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78-589: The study of flags, or vexillology, was formalised by Whitney Smith in 1957. He then moved to organize various flag organisations and meetings including the first International Congress of Vexillology in 1965 and International Federation of Vexillological Associations. The FIAV was provisionally organized on 3 September 1967, at the Second International Congress of Vexillology held in Rüschlikon , Switzerland, and officially created on 7 September 1969, at

156-523: A $ 1 billion fundraising campaign was launched, its first comprehensive campaign, emphasizing financial aid, faculty support, research, and facility improvements. In 2016, the campaign goal was reached. The board of trustees voted to raise the goal to $ 1.5 billion and extend through 2019. The campaign has funded 74 new faculty positions, including 49 named full professorships and 25 Career Development Professorships. The campaign concluded in September 2019, raising

234-615: A PhD to a woman, when classics scholar Helen Magill White earned hers with a thesis on "The Greek Drama". Then in 1878 Anna Oliver became the first woman to receive a degree in theology in the United States, but the Methodist Church would not ordain her. Lelia J. Robinson , who graduated from the university's law school in 1881, became the first woman admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. Solomon Carter Fuller , who graduated from

312-500: A brand new student residence on the Medical Campus. In May 2024, Boston University removed Myles Standish's name from the building. It is now referred to by its address, 610 Beacon Street. In 2019, Boston University expanded its financial aid program so that it would "meet the full need for all domestic students who qualify for financial aid," starting in fall 2020. In September 2022, Robert A. Brown announced he will step down at

390-514: A capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs. One stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the " Methodist General Biblical Institute ", but it was commonly called the "Concord Biblical Institute". With the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the trustees of

468-447: A charter for a university by the name of "Boston University". These trustees were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises, and they became the founders of Boston University. They were Isaac Rich (1801–1872), Lee Claflin (1791–1871), and Jacob Sleeper (1802–1889), for whom Boston University's three West Campus dormitories were later named. Lee Claflin's son, William ,

546-403: A gift of The Golden Encyclopedia when he was about 6 years old. At Harvard, he studied political science and received a bachelor's degree in the field in 1961. During his time at Harvard, Smith designed the flag of Guyana after corresponding with Guyanese President Cheddi Jagan via mail. He received his doctorate in political science at Boston University in 1968; [1] political symbolism

624-552: A labor contract while the clerical workers and librarians were seeking union recognition. The strike ended by mid-April under terms favorable to the employees. On November 27, 1979, the committee to Defend Iranian Students—composed of Iranian students, Youths Against Foreign Fascism and the Revolutionary Communist Party—held a demonstration at the George Sherman Union against the deposed Shah of Iran and

702-443: A second search to fill the presidential position, culminating with the inauguration of Robert A. Brown as the university's 10th president on April 27, 2006. ( Aram Chobanian , who had served as president ad interim during most of the second search, was formally recognized as the 9th president in 2005.) In the wake of this fiasco, several actions were taken to improve the image projected to potential presidential candidates as well as

780-406: A student and two officers. Contrary to student claims of a peaceful protest, Silber said, "Civilization doesn't abdicate in face of barbarism. Those students or nonstudents who deliberately seek violent confrontation and refuse all efforts at peaceful resolution of issues must expect society to use its police power in its own defense." In response to Silber's decision of a forceful police intervention,

858-427: A total of $ 1.85 billion over seven years. In February 2015, the faculty adopted an open-access policy to make its scholarship publicly accessible online. The Charles River and Medical Campuses have undergone physical transformations since 2006, from new buildings and playing fields to dormitory renovations. The campus has seen the addition of a 26-floor student residence at 33 Harry Agganis Way, nicknamed StuVi2 ,

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936-712: Is a member of the Association of American Universities and the Boston Consortium for Higher Education. The university is nonsectarian , though it retains its historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church . The university has more than 4,000 faculty members, nearly 38,000 students, and is one of Boston's largest employers. It offers bachelor's degrees , master's degrees , doctorates , and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on three urban campuses. The main campus

1014-496: Is a week long biennial conference. A Congress consists of vexillology presentations, FIAV's General Assembly and flag display tours. Since 1969, FIAV has sponsored the biennial International Congresses of Vexillology (ICV) with assistance of a local organizing committee. The Congresses have been held in: ICV 31 is planned to be held in Paris , France in 2026. The FIAV flag was initially designed by Klaes Sierksma and slightly modified by

1092-660: Is possible at the BU Bridge, which also allows street traffic to cross from the Boston side to the Cambridge side of the Charles River. As a result of its continual expansion, the Charles River campus contains an array of architecturally diverse buildings. The College of Arts and Sciences, Marsh Chapel, and the School of Theology buildings are the university's most recognizable, and were built in

1170-645: Is situated along the Charles River in Boston's Fenway–Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, while the Boston University Medical Campus is located in Boston's South End neighborhood. The Fenway campus houses the Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, formerly Wheelock College, which merged with BU in 2018. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". BU athletic teams compete in

1248-697: The BU Law Tower , the George Sherman Union , and the Mugar Memorial Library were constructed in the Brutalist style, a departure from the school's traditional architecture. The College of Engineering and College of Communication were housed in a former stable building and auto-show room, respectively. Besides his efforts to expand the university into a rival for Greater Boston's more prestigious academic institutions, such as Harvard University and

1326-463: The Boylston Street and Copley Square area, before building its Charles River Campus in the 1930s. After receiving a year's salary advance to allow him to pursue his research in 1875, Alexander Graham Bell , then a professor at the school, invented the telephone in a Boston University laboratory. In 1876, Borden Parker Bowne was appointed professor of philosophy. Bowne, an important figure in

1404-621: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (both in Cambridge across the Charles River from the BU campus), Case involved himself in the start of the student/societal upheavals that came to characterize the 1960s. When a mini-squabble over editorial policy at college radio WBUR-FM – whose offices were under a tall radio antenna mast in front of the School of Public Relations and Communications (later College of Communications) – started growing in

1482-746: The Patriot League and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAA Division I . Among its alumni and current or past faculty, the university counts 9 Nobel Laureates, 23 Pulitzer Prize winners, 10 Rhodes Scholars , 6 Marshall Scholars , 14 Academy Award winners, 11 Emmy Award winners, and 9 Tony Award winners. BU also has 3 MacArthur Fellows and Fulbright Scholars among its past and present graduates and faculty. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented

1560-577: The Photonics Center , Life Science and Engineering Building, The Student Village (which includes the FitRec Center and Agganis Arena ), and the Questrom School of Business . All these buildings were built in brick, a few with a substantial amount of brownstone. Boston University converted the old Nickelodeon Cinemas complex into College of Engineering labs and offices. In 2016, the university sold

1638-673: The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ), African-American students conducted a sit-in and locked BU President Arland F. Christ-Janer out of his office for 12 hours. Umoja, BU's Black Student Union, put forward ten demands to Christ-Janer and got nine of them approved that included the creation of a Martin Luther King Chair of Social Ethics, expansion of African-American library resources and tutoring services, opening an "Afro-American coordinating center," admission and selection of more Black students and faculty. No disciplinary action

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1716-606: The flag of Bonaire and assisted in the design of the flag of Aruba . Smith also wrote over 250 articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica . Boston University Boston University ( BU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , United States. BU was founded in 1839 by a group of Boston Methodists with its original campus in Newbury, Vermont . It was chartered in Boston in 1869. The university

1794-563: The telephone in a BU lab. Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in Newbury, Vermont , in 1839, and was chartered with the name "Boston University" by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1869. The university organized formal centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969. One or the other, or both dates may appear on various official seals used by different schools of

1872-471: The $ 400 rise in tuition and $ 150 rise in housing charges declared by the trustees on March 7. The protest interrupted a board of trustees conference. While John Silber and Arthur G. B. Metcalf, chairman of the board of trustees, were negotiating with student government representatives to discuss the matter further on a separate occasion, the protesters marched into the building from two entrances, effectively trapping 40 trustees and 10 university administrators in

1950-737: The Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres (120,000 m ) on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts , as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, and received a Massachusetts Charter as the " Boston Theological Seminary ". In 1869, three trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature

2028-700: The Dahod Family Alumni Center (formerly The Castle). Construction of the brick and glass Yawkey Center for Student Services was designed to follow the requirements of the Bay State Road historic district. Use of glass and steel for new construction on Commonwealth Avenue includes the Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences & Engineering, which opened in 2017, and the 19-story Center for Computing & Data Sciences , which opened in 2022. The ceremonial opening on December 8, 2022,

2106-833: The FIAV Secretary-General position on September 29, 1983. Smith quit his full-time professorship at Boston University in 1970. By 1985, he had written 19 books. On July 5, 1991, Smith was named by the FIAV a Laureate of the Federation and left the office of FIAV Secretary-General. He was given the honor of Fellow of the Federation on July 27, 2001. In 2006 he was the joint author of The American Flag: Two Centuries of Concord & Conflict In 2013 he transferred The Flag Research Center's library and archives to The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History . On November 17, 2016, Smith died from complications of Alzheimer's disease at

2184-466: The Faculty State conducted a vote on Silber's resignation which could not pass due to a "vote of 140–25 with 32 abstentions." As a result of this failed motion, Peter P. Gabriel resigned his position as the dean of Boston University's School of Management in protest of Silber's presidency and his "counterproductive" leadership. Silber's support of military recruitment on campus, which he pushed to make

2262-624: The First International Congress of Vexillology ( Muiderberg , Netherlands) in 1965. They joined Louis Mühlemann in founding the International League of Vexillologists and were members of its Governing Board on September 5, 1965, and operated until September 3, 1967. The league was replaced by the International Federation of Vexillological Associations (known by its French acronym FIAV) with Smith as vice-president of

2340-581: The General Assembly, which are held during each International Congress of Vexillology. The FIAV General Assembly is composed of a delegate from each of FIAV's members. The General Assembly elects the Board and is responsible for setting policy. The current members of the FIAV Board are: Office of FIAV President was previously held by: The current members of FIAV are: The International Congress of Vexillology

2418-508: The Mugar Library, BU Law School, and Warren Towers , all of which were built in the brutalist style of architecture. The Metcalf Science Center for Science and Engineering , constructed in 1983, might more accurately be described as Structural Expressionism . Morse Auditorium , adjacent, stands in stark architectural contrast, as it was originally constructed as a Jewish synagogue . The most recent architectural additions to BU's campus are

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2496-771: The New Balance Playing Field, the Yawkey Center for Student Services, the Alan and Sherry Leventhal Center, the Law tower and Redstone annex, the Engineering Product Innovation Center (EPIC), the Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences & Engineering, and the Joan and Edgar Booth Theatre, which opened in fall 2017. The construction of the Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences & Engineering

2574-691: The Provisional Council as of September 3, 1967. In 1969, Smith moved from being FIAV Provisional Council vice-president to being the first Secretary-General of FIAV. Smith was also responsible for founding the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) and the Flag Heritage Foundation. On August 28, 1981, he was elected the second Secretary-General for Congresses, ending his multiple terms as FIAV Secretary-General. Smith served in that office until he returned to

2652-480: The Third International Congress of Vexillology held in Boston, Massachusetts , US. The vexillological symbols were created by vexillologist Whitney Smith and then adopted by the FIAV in the early 1970s. FIAV has a three-person Board consisting of a President, Secretary-General, and Secretary-General for Congresses. The Board manages the current affairs of FIAV and convenes the biennial sessions of

2730-595: The US Government's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases that was a funder of the lab. The university's main Charles River Campus follows Commonwealth Avenue and the Green Line , beginning near Kenmore Square and continuing for over a mile and a half to its end near the border of Boston's Allston neighborhood. The Boston University Bridge over the Charles River into Cambridge represents

2808-519: The age of 76. Smith wrote 27 books on the subject of flags, notably Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, The Flag Book of the United States, and Flag Lore of all Nations. He was the designer of the national flag of Guyana , 21 Saudi Arabian navy flags and served as a vexillographer (flag designer) to a number of governments and organizations. In 1981, Smith was part of a committee that developed

2886-455: The application. In July 2021, BU announced faculty and staff will be required to be vaccinated against COVID-19 for the fall 2022 semester. This comes after a vaccine requirement for all students, which was announced in April. In October 2022, Boston University's National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories conducted research in a Biosafety Level 3 lab that modified the original strain of

2964-509: The building for over thirty minutes. Twenty officers from the Boston University Police Department had to disperse the crowd from the stairwells. The protest resulted in the arrest of 19 year old Joshua Grossman, while another student and two BUPD officers were taken to hospitals. On April 5, 1979, several hundred faculty members, as well as clerical workers and librarians, went on strike . The faculty members were seeking

3042-503: The building that housed the Huntington Theatre Company and constructed the Joan & Edgar Booth Theatre and College of Fine Arts Production Center to consolidate the theater program on campus. BU has earned several historic preservation awards with recent extensive building renovation projects, such as the School of Law tower, the Alan & Sherry Leventhal Center, 610 Beacon Street (formerly Myles Standish Hall ), and

3120-518: The character of the campus changed significantly, as he sought to change the school into a national research university. The campus tripled in size to 45 acres (180,000 m ), and added 68 new buildings before Case retired in 1967. The first large dorms, Claflin, Rich and Sleeper Halls in West Campus were built, and in 1965 construction began on 700 Commonwealth Avenue , later named Warren Towers , designed to house 1800 students. Between 1961 and 1966,

3198-498: The core of the city of Boston, which was appraised at more than $ 1.5 million. Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university as of that time. By December, however, the Great Boston Fire of 1872 had destroyed all but one of the buildings Rich had left to the university, and the insurance companies with which they had been insured were bankrupt . The value of his estate, when turned over to

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3276-656: The deportation of Iranian students from the US. "To the Iranian people, that man (the shah) is Adolf Hitler," students protested. "The Shah Must Face the Wrath of the People." This was met with chants of "God Bless America" from the opposing group. Twenty policemen broke up the confronting parties though no arrests were made. Following the trustees' push for the resignation of the university's eighth president, Jon Westling, they voted unanimously to offer

3354-584: The dividing line between Main Campus, where most schools and classroom buildings are concentrated, and West Campus , home to several athletic facilities and playing fields, the large West Campus dorm, and the new John Hancock Student Village complex. The main campus buildings of BU are separated from the Charles River Esplanade parkland and the Paul Dudley White Bike Path along the banks of

3432-465: The end of the 2022–2023 academic year. Brown began his presidency in September 2005, and his contract was set to run through 2025. Although Brown chose to end his presidency, he will resume teaching at the university. On August 1, 2023, Kenneth W. Freeman started serving as president ad interim. In October 2023, Melissa Gilliam was named the incoming president, starting her term on July 1, 2024. On July 1, 2024, Melissa Gilliam began her tenure as

3510-452: The exception of the School of Theology) religion. Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology . On January 13, 1872, Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the university was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout

3588-400: The functioning of the board itself. In 2012, the university was invited to join the Association of American Universities , comprising 66 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. BU, one of four universities at the time invited to join the group since 2000, became the 62nd member. In the Boston area, Harvard, MIT, Tufts, and Brandeis are also members. That same year,

3666-484: The history of American religious thought, was an American Christian philosopher and theologian in the Methodist tradition. He is known for his contributions to personalism , a philosophical branch of liberal theology . The movement he led is often referred to as Boston Personalism . The university continued its tradition of openness in this period. In 1877, Boston University became the first American university to award

3744-443: The late-1930s and 1940s in collegiate gothic style. A sizable amount of the campus is traditional Boston brownstone , especially at Bay State Road and South Campus, where BU has acquired almost every townhouse those areas offer. The buildings are primarily dormitories, but many also serve as various institutes as well as department offices. From the 1960s through the 1980s, several contemporary buildings were constructed, including

3822-460: The long-time appearance of the busy traffic hub. In September 2021, BU completed a $ 115 million project to renovate and expand the Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine. The project expanded clinical spaces, added a simulation learning center, and improved collaborative spaces for students. Boston University's housing system is the nation's 10th largest among four-year colleges. BU was originally

3900-486: The most important contribution to vexillology in the two years before an International Congress of Vexillology. As of 2024, 17 awards have been given out to notable vexillologists such as William Crampton , Whitney Smith , and Alfred Znamierowski . Frederick Brownell , who designed the South African flag , received the award twice. Whitney Smith Whitney Smith Jr. (February 26, 1940 – November 17, 2016)

3978-480: The nearby Charles River, by heavily trafficked Storrow Drive , a high-speed limited-access major roadway connecting downtown Boston to its western suburbs. The separation occurred in the late 1920s, when the Commonwealth of Massachusetts seized land by eminent domain for the construction of the new roadway along the riverbank. A narrow strip of grassy lawn between BU academic buildings lining Commonwealth Avenue and

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4056-491: The next day. The lab uses eight robots to process up to 6,000 tests per day. A contact tracing team is part of the process to contain infections on campus. BU also started a new website "Back2BU" to provide students with the latest information on reopening. The results of the tests were published on BU's public COVID-19 Testing Data Dashboard. BU's National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL) has been working with live coronavirus samples since March 2020, and—at

4134-430: The organizing committee of the Second International Congress of Vexillology. The flag was introduced on 3 September 1967. Its description is, "On a blue field, extending horizontally from hoist to fly, two yellow halyards forming two interlaced loops." The knot formed is a sheet bend . The color blue is defined as Pantone Matching System U293 and the color yellow is defined as Pantone Matching System U123. Flags for

4212-407: The original strain. Marc Lipsitch of Harvard, however, argued "these are unquestionably gain-of-function experiments. As many have noted, this is a very broad term encompassing many harmless and some potentially dangerous experiments. GOF is a scientific technique, not an epithet." While the BU researchers gained internal research and Boston government approvals for the research, they failed to notify

4290-563: The physical campus, constructing the Photonics Center for the study of light, a new building for the School of Management, and the Life Science and Engineering Building for interdisciplinary research, among other projects. Campus expansion continued in the 2000s with the construction of new dormitories and the Agganis Arena . To protest the poor condition of Boston University's African-American curriculum, on April 25, 1968 (three weeks after

4368-561: The preceding year, Boston University purchased the former Wheelock College , which is now referred to as the Boston University Fenway Campus (although it is actually located in the adjacent neighborhood of Longwood ). As of 2019 , BU has sold or leased to real estate developers several building sites it owned in Kenmore Square next to its campus. Large multistory buildings are being constructed there, which will transform

4446-645: The presidency of John R. Silber . In 1972, student protests rose against the university administration's endorsement of Marine Corps recruitment on campus which faced significant opposition from the Student Democratic Society . On March 27, 1972, 50 police officers in "riot gear" defused a demonstration of 150 protesters at 195 Bay State Road, the BU Placement Office, where Marine recruiters were holding student interviews. A few protesters were arrested while some sustained minor injuries, including

4524-436: The presidency of the university to Daniel S. Goldin , former administrator of NASA under presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Goldin was set to take over the job on November 1, 2003, and be officially inaugurated on November 17, though the deal collapsed in the week leading up to his arrival in Boston. The university eventually terminated Goldin's contract at a cost of $ 1.8 million and initiated

4602-431: The school bought the 15 acres (61,000 m ) of land that had been reclaimed from the river by the Riverfront Improvement Association. Plans for a riverside quadrangle with a Gothic Revival administrative tower modeled on the "Old Boston Stump" in Boston , England were scaled back in the late 1920s when the State Metropolitan District Commission used eminent domain to seize riverfront land for Storrow Drive . Murlin

4680-488: The spring of 1964, Case persuaded university trustees that the university should take over the widely-heard radio station (now a major outlet for National Public Radio and still a BU-owned broadcast facility). The trustees approved the firing of student managers and clamped down on programming and editorial policy, which had been led by Jim Thistle, later a major force in Boston's broadcast news milieu. The on-campus political dispute between Case's conservative administration and

4758-423: The suddenly active and mostly liberal student body led to other disputes over BU student print publications, such as the B.U. News and the Scarlet , a fraternity association newspaper. The Presidency of John Silber also saw much expansion of the campus and programs. In the late 1970s, the Lahey Clinic vacated its building at 605 Commonwealth Avenue and moved to Burlington, Massachusetts . The vacated building

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4836-440: The three officers were approved in 1999, having been designed by the former FIAV president, William Crampton . Many awards and medals are given out to members of the FIAV or members of an FIAV associated Organization for various reasons. The two medals that come with post-nominals are the LAUREATES OF THE FEDERATION who get LF and the FELLOWS OF THE FEDERATION who get FF. In 1989, FIAV established The Vexilon, an award given for

4914-413: The time—was the only New England lab to have live samples. In August 2020, BU filed a service mark application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to secure the phrase "F*ck It Won't Cut It" for a student-led COVID-19 safety program on campus. The slogan is meant to promote "safe and smart actions and behaviors for college and university students in a COVID-19 environment", according to

4992-482: The torrent of traffic on Storrow Drive has been humorously dubbed "BU Beach", because it is a favorite hangout for sunbathing in good weather. The lounging students are protected from traffic incursions by a raised earthen berm , which also muffles the traffic noise to a dull roar. To protect pedestrians from vehicular collisions, Storrow Drive is enclosed by fencing, with pedestrian bridges allowing safe crossings at Silber Way and at Marsh Chapel. An additional crossing

5070-430: The university eligible for Federal grants, caused other demonstrations. On December 5, 1972, fifteen BU Student Government officers started a three-day hunger strike at Marsh Chapel demanding Silber "to file a lawsuit against the Federal government challenging the constitutionality of the Herbert Amendment." On March 16, 1978, about 900 Boston University students gathered at the George Sherman Union to protest against

5148-503: The university in 1882, was half what it had been in 1872. As a result, the university was unable to build its contemplated campus on Aspinwall Hill, and the land was sold piecemeal as development sites. Street names in the area, including Claflin Road, Claflin Path, and University Road, are the only remaining evidence of university ownership in this area. Following the fire, Boston University established its new facilities in buildings scattered throughout Beacon Hill , and later expanded into

5226-655: The university's 11th president. The university closed down due to the COVID-19 and shifted to online learning for the remainder of the semester on March 11, 2020. For the fall 2020 semester, BU offered a hybrid system that allows for students to decide whether to take a remote class or participate in-person. Larger classes would be broken down into smaller groups that rotate between online and in-person sessions. The school started administering its own COVID-19 testing for faculty, staff, and students on July 27, 2020. The new BU Clinical Testing Laboratory has accelerated testing that can give results to students, staff, and faculty by

5304-425: The university's School of Medicine in 1897, became the first black psychiatrist in the United States and would make significant contributions to the study of Alzheimer's disease . Seeking to unify a geographically scattered school and enable it to participate in the development of the city, school president Lemuel Murlin arranged that the school buy the present campus along the Charles River . Between 1920 and 1928,

5382-438: The university. On April 24–25, 1839, a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont , the school was named the "Newbury Biblical Institute". In 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire , invited the institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with

5460-454: The virus that causes COVID-19 with the spike proteins of the Omicron variant. This resulted in a virus that was more lethal to lab mice than the Omicron variant itself, but less lethal than the original strain. Some medical authorities criticized the research as dangerous " gain of function " research, but others argued that it did not technically count as gain of function research because the modified virus happened not to be quite as lethal as

5538-544: Was an American vexillologist . He coined the term vexillology , which refers to the scholarly analysis of all aspects of flags. He was a founder of several vexillology organizations. Smith was a Laureate and a Fellow of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations . Whitney Smith Jr. was born on February 26, 1940, to Mildred and Whitney Smith. As a youth, he lived in Lexington and Winchester, Massachusetts . Smith credited his interest in flags to his memories of Massachusetts Patriots' Day celebrations and

5616-570: Was covered by publications including Bloomberg , The Boston Globe , and CBS News which praised the building for being the largest carbon-neutral building in Boston and noted its unusual design. A ribbon cutting ceremony was performed by Boston Mayor Michelle Wu , President Robert A. Brown , the associate provost for computing and data sciences Azer Bestavros , dean of Arts & Sciences Stan Sclaroff, BU Board of Trustees chair Ahmass Fakahany , BU provost Jean Morrison , and Boston city councilor Kenzie Bok . In 2018, following negotiations in

5694-487: Was funded by part of BU's largest ever gift, a $ 115 million donation from Rajen Kilachand . The Dahod Family Alumni Center in the renovated BU Castle began in May 2017 and was completed in fall 2018. Development of the university's existing housing stock has included significant renovations to BU's oldest dorm, 610 Beacon Street (formerly Myles Standish Hall ) and Annex, and to Kilachand Hall , formerly known as Shelton Hall, and

5772-484: Was never able to build the new campus, but his successor, Daniel L. Marsh , led a series of fundraising campaigns (interrupted by both the Great Depression and World War II ) that helped Marsh to achieve his dream and to gradually fill in the university's new campus. By spring 1936, the student body included 10,384 men and women. In 1951, Harold C. Case became the school's fifth president and under his direction

5850-584: Was purchased by BU to house the School of Education . After arriving from the University of Texas in 1971, Silber set out to remake the university into a global center for research by recruiting star faculty. Two of his faculty "stars", Elie Wiesel and Derek Walcott , won Nobel Prizes shortly after Silber recruited them. Two others, Saul Bellow and Sheldon Glashow won Nobel Prizes before Silber recruited them. In addition to recruiting new scholars, Silber expanded

5928-424: Was taken against the students who only opened the chains after their demands were met. "There was no surprise, or feeling of victory on the students' parts," said Christ-Janer in response to the sit-in. "They had confidence in their demands, and I had a confidence in them. The university, black and white alike, was the winner." The late twentieth century saw a culmination in student activism at Boston University during

6006-509: Was the subject of his dissertation. Smith had his first article published at age 18. By 1960, he was consulting with the Encyclopædia Britannica . In 1961, Smith and colleague Gerhard Grahl co-founded The Flag Bulletin ( ISSN   0015-3370 ), the world's first journal about flags. The following year, Smith established The Flag Research Center at his home and was its director. Smith worked with Klaes Sierksma to organize

6084-628: Was then Governor of Massachusetts and signed the University Charter on May 26, 1869, after it was passed by the Legislature. As reported by Kathleen Kilgore in her book Transformations, A History of Boston University (see Further reading ), the founders directed the inclusion in the Charter of the following provision, unusual for its time: Every department of the new university was also open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race, or (with

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