the International but only managed to gain a couple hundred members compared to the remainder of the FRE-AIT's membership of 15,000 at

4864-472: The provinces of Granada, Jaén and Córdoba. Their preferred destinations were France , Germany and Switzerland , followed by the United Kingdom , Netherlands and Belgium . There are no official recorded figures for previous decades. In South America in the last twenty years of 19th century, over 150,000 Andalusians emigrated to the Americas as a result of crop failures caused by the Phylloxera plague. Many Andalusian peasants moved to Brazil to work in

4940-493: The region to other areas of Spain. This figure was approximately a 24% of the population of Andalusia as a whole, mostly hitting the countryside areas. The main recipients of this migration were Catalonia (989,256 people of Andalusian origin in 1975), Madrid (330,479) and Valencia (217,636), and to a lesser level, the Basque Country and Balearics . During 1962 to 1974, around 700,000 people — almost all of them male — moved abroad for economic reasons, mainly originating from

5016-510: The same place where the Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1870 had been held, agreed to found the new Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region conforming to legality by suppressing the word "international", one of the reasons that had motivated the prohibition of its predecessor the FRE-AIT . In the "Manifesto to the workers of the Spanish Region" approved in Congress reaffirmed antipoliticism and anarcho-collectivism : We are adversaries of all parliamentary politics and determined champions of

5092-418: The school teacher Juan Ruiz. Regarding the crime of the landlords, four people were sentenced to death, but they were not executed. For the third crime, that of Fernando Oliveira, two people were tried, and one of them was sentenced to a long prison term. Regarding the existence or not of the "Black Hand", Tuñón de Lara affirms that "nothing allows, in short, to speak of the "Black Hand" as an organization. This

5168-454: The strong blows he had received in the belly. In February 1883 the government sent a special judge to Jerez to investigate the facts. And the matter also reached the Courts where it was debated on February 28. The government supported by the owners and by the press - although there were exceptions such as the newspaper El Liberal - identified the Black Hand with the FTRE with a dual purpose, according to Clara Lida: "firstly, to drastically stop

5244-415: The time. At the September 1872 Hague Congress of the International, the organization's Bakuninist wings were themselves expelled and the FRE-AIT joined the anarchist successor of the IWA split, known as the St. Imier International , in January 1873.   In recognition of FRE-AIT's now strictly anti-authoritarian stance, the organization's federal council was dissolved a new council was established in

5320-401: The workers - "take us to the courts of justice, and they, that they acquit us or condemn us; but do not inhibit the workers' spirits, do not outrage them, do not threaten them, do not raid their homes, do not apprehend them, do not take them to jail like common criminals." At the beginning of November 1882, the chief colonel of the Civil Guard in Western Andalusia sent the government a copy of

5396-460: The working class industrial city of Alcoy . With King Amadeo 's abdication in February 1873, the First Spanish Republic was proclaimed.  While many factions of the FRE-AIT were weary of participating in electoralism , the organization welcomed Spain's transition to republicanism and campaigned heavily for workers' rights in the lead-up to the May 1873 general election .   After left-leaning Francesc Pi i Margall 's electoral victory,

5472-421: Was approved, although it was recommended that strikes only be carried out "under favorable conditions." The new organization, according to Tuñón de Lara, "was halfway between anarchism and societarism ". However, according to Josep Termes, was rather contrary to societarism, as the following statement would prove: "Understand well, we are talking about spontaneous and natural resistance, not that which presupposes

5548-652: Was held from February 6 to 9, 1881 in Gràcia which was attended by one delegate per "region" and during which the dismissal of the Commission —integrated by Anselmo Lorenzo , José García Viñas , Trinidad Soriano, Nacher, and González Morago -, was dismissed and replaced by a new one made up of the Catalan leaders, plus the Mallorcan bricklayer Francisco Tomás Oliver . "The history of the Spanish Regional Federation of

5624-515: Was immediate, opening an ever larger and insurmountable gap within the FTRE that led to the gradual decrease in the number of affiliates and its dissolution five years later. Only 64 delegates attended the "Cosmopolitan Congress" meeting in Barcelona in September 1884, while the Andalusian anarcho-communist group of " The Disinherited " held another in Seville three months later, attended by 34 entities, of which 25 were from Andalusia. The Congress held

5700-432: Was influential not only in the labour movement of Spain , but also in the emerging global anarchist school of thought . Through association with a significant number of trade unions in Spain, the Spanish Regional Federation quickly grew to become one of the largest national chapters of the IWA with upwards of 29,000 members by 1873.   Distribution of IWA membership was not homogeneous throughout Spain, however, with

5776-427: Was seasonal; in 1982, for example, 80,000 farmers, mostly Andalusians, migrated to France for the wine harvest . Part of the migration consisted of entire families who intended to remain in their new home for longer periods or perhaps forever. Economic growth and social mobility, although dispersed and not homogeneous in the region, fundamentally started in the 1960s, increased in the 1970s and were intensified by

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