Ezion-Geber ( Hebrew : עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר , Modern : ʻEṣyōn Gevér , Tiberian : ʿEṣyōn Geḇer, Biblical : Ġeṣyōn Geḇer ; also Asiongaber ) is a city only known from the Hebrew Bible , in Idumea , a seaport on the northern extremity of the Gulf of Aqaba , in modern terms somewhere in the area of modern Aqaba and Eilat .
15-589: According to Targum Jonathan , the name means "city of the rooster" (כְּרַך תַּרְנְגוֹלָא). Ezion-Geber is mentioned six times in the Tanakh . According to the Book of Numbers , Ezion-Geber was a place first mentioned as an Israelite campsite toward the close of the nation's 40 years in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt. The "ships of Tharshish " of Solomon and Hiram started from this port on their voyage to Ophir . It
30-526: Is debated and has yet to be confirmed by archaeology. Ruins at Tell el-Kheleifeh were identified with Ezion-Geber by the German explorer F. Frank and later excavated by Nelson Glueck , who thought he had confirmed the identification, but a later re-evaluation dates them to a period between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE with occupation continuing possibly into the 4th century BCE. However, Marta Luciani argues that old and newly identified samples of Qurayya ware at
45-718: Is the Aramaic translation of the Nevi'im section of the Hebrew Bible employed in Lower Mesopotamia ("Babylonia"). It is not to be confused with " Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ," an Aramaic translation of the Torah . It is often known as "Targum Jonathan" due to a printer's error or perhaps because it is so stylistically similar to the Targum Jerusalem, which is named "Jonathan" to differentiate
60-781: Is the result of a single redaction. Like Targum Onkelos, it gained general recognition in Lower Mesopotamia in the third century, and from the Talmudic academies in Babylonia it was carried throughout the Diaspora. It originated, however, in Syria Palaestina but was adapted to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic , so it contains the same linguistic peculiarities as the Targum Onḳelos, including sporadic instances of Persian loanwords. In cases where
75-527: The Babylonian Talmud . The academy there was founded by Judah ben Ezekiel in the late third century. The academy was established after the destruction of the academy of Nehardea . Nehardea, being the capital city, was destroyed during the Persian–Palmyrian war . The twelfth-century travel account of Benjamin of Tudela gives this description: Guy Le Strange in his geography of Mesopotamia in
90-512: The Book of Job , which was withdrawn from circulation by Gamaliel , nasi of the Sanhedrin , may have represented the result of his attempts to translate the Ketuvim. Jonathan ben Uzziel is named as Hillel's most prominent pupil, and the reference to his Targum is at least of historical value, so there is nothing to controvert the assumption that it served as the foundation for the present Targum to
105-607: The Palestinian and Babylonian texts differ, the Onqelos follows the latter. Although Targum Jonathan was composed in classical antiquity , probably in the 2nd century , it is now known from medieval manuscripts, which contain many textual variants. The earliest attestation appears as citations of Jeremiah 2 :1–2 and Ezekiel 21 :23 on an incantation bowl found in Nippur . In Talmudic times, and still by Yemenite Jews , Targum Jonathan
120-570: The Prophets. It was thoroughly revised, however, before it was redacted in Babylonia. In the Babylonian Talmud it is quoted with especial frequency by Joseph, head of the Academy of Pumbedita , who writes concerning the two biblical passages Isaiah 8 :6 and Zechariah 12 :11, "If there were no Targum to it we should not know the meaning of these verses". This shows that as early as the beginning of
135-523: The River," ) was an ancient city located near the modern-day city of Fallujah , Iraq . It is known for having hosted the Pumbedita Academy . The city of Pumbedita was said to have possessed a Jewish population since the days of Second Temple of Jerusalem . The city had a large Jewish population and was famed for its Pumbedita Academy , whose scholarship, together with the city of Sura , gave rise to
150-515: The fourth century the Targum to the Prophets was recognized as of ancient authority. The targum is sometimes cited with the introduction "Rav Yosef has translated", suggesting a tradition of authorship by Joseph bar Hama . The language of Targum Jonathan is Aramaic. Its overall style is very similar to that of Targum Onkelos, though it sometimes seems to be a looser paraphrase of the Biblical text. It
165-517: The site indicate that it was occupied from the Late Bronze Age onwards. Alternatively, some scholars identify Pharaoh's Island with biblical Ezion-Geber. 29°32′50″N 34°58′49″E / 29.54722°N 34.98028°E / 29.54722; 34.98028 This article related to the Hebrew Bible is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Targum Jonathan The Targum Jonathan ( Hebrew : תרגום יונתן בן עוזיאל )
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#1733084483754180-568: The two later translations. Like Targum Onkelos , it originated in the synagogue reading of a translation from the Nevi'im, which was part of the weekly lesson. The Talmud attributes its authorship to Jonathan ben Uzziel , a pupil of Hillel the Elder , in Megillah 3a:4. According to this source, it was composed by Jonathan ben Uzziel "from the mouths of Haggai , Zechariah , and Malachi ," implying that it
195-453: Was based on traditions derived from the last prophets. The additional statements that, on this account, the entire land of Israel was shaken and that a voice from heaven cried: "Who has revealed my secrets to the children of men?" are legendary reflections of the novelty of Jonathan's undertaking and the disapprobation it evoked. The story adds that Jonathan wished to translate the Ketuvim, but a heavenly voice instructed him to stop. The Targum to
210-657: Was read as a verse-by-verse translation alternately with the Hebrew verses of the haftara in the synagogue . Thus, when the Talmud states that "a person should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once", the passage may be taken to refer to the Targuma Jonathan and Onqelos. Pumbedita Pumbedita (sometimes Pumbeditha , Pumpedita , or Pumbedisa ; Imperial Aramaic : פוּמְבְּדִיתָא Pūmbəḏīṯāʾ , "The Mouth of
225-553: Was the main port for Israel's commerce with the countries bordering on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. According to Book of II Chronicles , Jehoshaphat , the King of Judah, joined with Ahaziah , the King of Israel, to make ships in Ezion-geber; but God disapproved of the alliance, and the ships were broken in the port. In 1 Kings 9:26 (King James Version) it says: The location of Ezion-Geber
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