Extensible HyperText Markup Language ( XHTML ) is part of the family of XML markup languages which mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.
84-475: While HTML, prior to HTML5 , was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML , a more restrictive subset of SGML. XHTML documents are well-formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser. XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation on 26 January 2000. XHTML 1.1 became
168-430: A Candidate Recommendation. The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations". On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation. On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a W3C Recommendation, bringing the specification process to completion. On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation. On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2
252-536: A Living Standard for HTML, continuously maintaining the specification rather than freezing it in a state with known problems, and adding new features as needed to evolve the platform. Since then, the WHATWG has been working on this specification (amongst others), and the W3C has been copying fixes made by the WHATWG into their fork of the document (which also has other changes). The two entities signed an agreement to work together on
336-818: A W3C Recommendation. There are three formal Document Type Definitions (DTD) for XHTML 1.0, corresponding to the three different versions of HTML 4.01: The second edition of XHTML 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation in August 2002. Modularization provides an abstract collection of components through which XHTML can be subsetted and extended. The feature is intended to help XHTML extend its reach onto emerging platforms, such as mobile devices and Web-enabled televisions. The initial draft of Modularization of XHTML became available in April 1999, and reached Recommendation status in April 2001. The first modular XHTML variants were XHTML 1.1 and XHTML Basic 1.0. In October 2008 Modularization of XHTML
420-580: A W3C recommendation on 31 May 2001. XHTML is now referred to as "the XML syntax for HTML" and being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML living standard. XHTML 1.0 was "a reformulation of the three HTML 4 document types as applications of XML 1.0". The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) also simultaneously maintained the HTML 4.01 Recommendation. In the XHTML 1.0 Recommendation document, as published and revised in August 2002,
504-402: A collaborative environment, by integrating document management , digital asset management , and record retention. Alternatively, WCM is the collaborative authoring for websites and may include text and embed graphics, photos, video, audio, maps, and program code that display content and interact with the user. ECM typically includes a WCM function. A CMS typically has two major components:
588-660: A component of their OMA Browsing Specification. To this version, finalized in 2004, the OMA added partial support for the Scripting Module and partial support for Intrinsic Events. XHTML MP 1.1 is part of v2.1 of the OMA Browsing Specification (1 November 2002). This version, finalized on 27 February 2007, expands the capabilities of XHTML MP 1.1 with full support for the Forms Module and OMA Text Input Modes. XHTML MP 1.2
672-414: A content management application (CMA), as the front-end user interface that allows a user, even with limited expertise, to add, modify, and remove content from a website without the intervention of a webmaster ; and a content delivery application (CDA), that compiles the content and updates the website. There are two types of CMS installation: on-premises and cloud-based. On-premises installation means that
756-455: A copy of the DTD to use, if the validator cannot locate one based on the public identifier (the other quoted string). It does not need to be the specific URL that is in these examples; in fact, authors are encouraged to use local copies of the DTD files when possible. The public identifier, however, must be character-for-character the same as in the examples. A character encoding may be specified at
840-557: A feature-limited XHTML specification called XHTML Basic. It provides a minimal feature subset sufficient for the most common content-authoring. The specification became a W3C recommendation in December 2000. Of all the versions of XHTML, XHTML Basic 1.0 provides the fewest features. With XHTML 1.1, it is one of the two first implementations of modular XHTML. In addition to the Core Modules (Structure, Text, Hypertext, and List), it implements
924-695: A form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard. WHATWG 's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals. Manu Sporny, a member of the W3C , said that EME would not solve the problem it was supposed to address. Opponents point out that EME itself is just an architecture for a DRM plug-in mechanism. The initial enablers for DRM in HTML5 were Google and Microsoft. Supporters also include Adobe. On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox ,
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#17329059410421008-462: A modular level rather than as pages or articles. CCMSs are often used in technical communication, where many publications reuse the same content. Headless CMS , which separates content from its delivery layer, offers greater flexibility in content distribution across various platforms. Based on a survey, the most widely used content management system is WordPress , used by 43.6% of the top 10 million websites as of October 2021. WordPress also adapts to
1092-498: A new HTML specification, posted in his blog that "[t]he attempt to get the world to switch to XML ... all at once didn't work. The large HTML-generating public did not move ... Some large communities did shift and are enjoying the fruits of well-formed systems ... The plan is to charter a completely new HTML group." The current HTML5 working draft says "special attention has been given to defining clear conformance criteria for user agents in an effort to improve interoperability ... while at
1176-450: A position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium workshop in June 2004, focusing on developing technologies that are backward-compatible with existing browsers, including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for, 14 against—for continuing work on HTML. Immediately after the workshop, WHATWG was formed to start work based upon that position paper, and
1260-503: A public-facing form on 22 January 2008, with a major update and "W3C Recommendation" status in October 2014. Its goals were to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia and other new features; to keep the language both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as web browsers , parsers , etc., without XHTML's rigidity; and to remain backward-compatible with older software. HTML5
1344-593: A refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers. This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation . Content management system A content management system ( CMS ) is computer software used to manage the creation and modification of digital content ( content management ). A CMS is typically used for enterprise content management (ECM) and web content management (WCM). ECM typically supports multiple users in
1428-613: A second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced. The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG's Ian Hickson ( Google ) and David Hyatt ( Apple ) produced W3C's first public working draft of the specification on 22 January 2008. Many web browsers released after 2009 support HTML5, including Google Chrome 3.0, Safari 3.1, Firefox 3.5 , Opera 10.5, Internet Explorer 9 and later. While some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash ,
1512-480: A single version of HTML on 28 May 2019. In addition to the contradiction in the < cite > element mentioned above, other differences between the two standards include at least the following, as of September 2018 : §9 Communication §10 Web workers §11 Web storage <address> is in section Grouping content . <address> is in section Sections . § 4.3.11.3 Exposing outlines to users The following table provides data from
1596-447: A standard that supported both XML and non-XML serializations , HTML5 , in parallel to W3C standards such as XHTML 2.0. In 2007, the W3C's HTML working group voted to officially recognize HTML5 and work on it as the next-generation HTML standard. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire, acknowledging that HTML5 would be the sole next-generation HTML standard, including both XML and non-XML serializations. Of
1680-479: A topic of mainstream media attention around April 2010 after Apple Inc. 's then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" in which he concluded that "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win". This sparked a debate in web development circles suggesting that, while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider
1764-468: Is 1.1 Second Edition (23 November 2010), in which the language is re-implemented in the W3C's XML Schema language. This version also supports the lang attribute. XHTML-Print, which became a W3C Recommendation in September 2006, is a specialized version of XHTML Basic designed for documents printed from information appliances to low-end printers . XHTML Mobile Profile (abbreviated XHTML MP or XHTML-MP)
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#17329059410421848-580: Is a third-party variant of the W3C's XHTML Basic specification. Like XHTML Basic, XHTML was developed for information appliances with limited system resources. In October 2001, a limited company called the Wireless Application Protocol Forum began adapting XHTML Basic for WAP 2.0 , the second major version of the Wireless Application Protocol . WAP Forum based their DTD on the W3C's Modularization of XHTML, incorporating
1932-623: Is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind. Many new syntactic features are included. To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content, the new <video> , <audio> and <canvas> elements were added; expandable sections are natively implemented through <summary>...</summary> and <details>...</details> rather than depending on CSS or JavaScript; and support for scalable vector graphics (SVG) content and MathML for mathematical formulas
2016-628: Is also possible using JavaScript and HTML 4 , and within SVG elements through SMIL , although browser support of the latter remains uneven as of 2011 . XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type (often called " MIME type") such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml , and must conform to strict, well-formed syntax of XML. XHTML5 is simply XML-serialized HTML5 data (that is, HTML5 constrained to XHTML's strict requirements, e.g., not having any unclosed tags), sent with one of XML media types. HTML that has been written to conform to both
2100-562: Is an extended version of the XHTML markup language for supporting RDF through a collection of attributes and processing rules in the form of well-formed XML documents. This host language is one of the techniques used to develop Semantic Web content by embedding rich semantic markup. An XHTML document that conforms to an XHTML specification is said to be valid . Validity assures consistency in document code, which in turn eases processing, but does not necessarily ensure consistent rendering by browsers. A document can be checked for validity with
2184-451: Is intended to subsume not only HTML 4 but also XHTML1 and even the DOM Level 2 HTML itself. HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves, and rationalizes the markup available for documents and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications . For the same reasons, HTML5
2268-885: Is media type usage or actual document contents that are being compared. Most web browsers have mature support for all of the possible XHTML media types. The notable exception is Internet Explorer versions 8 and earlier by Microsoft ; rather than rendering application/xhtml+xml content, a dialog box invites the user to save the content to disk instead. Both Internet Explorer 7 (released in 2006) and Internet Explorer 8 (released in March 2009) exhibit this behavior. Microsoft developer Chris Wilson explained in 2005 that IE7's priorities were improved browser security and CSS support, and that proper XHTML support would be difficult to graft onto IE's compatibility-oriented HTML parser; however, Microsoft added support for true XHTML in IE9 . As long as support
2352-654: Is more expressive than HTML (for example, arbitrary namespaces are not allowed in HTML). XHTML uses an XML syntax, while HTML uses a pseudo- SGML syntax (officially SGML for HTML 4 and under, but never in practice, and standardized away from SGML in HTML5). Because the expressible contents of the DOM in syntax are slightly different, there are some changes in actual behavior between the two models. Syntax differences, however, can be overcome by implementing an alternate translational framework within
2436-430: Is not widespread, most web developers avoid using XHTML that is not HTML-compatible, so advantages of XML such as namespaces, faster parsing, and smaller-footprint browsers do not benefit the user. In the early 2000s, some Web developers began to question why Web authors ever made the leap into authoring in XHTML. Others countered that the problems ascribed to the use of XHTML could mostly be attributed to two main sources:
2520-549: Is part of v2.3 of the OMA Browsing Specification (13 March 2007). XHTML MP 1.3 (finalized on 23 September 2008) uses the XHTML Basic 1.1 document type definition , which includes the Target Module. Events in this version of the specification are updated to DOM Level 3 specifications (i.e., they are platform- and language-neutral). The XHTML 2 Working Group considered the creation of a new language based on XHTML 1.1. If XHTML 1.2
2604-462: Is simply a myth". December 1998 saw the publication of a W3C Working Draft entitled Reformulating HTML in XML . This introduced Voyager, the codename for a new markup language based on HTML 4, but adhering to the stricter syntax rules of XML. By February 1999 the name of the specification had changed to XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language , and in January 2000 it was officially adopted as
XHTML - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-471: The Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites. Since 2014, HTML5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines. The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples. W3C Working Group publishes "HTML5 differences from HTML 4", which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML5 and HTML4. On 18 January 2011,
2772-617: The W3C Markup Validation Service (for XHTML5, the Validator. nu Living Validator should be used instead). In practice, many web development programs provide code validation based on the W3C standards. The root element of an XHTML document must be html , and must contain an xmlns attribute to associate it with the XHTML namespace . The namespace URI for XHTML is http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml . The example tag below additionally features an xml:lang attribute to identify
2856-626: The World Wide Web . It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation. The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard . It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a consortium of the major browser vendors ( Apple , Google , Mozilla , and Microsoft ). HTML5 was first released in
2940-613: The CMS software can be installed on the server. This approach is usually taken by businesses that want flexibility in their setup. Notable CMSs which can be installed on-premises are Wordpress.org , Drupal , Joomla , Grav , ModX and others. The cloud-based CMS is hosted on the vendor environment. Examples of notable cloud-based CMSs are SquareSpace , Contentful , Wordpress.com , Webflow , Ghost and WIX . The core CMS features are: indexing, search and retrieval, format management, revision control, and management. Features may vary depending on
3024-403: The HTML and DOM standards to WHATWG on 28 May 2019, as it considered that having two standards is harmful. The HTML Living Standard is now authoritative. However, W3C will still participate in the development process of HTML. Before the ceding of authority, W3C and WHATWG had been characterized as both working together on the development of HTML5, and yet also at cross purposes ever since
3108-403: The HTML and XHTML specifications and therefore produces the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML is known as polyglot markup . There is no DTD for XHTML5. HTML5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML5 constructs. In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing and parsing , with the intent that compliant browsers will produce
3192-407: The HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization continues its work with HTML5 as a "living standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed. In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as
3276-644: The HTML5 specification, and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0 . In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire and decided not to renew it. The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented
3360-489: The July 2012 split. The W3C "HTML5" standard was snapshot-based (HTML5, HTML 5.1, etc.) and static, while the WHATWG "HTML living standard" is continually updated. The relationship had been described as "fragile", even a "rift", and characterized by "squabbling". In at least one case, namely the permissible content of the < cite > element, the two specifications directly contradicted each other (as of July 2018), with
3444-595: The Mozilla Development Network on compatibility with major browsers, as of September 2018 , of HTML elements unique to one of the standards: The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML5 itself are now defined in separate specifications: Some features that were removed from
XHTML - Misplaced Pages Continue
3528-551: The W3C commented that "The XHTML family is the next step in the evolution of the Internet. By migrating to XHTML today, content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still remaining confident in their content's backward and future compatibility." However, in 2005, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) formed, independently of the W3C, to work on advancing ordinary HTML not based on XHTML. The WHATWG eventually began working on
3612-448: The W3C definition allowing a broader range of uses than the WHATWG definition. The "Introduction" section in the WHATWG spec (edited by Ian "Hixie" Hickson ) is critical of W3C, e.g. " Note: Although we have asked them to stop doing so, the W3C also republishes some parts of this specification as separate documents." In its "History" subsection it portrays W3C as resistant to Hickson's and WHATWG's original HTML5 plans, then jumping on
3696-580: The W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official. When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS , SVG, WOFF , and others". Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project , criticized that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out
3780-436: The W3C provided guidance on how to publish XHTML 1.0 documents in an HTML-compatible manner, and serve them to browsers that were not designed for XHTML. Such "HTML-compatible" content is sent using the HTML media type ( text/html ) rather than the official Internet media type for XHTML ( application/xhtml+xml ). When measuring the adoption of XHTML to that of regular HTML, therefore, it is important to distinguish whether it
3864-510: The Working Group issued a formal Note advising that it should not be transmitted with the HTML media type. With limited browser support for the alternate application/xhtml+xml media type, XHTML 1.1 proved unable to gain widespread use. In January 2009 a second edition of the document ( XHTML Media Types – Second Edition ) was issued, relaxing this restriction and allowing XHTML 1.1 to be served as text/html . The second edition of XHTML 1.1
3948-499: The XHTML2 WG, and closed the WG in December 2010, this means that XHTML 1.2 proposal would not eventuate. Between August 2002 and July 2006, the W3C released eight Working Drafts of XHTML 2.0, a new version of XHTML able to make a clean break from the past by discarding the requirement of backward compatibility. This lack of compatibility with XHTML 1.x and HTML 4 caused some early controversy in
4032-534: The above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification. Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately: HTML5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation
4116-427: The addition of ruby annotation elements ( ruby , rbc , rtc , rb , rt and rp ) to better support East-Asian languages. Other changes include the removal of the name attribute from the a and map elements, and (in the first edition of the language) the removal of the lang attribute in favor of xml:lang . Although XHTML 1.1 is largely compatible with XHTML 1.0 and HTML 4, in August 2002
4200-413: The bandwagon belatedly (though Hickson was in control of the W3C HTML5 spec, too). Regardless, it indicates a major philosophical divide between the organizations: For a number of years, both groups then worked together. In 2011, however, the groups came to the conclusion that they had different goals: the W3C wanted to publish a "finished" version of "HTML5", while the WHATWG wanted to continue working on
4284-411: The beginning of an XHTML document in the XML declaration when the document is served using the application/xhtml+xml MIME type. (If an XML document lacks encoding specification, an XML parser assumes that the encoding is UTF-8 or UTF-16 , unless the encoding has already been determined by a higher protocol.) For example: The declaration may be optionally omitted because it declares its encoding
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#17329059410424368-447: The blurring of terminology and the potential for miscommunication. Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback and changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies. The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications". Industry players including the BBC , Google, Microsoft , Apple Inc. have been lobbying for
4452-415: The default encoding. However, if the document instead makes use of XML 1.1 or another character encoding, a declaration is necessary. Internet Explorer prior to version 7 enters quirks mode , if it encounters an XML declaration in a document served as text/html . HTML5 HTML5 ( Hypertext Markup Language 5 ) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on
4536-608: The document with a natural language : In order to validate an XHTML document, a Document Type Declaration , or DOCTYPE , may be used. A DOCTYPE declares to the browser the Document Type Definition (DTD) to which the document conforms. A Document Type Declaration should be placed before the root element . The system identifier part of the DOCTYPE, which in these examples is the URL that begins with http:// , need only point to
4620-453: The draft into a standard. Instead, XHTML 2.0 and its related documents were released as W3C Notes in 2010. New features to have been introduced by XHTML 2.0 included: HTML5 grew independently of the W3C, through a loose group of browser manufacturers and other interested parties calling themselves the WHATWG , or Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group. The key motive of the group
4704-458: The end of 2020. Adobe itself officially discontinued Flash on 31 December 2020 and all Flash content was blocked from running in Flash Player as of 12 January 2021. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm
4788-422: The existing HTML form elements and events model. It adds many new elements not found in XHTML 1.x, however, such as section and aside tags. The XHTML5 language, like HTML5, uses a DOCTYPE declaration without a DTD. Furthermore, the specification deprecates earlier XHTML DTDs by asking the browsers to replace them with one containing only entity definitions for named characters during parsing. XHTML+RDFa
4872-550: The following abstract modules: Base, Basic Forms, Basic Tables, Image, Link, Metainformation, Object, Style Sheet, and Target. XHTML Basic 1.1 replaces the Basic Forms Module with the Forms Module and adds the Intrinsic Events, Presentation, and Scripting modules. It also supports additional tags and attributes from other modules. This version became a W3C recommendation on 29 July 2008. The current version of XHTML Basic
4956-497: The inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME), a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organizations including the Free Software Foundation have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML5 standard. However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions,
5040-445: The language. There are various differences between XHTML and HTML. The Document Object Model (DOM) is a tree structure that represents the page internally in applications, and XHTML and HTML are two different ways of representing that in markup. Both are less expressive than the DOM – for example, "--" may be placed in comments in the DOM, but cannot be represented in a comment in either XHTML or HTML – and generally, XHTML's XML syntax
5124-488: The last major browser to avoid DRM. Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe, later it was replaced with Widevine module from Google which is much more widely adopted by content providers. While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that
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#17329059410425208-408: The markup. First, there are some differences in syntax: In addition to the syntactical differences, there are some behavioral differences, mostly arising from the underlying differences in serialization. For example: The similarities between HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 led many websites and content management systems to adopt the initial W3C XHTML 1.0 Recommendation. To aid authors in the transition,
5292-404: The markup; XHTML introduced stricter error handling. HTML 4 was ostensibly an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML); however the specification for SGML was complex, and neither web browsers nor the HTML 4 Recommendation were fully conformant to it. The XML standard, approved in 1998, provided a simpler data format closer in simplicity to HTML 4. By shifting to an XML format, it
5376-484: The more capable Cascading Style Sheets . There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of client-side JavaScript used to create dynamic web pages . The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward-compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration , <!DOCTYPE html> , which triggers
5460-411: The original HTML5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as Microdata and Canvas . Technical specifications introduced as HTML5 extensions such as Polyglot markup have also been standardized as modules. Some W3C specifications that were originally separate specifications have been adapted as HTML5 extensions or features, such as SVG . Some features that might have slowed down
5544-447: The production of invalid XHTML documents by some Web authors and the lack of support for XHTML built into Internet Explorer 6 . They went on to describe the benefits of XML-based Web documents (i.e. XHTML) regarding searching, indexing, and parsing as well as future-proofing the Web itself. In October 2006, HTML inventor and W3C chair Tim Berners-Lee , introducing a major W3C effort to develop
5628-680: The same modules the W3C used in XHTML Basic 1.0—except for the Target Module. Starting with this foundation, the WAP Forum replaced the Basic Forms Module with a partial implementation of the Forms Module, added partial support for the Legacy and Presentation modules, and added full support for the Style Attribute Module. In 2002, the WAP Forum has subsumed into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), which continued to develop XHTML Mobile Profile as
5712-427: The same results when parsing incorrect syntax. Although HTML5 now defines a consistent behavior for " tag soup " documents, those documents do not conform to the HTML5 standard. According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks . Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of
5796-508: The same time updating the HTML specifications to address issues raised in the past few years." Ian Hickson , editor of the HTML5 specification criticizing the improper use of XHTML in 2002, is a member of the group developing this specification and is listed as one of the co-editors of the current working draft. Simon Pieters researched the XML-compliance of mobile browsers and concluded "the claim that XHTML would be needed for mobile devices
5880-742: The standardization of HTML5 were or will be standardized as upcoming specifications, instead. HTML5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block ( <div> ) and inline ( <span> ) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> and <video> instead of <object> . Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> and <center> , whose effects have long been superseded by
5964-438: The standards-compliant rendering mode . Since 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0 , a previously separate WHATWG specification. In addition to specifying markup, HTML5 specifies scripting application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used with JavaScript . Existing Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces are extended and de facto features documented. There are also new APIs, such as: Not all of
6048-470: The system application but will typically include: Popular additional features may include: Digital asset management systems are another type of CMS. They manage content with clearly defined author or ownership, such as documents, movies, pictures, phone numbers, and scientific data. Companies also use CMSs to store, control, revise, and publish documentation. There are also component content management systems (CCMS), which are CMSs that manage content at
6132-439: The technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" specification HTML Living Standard . The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue
6216-468: The two serializations, the W3C suggests that most authors use the HTML syntax, rather than the XHTML syntax. The W3C recommendations of both XHTML 1.0 and XHTML 1.1 were retired on 27 March 2018, along with HTML 4.0, HTML 4.01, and HTML5. XHTML was developed to make HTML more extensible and increase interoperability with other data formats. In addition, browsers were forgiving of errors in HTML, and most websites were displayed despite technical errors in
6300-436: The two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics . However, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript . There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5 (see Comparison of HTML5 and Flash ). HTML5's interactive capabilities became
6384-402: The varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and Flash. In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue the development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 25 July 2017, Adobe announced that both the distribution and support of Flash would cease by
6468-532: The web developer community. Some parts of the language (such as the role and RDFa attributes) were subsequently split out of the specification and worked on as separate modules, partially to help make the transition from XHTML 1.x to XHTML 2.0 smoother. The ninth draft of XHTML 2.0 was expected to appear in 2009, but on 2 July 2009, the W3C decided to let the XHTML2 Working Group charter expire by that year's end, effectively halting any further development of
6552-534: Was also added. To enrich the semantic content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main> , <section> , <article> , <header> , <footer> , <aside> , <nav> , and <figure> are added. New attributes were introduced, some elements and attributes were removed, and others such as <a> , <cite> , and <menu> were changed, redefined, or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of
6636-445: Was created, it would include WAI-ARIA and role attributes to better support accessible web applications, and improved Semantic Web support through RDFa . The inputmode attribute from XHTML Basic 1.1, along with the target attribute (for specifying frame targets) might also be present. The XHTML2 WG had not been chartered to carry out the development of XHTML1.2. Since the W3C announced that it does not intend to recharter
6720-497: Was hoped HTML would become compatible with common XML tools; servers and proxies would be able to transform content, as necessary, for constrained devices such as mobile phones. By using namespaces , XHTML documents could provide extensibility by including fragments from other XML-based languages such as Scalable Vector Graphics and MathML . Finally, the renewed work would provide an opportunity to divide HTML into reusable components ( XHTML Modularization ) and clean up untidy parts of
6804-409: Was issued on 23 November 2010, which addresses various errata and adds an XML Schema implementation not included in the original specification. (It was first released briefly on 7 May 2009 as a "Proposed Edited Recommendation" before being rescinded on 19 May due to unresolved issues.) Since information appliances may lack the system resources to implement all XHTML abstract modules, the W3C defined
6888-407: Was released as a W3C Recommendation. The W3C retired HTML5 on 27 March 2018. Additionally, the retirement included HTML 4.0, HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1. HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3 were all retired on 28 January 2021, in favour of the HTML living standard. The combined timelines for the W3C recommendations of HTML5, HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3: The W3C ceded authority over
6972-529: Was superseded by XHTML Modularization 1.1 , which adds an XML Schema implementation. It was superseded by a second edition in July 2010. XHTML 1.1 evolved out of the work surrounding the initial Modularization of XHTML specification. The W3C released the first draft in September 1999; the Recommendation status was reached in May 2001. The modules combined within XHTML 1.1 effectively recreate XHTML 1.0 Strict, with
7056-401: Was to create a platform for dynamic web applications; they considered XHTML 2.0 to be too document-centric, and not suitable for the creation of internet forum sites or online shops. HTML5 has both a regular text/html serialization and an XML serialization, which is also known as XHTML5 . The language is more compatible with HTML 4 and XHTML 1.x than XHTML 2.0, due to the decision to keep
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