Misplaced Pages

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69-683: EAP is in wide use. For example, in IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) the WPA and WPA2 standards have adopted IEEE 802.1X (with various EAP types) as the canonical authentication mechanism. EAP is an authentication framework, not a specific authentication mechanism. It provides some common functions and negotiation of authentication methods called EAP methods. There are currently about 40 different methods defined. Methods defined in IETF RFCs include EAP-MD5, EAP-POTP, EAP-GTC, EAP-TLS, EAP-IKEv2, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, and EAP-AKA'. Additionally,

138-525: A CA -signed PKI certificate to the server. This greatly simplifies the setup procedure since a certificate is not needed on every client. After the server is securely authenticated to the client via its CA certificate and optionally the client to the server, the server can then use the established secure connection ("tunnel") to authenticate the client. It can use an existing and widely deployed authentication protocol and infrastructure, incorporating legacy password mechanisms and authentication databases, while

207-508: A certificate by sending a request in PKCS#10 format. After receiving the certificate request and authenticating the peer, the server can provision a certificate to the peer in PKCS#7 format ( RFC   2325 ). The server can also distribute trusted root certificates to the peer in PKCS#7 format ( RFC   2325 ). Both operations are enclosed into the corresponding TLVs and happen securely within

276-510: A charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open to all who want to participate and holds discussions on an open mailing list . Working groups hold open sessions at IETF meetings, where the onsite registration fee in 2024 was between US$ 875 (early registration) and $ 1200 per person for the week. Significant discounts are available for students and remote participants. As working groups do not make decisions at IETF meetings, with all decisions taken later on

345-651: A cooperative agreement, No. NCR-8820945, wherein CNRI agreed to create and provide a "secretariat" for the "overall coordination, management and support of the work of the IAB, its various task forces and, particularly, the IETF". In 1992, CNRI supported the formation and early funding of the Internet Society, which took on the IETF as a fiscally sponsored project, along with the IAB, the IRTF, and

414-468: A low-entropy one and may be drawn from some set of possible passwords, like a dictionary, which is available to an attacker. The underlying key exchange is resistant to active attack, passive attack, and dictionary attack. EAP-PWD is in the base of Android 4.0 (ICS). It is in FreeRADIUS and Radiator RADIUS servers, and it is in hostapd and wpa_supplicant. EAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS)

483-476: A number of databases such as Novell Directory Service (NDS) and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), as well as the use of a one-time password . EAP with the encrypted key exchange , or EAP-EKE, is one of the few EAP methods that provide secure mutual authentication using short passwords and no need for public key certificates . It is a three-round exchange, based on the Diffie-Hellman variant of

552-557: A number of vendor-specific methods and new proposals exist. Commonly used modern methods capable of operating in wireless networks include EAP-TLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, LEAP and EAP-TTLS. Requirements for EAP methods used in wireless LAN authentication are described in RFC   4017 . The list of type and packets codes used in EAP is available from the IANA EAP Registry. The standard also describes

621-451: A protected communication channel, such as that provided by physical security, so facilities for protection of the EAP conversation were not provided. PEAP was jointly developed by Cisco Systems, Microsoft, and RSA Security. PEAPv0 was the version included with Microsoft Windows XP and was nominally defined in draft-kamath-pppext-peapv0-00 . PEAPv1 and PEAPv2 were defined in different versions of draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap . PEAPv1

690-422: A user needs both physical access to a token and knowledge of a personal identification number (PIN) to perform authentication. EAP Pre-shared key (EAP-PSK), defined in RFC   4764 , is an EAP method for mutual authentication and session key derivation using a pre-shared key (PSK). It provides a protected communication channel, when mutual authentication is successful, for both parties to communicate and

759-500: A way to encapsulate EAP messages within that protocol's messages. The encapsulation of EAP over IEEE 802 is defined in IEEE 802.1X and known as "EAP over LANs" or EAPOL. EAPOL was originally designed for IEEE 802.3 Ethernet in 802.1X-2001, but was clarified to suit other IEEE 802 LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (ANSI X3T9.5/X3T12, adopted as ISO 9314) in 802.1X-2004. The EAPOL protocol

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828-528: Is a standards organization for the Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under

897-465: Is a protocol proposal by Cisco Systems as a replacement for LEAP . The protocol was designed to address the weaknesses of LEAP while preserving the "lightweight" implementation. Use of server certificates is optional in EAP-FAST. EAP-FAST uses a Protected Access Credential (PAC) to establish a TLS tunnel in which client credentials are verified. EAP-FAST has three phases: When automatic PAC provisioning

966-476: Is a tunnel-based EAP method that enables secure communication between a peer and a server by using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to establish a mutually authenticated tunnel. Within the tunnel, TLV (Type-Length-Value) objects are used to convey authentication-related data between the EAP peer and the EAP server. In addition to peer authentication, TEAP allows the peer to ask the server for

1035-406: Is a user space daemon for access point and authentication servers. It can be used to create a wireless hotspot using a Linux computer. It implements IEEE 802.11 access point management, IEEE 802.1X / WPA / WPA2 / EAP Authenticators, RADIUS client, EAP server, and RADIUS authentication server. The current version supports Linux ( Host AP , MadWifi, Prism54 and some of the drivers which use

1104-421: Is also standardizing protocols for autonomic networking that enables networks to be self managing. It is a network of physical objects or things that are embedded with electronics, sensors, software and also enables objects to exchange data with operator, manufacturer and other connected devices. Several IETF working groups are developing protocols that are directly relevant to IoT . Its development provides

1173-529: Is an EAP method based on the Internet Key Exchange protocol version 2 (IKEv2). It provides mutual authentication and session key establishment between an EAP peer and an EAP server. It supports authentication techniques that are based on the following types of credentials: It is possible to use a different authentication credential (and thereby technique) in each direction. For example, the EAP server authenticates itself using public/private key pair and

1242-694: Is an EAP protocol that extends TLS . It was co-developed by Funk Software and Certicom and is widely supported across platforms. Microsoft did not incorporate native support for the EAP-TTLS protocol in Windows XP , Vista , or 7 . Supporting TTLS on these platforms requires third-party Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) certified software. Microsoft Windows started EAP-TTLS support with Windows 8 , support for EAP-TTLS appeared in Windows Phone version 8.1 . The client can, but does not have to be authenticated via

1311-678: Is available from these statistics. The IETF chairperson is selected by the NomCom process for a two-year renewable term. Before 1993, the IETF Chair was selected by the IAB. A list of the past and current chairs of the IETF: The IETF works on a broad range of networking technologies which provide foundation for the Internet's growth and evolution. It aims to improve the efficiency in management of networks as they grow in size and complexity. The IETF

1380-465: Is based on a user-assisted out-of-band (OOB) channel between the server and peer. EAP-NOOB supports many types of OOB channels such as QR codes, NFC tags, audio etc. and unlike other EAP methods, the protocol security has been verified by formal modeling of the specification with ProVerif and MCRL2 tools. EAP-NOOB performs an Ephemeral Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE) over the in-band EAP channel. The user then confirms this exchange by transferring

1449-491: Is described in RFC   4186 . Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA), is an EAP mechanism for authentication and session key distribution using the UMTS Subscriber Identity Module ( USIM ). EAP-AKA is defined in RFC   4187 . The EAP-AKA' variant of EAP-AKA, defined in RFC   5448 , and

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1518-443: Is designed for authentication over insecure networks such as IEEE 802.11. EAP-PSK is documented in an experimental RFC that provides a lightweight and extensible EAP method that does not require any public-key cryptography. The EAP method protocol exchange is done in a minimum of four messages. EAP Password (EAP-PWD), defined in RFC   5931 , is an EAP method which uses a shared password for authentication. The password may be

1587-445: Is enabled, EAP-FAST has a vulnerability where an attacker can intercept the PAC and use that to compromise user credentials. This vulnerability is mitigated by manual PAC provisioning or by using server certificates for the PAC provisioning phase. It is worth noting that the PAC file is issued on a per-user basis. This is a requirement in RFC   4851 sec 7.4.4 so if a new user logs on

1656-450: Is more likely that the physical theft of a smart card would be noticed (and the smart card immediately revoked) than a (typical) password theft would be noticed. In addition, the private key on a smart card is typically encrypted using a PIN that only the owner of the smart card knows, minimizing its utility for a thief even before the card has been reported stolen and revoked. EAP-MD5 was the only IETF Standards Track based EAP method when it

1725-506: Is natively supported in Mac OS X 10.3 and above, wpa_supplicant , Windows 2000 SP4, Windows XP and above, Windows Mobile 2003 and above, Windows CE 4.2, and Apple's iOS mobile operating system. Unlike most TLS implementations of HTTPS , such as on the World Wide Web , the majority of implementations of EAP-TLS require mutual authentication using client-side X.509 certificates without giving

1794-598: Is on implementing code that will improve standards in terms of quality and interoperability. The details of IETF operations have changed considerably as the organization has grown, but the basic mechanism remains publication of proposed specifications, development based on the proposals, review and independent testing by participants, and republication as a revised proposal, a draft proposal, or eventually as an Internet Standard. IETF standards are developed in an open, all-inclusive process in which any interested individual can participate. All IETF documents are freely available over

1863-448: Is on the IETF meetings page. The IETF strives to hold its meetings near where most of the IETF volunteers are located. IETF meetings are held three times a year, with one meeting each in Asia, Europe and North America. An occasional exploratory meeting is held outside of those regions in place of one of the other regions. The IETF also organizes hackathons during the IETF meetings. The focus

1932-555: Is overseen by an area director (AD), with most areas having two ADs. The ADs are responsible for appointing working group chairs. The area directors, together with the IETF Chair, form the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), which is responsible for the overall operation of the IETF. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) oversees the IETF's external relationships. The IAB provides long-range technical direction for Internet development. The IAB also manages

2001-557: Is responsible for day-to-day management of the IETF. It receives appeals of the decisions of the working groups, and the IESG makes the decision to progress documents in the standards track . The chair of the IESG is the area director of the general area, who also serves as the overall IETF chair. Members of the IESG include the two directors, sometimes three, of each of the following areas: Liaison and ex officio members include: The Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures (GADS) Task Force

2070-559: Is to use newer and stronger EAP protocols such as EAP-FAST, PEAP , or EAP-TLS. EAP Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), defined in RFC   5216 , is an IETF open standard that uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, and is well-supported among wireless vendors. EAP-TLS is the original, standard wireless LAN EAP authentication protocol. EAP-TLS is still considered one of the most secure EAP standards available, although TLS provides strong security only as long as

2139-454: Is used for non-3GPP access to a 3GPP core network. For example, via EVDO , WiFi , or WiMax . EAP Generic Token Card, or EAP-GTC, is an EAP method created by Cisco as an alternative to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and defined in RFC   2284 and RFC   3748 . EAP-GTC carries a text challenge from the authentication server, and a reply generated by a security token . The PEAP-GTC authentication mechanism allows generic authentication to

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2208-735: Is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. EAP-MD5 support was first included in Windows 2000 and deprecated in Windows Vista . EAP Protected One-Time Password (EAP-POTP), which is described in RFC   4793 , is an EAP method developed by RSA Laboratories that uses one-time password (OTP) tokens, such as a handheld hardware device or a hardware or software module running on a personal computer, to generate authentication keys. EAP-POTP can be used to provide unilateral or mutual authentication and key material in protocols that use EAP. The EAP-POTP method provides two-factor user authentication, meaning that

2277-618: The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), with which the IETF has a number of cross-group relations. A nominating committee (NomCom) of ten randomly chosen volunteers who participate regularly at meetings, a non-voting chair and 4-5 liaisons, is vested with the power to appoint, reappoint, and remove members of the IESG, IAB, IETF Trust and the IETF LLC. To date, no one has been removed by a NomCom, although several people have resigned their positions, requiring replacements. In 1993

2346-497: The EAP peer using symmetric key. However, not all of the nine theoretical combinations are expected in practice. Specifically, the standard RFC   5106 lists four use cases: The server authenticating with an asymmetric key pair while the client uses any of the three methods; and that both sides use a symmetric key. EAP-IKEv2 is described in RFC   5106 , and a prototype implementation exists. Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST; RFC   4851 )

2415-570: The IETF changed from an activity supported by the US federal government to an independent, international activity associated with the Internet Society , a US-based 501(c)(3) organization . In 2018 the Internet Society created a subsidiary, the IETF Administration LLC, to be the corporate, legal and financial home for the IETF. IETF activities are funded by meeting fees, meeting sponsors and by

2484-613: The ISOC's board of directors. In 2018, ISOC established The IETF Administration LLC, a separate LLC to handle the administration of the IETF. In 2019, the LLC issued a call for proposals to provide secretariat services to the IETF. The first IETF meeting was attended by 21 US federal government-funded researchers on 16 January 1986. It was a continuation of the work of the earlier GADS Task Force. Representatives from non-governmental entities (such as gateway vendors ) were invited to attend starting with

2553-615: The Internet Society via its organizational membership and the proceeds of the Public Interest Registry . In December 2005, the IETF Trust was established to manage the copyrighted materials produced by the IETF. The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is a body composed of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) chair and area directors. It provides the final technical review of Internet standards and

2622-473: The Internet Standards process, the Internet Standards or their technical content". In 1998, CNRI established Foretec Seminars, Inc. (Foretec), a for-profit subsidiary to take over providing secretariat services to the IETF. Foretec provided these services until at least 2004. By 2013, Foretec was dissolved. In 2003, IETF's RFC  3677 described IETFs role in appointing three board members to

2691-588: The Internet and can be reproduced at will. Multiple, working, useful, interoperable implementations are the chief requirement before an IETF proposed specification can become a standard. Most specifications are focused on single protocols rather than tightly interlocked systems. This has allowed the protocols to be used in many different systems, and its standards are routinely re-used by bodies which create full-fledged architectures (e.g. 3GPP IMS ). Because it relies on volunteers and uses "rough consensus and running code" as its touchstone, results can be slow whenever

2760-470: The OOB message. Users can transfer the OOB message from the peer to the server, when for example, the device is a smart TV that can show a QR code. Alternatively, users can transfer the OOB message from the server to the peer, when for example, the device being bootstrapped is a camera that can only read a QR code. EAP is not a wire protocol; instead it only defines message formats. Each protocol that uses EAP defines

2829-688: The WFA-UNAUTH-TLS vendor-specific EAP type (using the Wi-Fi Alliance Private Enterprise Number), which only do server authentication. This would allow for situations much like HTTPS, where a wireless hotspot allows free access and does not authenticate station clients but station clients wish to use encryption ( IEEE 802.11i-2004 i.e. WPA2 ) and potentially authenticate the wireless hotspot. There have also been proposals to use IEEE 802.11u for access points to signal that they allow EAP-TLS using only server-side authentication, using

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2898-611: The ability of internet applications to send data over the Internet. There are some well-established transport protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) which are continuously getting extended and refined to meet the needs of the global Internet. Hostapd hostapd (host access point daemon) is a user space daemon software enabling a network interface card to act as an access point and authentication server . There are three implementations: Jouni Malinen 's hostapd, OpenBSD 's hostapd and Devicescape's hostapd. Jouni Malinen's hostapd

2967-559: The already established TLS tunnel. EAP Subscriber Identity Module (EAP-SIM) is used for authentication and session key distribution using the subscriber identity module (SIM) from the Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM ). GSM cellular networks use a subscriber identity module card to carry out user authentication. EAP-SIM use a SIM authentication algorithm between the client and an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server providing mutual authentication between

3036-418: The auspices of the Internet Society , a non-profit organization with local chapters around the world. There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting. The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups. Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three);

3105-417: The client and NAS which can then be used for a wireless encryption session utilizing TKIP or CCMP (based on AES ) encryption. The Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol , also known as Protected EAP or simply PEAP, is a protocol that encapsulates EAP within a potentially encrypted and authenticated Transport Layer Security (TLS) tunnel . The purpose was to correct deficiencies in EAP; EAP assumed

3174-683: The client and the network. In EAP-SIM the communication between the SIM card and the Authentication Centre (AuC) replaces the need for a pre-established password between the client and the AAA server. The A3/A8 algorithms are being run a few times, with different 128 bit challenges, so there will be more 64 bit Kc-s which will be combined/mixed to create stronger keys (Kc-s won't be used directly). The lack of mutual authentication in GSM has also been overcome. EAP-SIM

3243-402: The client-side certificate; indeed, a password is not even needed, as it is only used to encrypt the client-side certificate for storage. The highest security available is when the "private keys" of client-side certificate are housed in smart cards . This is because there is no way to steal a client-side certificate's corresponding private key from a smart card without stealing the card itself. It

3312-465: The conditions under which the AAA key management requirements described in RFC   4962 can be satisfied. The Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) method was developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11i security standard. Cisco distributed the protocol through the CCX (Cisco Certified Extensions) as part of getting 802.1X and dynamic WEP adoption into

3381-470: The event a deficit occurs, CNRI has agreed to contribute up to USD$ 102,000 to offset it." In 1993, Cerf continued to support the formation of ISOC while working for CNRI, and the role of ISOC in "the official procedures for creating and documenting Internet Standards" was codified in the IETF's RFC   1602 . In 1995, IETF's RFC  2031 describes ISOC's role in the IETF as being purely administrative, and ISOC as having "no influence whatsoever on

3450-454: The fourth IETF meeting in October 1986. Since that time all IETF meetings have been open to the public. Initially, the IETF met quarterly, but from 1991, it has been meeting three times a year. The initial meetings were very small, with fewer than 35 people in attendance at each of the first five meetings. The maximum attendance during the first 13 meetings was only 120 attendees. This occurred at

3519-407: The industry in the absence of a standard. There is no native support for LEAP in any Windows operating system , but it is widely supported by third-party client software most commonly included with WLAN (wireless LAN) devices. LEAP support for Microsoft Windows 7 and Microsoft Windows Vista can be added by downloading a client add in from Cisco that provides support for both LEAP and EAP-FAST. Due to

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3588-495: The kernel's mac80211 subsystem), QNX , FreeBSD (net80211), and DragonFlyBSD . OpenBSD's hostapd is a user space daemon that helps to improve roaming and monitoring of OpenBSD -based wireless networks. It implements Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) for exchanging station association information between access points. It can trigger a set of actions like frame injection or logging when receiving specified IEEE 802.11 frames. The Open Wireless Linux version of hostapd. It

3657-719: The network from a device, a new PAC file must be provisioned first. This is one reason why it is difficult not to run EAP-FAST in insecure anonymous provisioning mode. The alternative is to use device passwords instead, but then the device is validated on the network not the user. EAP-FAST can be used without PAC files, falling back to normal TLS. EAP-FAST is natively supported in Apple OS X 10.4.8 and newer. Cisco supplies an EAP-FAST module for Windows Vista and later operating systems which have an extensible EAPHost architecture for new authentication methods and supplicants. Tunnel Extensible Authentication Protocol (TEAP; RFC   7170 )

3726-423: The number of volunteers is either too small to make progress, or so large as to make consensus difficult, or when volunteers lack the necessary expertise. For protocols like SMTP , which is used to transport e-mail for a user community in the many hundreds of millions, there is also considerable resistance to any change that is not fully backward compatible , except for IPv6 . Work within the IETF on ways to improve

3795-495: The option to disable the requirement, even though the standard does not mandate their use. Some have identified this as having the potential to dramatically reduce adoption of EAP-TLS and prevent "open" but encrypted access points. On 22 August 2012 hostapd (and wpa_supplicant) added support in its Git repository for an UNAUTH-TLS vendor-specific EAP type (using the hostapd/wpa_supplicant project RFC   5612 Private Enterprise Number), and on 25 February 2014 added support for

3864-419: The organization of annual INET meetings. Gross continued to serve as IETF chair throughout this transition. Cerf, Kahn, and Lyman Chapin announced the formation of ISOC as "a professional society to facilitate, support, and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure". At the first board meeting of the Internet Society, Cerf, representing CNRI, offered, "In

3933-420: The secure tunnel provides protection from eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attack . Note that the user's name is never transmitted in unencrypted clear text, improving privacy. Two distinct versions of EAP-TTLS exist: original EAP-TTLS (a.k.a. EAP-TTLSv0) and EAP-TTLSv1. EAP-TTLSv0 is described in RFC   5281 , EAP-TTLSv1 is available as an Internet draft. EAP Internet Key Exchange v. 2 (EAP-IKEv2)

4002-522: The speed of the standards-making process is ongoing but, because the number of volunteers with opinions on it is very great, consensus on improvements has been slow to develop. The IETF cooperates with the W3C , ISO / IEC , ITU , and other standards bodies. Statistics are available that show who the top contributors by RFC publication are. While the IETF only allows for participation by individuals, and not by corporations or governments, sponsorship information

4071-409: The standard EAP-TLS IETF type instead of a vendor-specific EAP type. The requirement for a client-side certificate, however unpopular it may be, is what gives EAP-TLS its authentication strength and illustrates the classic convenience vs. security trade-off. With a client-side certificate, a compromised password is not enough to break into EAP-TLS enabled systems because the intruder still needs to have

4140-533: The twelfth meeting, held during January 1989. These meetings have grown in both participation and scope a great deal since the early 1990s; it had a maximum attendance of 2810 at the December 2000 IETF held in San Diego, California . Attendance declined with industry restructuring during the early 2000s, and is currently around 1200. The locations for IETF meetings vary greatly. A list of past and future meeting locations

4209-481: The user understands potential warnings about false credentials, and is universally supported by all manufacturers of wireless LAN hardware and software. Until April 2005, EAP-TLS was the only EAP type vendors needed to certify for a WPA or WPA2 logo. There are client and server implementations of EAP-TLS in 3Com, Apple, Avaya , Brocade Communications, Cisco, Enterasys Networks, Fortinet, Foundry, Hirschmann, HP, Juniper, Microsoft, and open source operating systems. EAP- TLS

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4278-454: The well-known EKE protocol. EAP-EKE is specified in RFC   6124 . Nimble out-of-band authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB) is a generic bootstrapping solution for devices which have no pre-configured authentication credentials and which are not yet registered on any server. It is especially useful for Internet-of-Things (IoT) gadgets and toys that come with no information about any owner, network or server. Authentication for this EAP method

4347-532: The wide adoption of LEAP in the networking industry many other WLAN vendors claim support for LEAP. LEAP uses a modified version of MS-CHAP , an authentication protocol in which user credentials are not strongly protected and easily compromised; an exploit tool called ASLEAP was released in early 2004 by Joshua Wright. Cisco recommends that customers who absolutely must use LEAP do so only with sufficiently complex passwords, though complex passwords are difficult to administer and enforce. Cisco's current recommendation

4416-490: The working group mailing list , meeting attendance is not required for contributors. Rough consensus is the primary basis for decision making. There are no formal voting procedures. Each working group is intended to complete work on its topic and then disband. In some cases, the working group will instead have its charter updated to take on new tasks as appropriate. The working groups are grouped into areas by subject matter ( see § Steering group , below ). Each area

4485-558: Was Mike Corrigan, who was then the technical program manager for the Defense Data Network (DDN). Also in 1986, after leaving DARPA, Robert E. Kahn founded the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), which began providing administrative support to the IETF. In 1987, Corrigan was succeeded as IETF chair by Phill Gross. Effective March 1, 1989, but providing support dating back to late 1988, CNRI and NSF entered into

4554-399: Was also modified for use with IEEE 802.1AE (MACsec) and IEEE 802.1AR (Initial Device Identity, IDevID) in 802.1X-2010. When EAP is invoked by an 802.1X enabled Network Access Server (NAS) device such as an IEEE 802.11i-2004 Wireless Access Point (WAP), modern EAP methods can provide a secure authentication mechanism and negotiate a secure private key (Pair-wise Master Key, PMK) between

4623-545: Was defined in draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-00 through draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-05 , and PEAPv2 was defined in versions beginning with draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-06 . IETF Early research and development: Merging the networks and creating the Internet: Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: Examples of Internet services: The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF )

4692-523: Was first defined in the original RFC for EAP, RFC   2284 . It offers minimal security; the MD5 hash function is vulnerable to dictionary attacks , and does not support key generation, which makes it unsuitable for use with dynamic WEP, or WPA/WPA2 enterprise. EAP-MD5 differs from other EAP methods in that it only provides authentication of the EAP peer to the EAP server but not mutual authentication. By not providing EAP server authentication, this EAP method

4761-618: Was the precursor to the IETF. Its chairman was David L. Mills of the University of Delaware . In January 1986, the Internet Activities Board (IAB; now called the Internet Architecture Board) decided to divide GADS into two entities: an Internet Architecture (INARC) Task Force chaired by Mills to pursue research goals, and the IETF to handle nearer-term engineering and technology transfer issues. The first IETF chair

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