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50-458: Advanced HSPA+ is a further evolution of HSPA and provides data rates up to 84.4 and 168  megabits per second (Mbit/s) to the mobile device (downlink) and 22 Mbit/s from the mobile device (uplink) under ideal signal conditions. Technically these are achieved through the use of a multiple-antenna technique known as MIMO (for "multiple-input and multiple-output") and higher order modulation (64QAM) or combining multiple cells into one with

100-439: A Project Coordination Group, which is the highest decision-making body. Its missions include the management of overall timeframe and work progress. 3GPP standardization work is contribution-driven. Companies ("individual members") participate through their membership to a 3GPP Organizational Partner. As of December 2020, 3GPP is composed of 719 individual members. Specification work is done at WG and at TSG level: 3GPP follows

150-442: A digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex (TDM) framing bits , redundant forward error correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding . Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate

200-472: A format sometimes abbreviated like "16bit / 44.1kHz". CD-DA is also stereo , using a left and right channel , so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used. The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula: For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows: The cumulative size of

250-614: A length of PCM audio data (excluding a file header or other metadata ) can be calculated using the following formula: The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight: Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage: where MiB is mebibytes with binary prefix Mi, meaning 2 = 1,048,576. The MP3 audio format provides lossy data compression . Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate: For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.)

300-599: A technique known as Dual-Cell HSDPA. An Evolved HSDPA network can theoretically support up to 28 Mbit/s and 42 Mbit/s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 (MIMO with 16QAM) and Rel8 ( 64-QAM + MIMO ), in good channel conditions with low correlation between transmit antennas. Although, real speeds are far lower. Besides the throughput gain from doubling the number of cells to be used, some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be achieved. The QoS (Quality of Service) can be particularly improved for end users in poor radio reception where they cannot benefit from

350-649: A three-stage methodology as defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.130: Test specifications are sometimes defined as stage 4, as they follow stage 3. Specifications are grouped into releases. A release consists of a set of internally consistent set of features and specifications. Timeframes are defined for each release by specifying freezing dates. Once a release is frozen, only essential corrections are allowed (i.e. addition and modifications of functions are forbidden). Freezing dates are defined for each stage. The 3GPP specifications are transposed into deliverables by

400-478: A user will be lower. In general, HSPA+ offers higher bitrates only in very good radio conditions (very close to the cell tower) or if the terminal and network both support either MIMO or Dual-Cell HSDPA , which effectively use two parallel transmit channels with different technical implementations. The higher 168 Mbit/s speeds are achieved by using multiple carriers with Dual-Cell HSDPA and 4-way MIMO together simultaneously. A flattened all-IP architecture

450-449: Is 125 Mbit/s, due to the 4B5B (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the NRZI line code . In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example,

500-455: Is 2 ms. So for example Cat 10 can decode 27,952 bits/2 ms = 13.976 Mbit/s (and not 14.4 Mbit/s as often claimed incorrectly). Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, which reduces the maximum data rate by that factor. Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in

550-507: Is an option for the network within HSPA+. In this architecture, the base stations connect to the network via IP (often Ethernet providing the transmission), bypassing legacy elements for the user's data connections. This makes the network faster and cheaper to deploy and operate. The legacy architecture is still permitted with the Evolved HSPA and is likely to exist for several years after adoption of

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600-589: Is done in Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) and Working Groups (WGs). There are three Technical Specifications Groups, each of which consists of multiple WGs: The closure of GERAN was announced in January 2016. The specification work on legacy GSM/EDGE system was transferred to RAN WG, RAN6. RAN6 was closed in July 2020 ( https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/2128-r6_geran ). The 3GPP structure also includes

650-804: Is not the case for modern modulation systems used in modems and LAN equipment. For most line codes and modulation methods: More specifically, a line code (or baseband transmission scheme) representing the data using pulse-amplitude modulation with 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} different voltage levels, can transfer N {\displaystyle N} bits per pulse. A digital modulation method (or passband transmission scheme) using 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} different symbols, for example 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer N {\displaystyle N} bits per symbol. This results in: An exception from

700-669: Is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second. In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s ) corresponds to 8 bit/s. When quantifying large or small bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as metric prefixes or decimal prefixes) are used, thus: Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates. The International Standard ( IEC 80000-13 ) specifies different symbols for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g., 1 KiB /s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB /s = 1024 KiB/s). In digital communication systems,

750-408: Is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node communication link . The channel capacity is proportional to the analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called Hartley's law . Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s. The term throughput , essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption , denotes

800-437: Is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation: for a certain communication path. These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices: In digital multimedia, bit rate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors: Generally, choices are made about

850-405: Is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the data link layer and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead. In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaptation of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term peak bitrate denotes

900-441: Is the development and maintenance of: 3GPP is a consortium with seven national or regional telecommunication standards organizations as primary members ("organizational partners") and a variety of other organizations as associate members ("market representation partners"). The 3GPP organizes its work into three different streams: Radio Access Networks , Services and Systems Aspects, and Core Network and Terminals. The project

950-676: Is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the downlink. UMTS licenses are often issued as 5, 10, or 20 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the downlink carriers. New HSDPA User Equipment categories 21-24 have been introduced that support DC-HSDPA. DC-HSDPA can support up to 42.2 Mbit/s, but unlike HSPA, it does not need to rely on MIMO transmission. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from

1000-483: Is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the uplink carriers. Similar enhancements as introduced with Dual-Cell HSDPA in the downlink for 3GPP Release 8 were standardized for the uplink in 3GPP Release 9, called Dual-Cell HSUPA. The standardisation of Release 9 was completed in December 2009. The following table shows uplink speeds for

1050-440: The actual bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using μlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s. 3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) is an umbrella term for a number of standards organizations which develop protocols for mobile telecommunications . Its best known work

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1100-410: The physical layer gross bitrate , raw bitrate , data signaling rate , gross data transfer rate or uncoded transmission rate (sometimes written as a variable R b or f b ) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead. In case of serial communications , the gross bit rate is related to

1150-416: The source information rate , also known as the entropy rate . The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard. Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) uses 44,100 samples per second, each with a bit depth of 16,

1200-682: The "Mobile Competence Centre") is located at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute headquarters in the Sophia Antipolis technology park in France. The seven 3GPP Organizational Partners are from Asia, Europe and North America. Their aim is to determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks: Together with the Market Representation Partners (MRPs) perform

1250-710: The 'control plane'. Nokia Siemens Networks Internet HSPA ( I-HSPA ) was the first commercial solution implementing the Evolved HSPA flattened all-IP architecture. Bit rate In telecommunications and computing , bit rate ( bitrate or as a variable R ) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s ), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps

1300-704: The 5G system and enablers for new features and services: Enhanced support of: non-public networks, industrial Internet of Things , low complexity NR devices, edge computing in 5GC, access traffic steering, switch and splitting support, network automation for 5G, network slicing , advanced V2X service, multiple USIM support, proximity-based services in 5GS, 5G multicast broadcast services, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), satellite access in 5G, 5GC location services, Multimedia Priority Service... Each release incorporates hundreds of individual Technical Specification and Technical Report documents, each of which may have been through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate

1350-632: The DC-HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8. While in Release 8 DC-HSDPA can only operate on adjacent carriers, Release 9 also allows that the paired cells can operate on two different frequency bands. Later releases allow the use of up to four carriers simultaneously. From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in combination with MIMO being used on both carriers. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators even more capacity improvements within their network. This will allow

1400-443: The above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played. If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts . Whether these affect

1450-689: The above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example Manchester coding and return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in: A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain spectral bandwidth in hertz is given by the Nyquist law : In practice this upper bound can only be approached for line coding schemes and for so-called vestigial sideband digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example ASK , PSK , QAM and OFDM , can be characterized as double sideband modulation, resulting in

1500-400: The achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the data link layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing

1550-430: The architecture, reducing costs and delays. This is nearly identical to the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) flat architecture as defined in the 3GPP standard Rel-8. The changes allow cost-effective modern link layer technologies such as xDSL or Ethernet, and these technologies are no longer tied to the more expensive and rigid requirements of the older standard of SONET/SDH and E1/T1 infrastructure. There are no changes to

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1600-462: The bit transmission time T b {\displaystyle T_{\text{b}}} as: The gross bit rate is related to the symbol rate or modulation rate, which is expressed in bauds or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal only when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this

1650-496: The connection establishment phase due to adaptive modulation  – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise ratio . Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher. The channel capacity , also known as the Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that

1700-573: The different categories of Evolved HSUPA. The aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied and 3GPP Release 11 is scheduled to include 4-carrier HSPA. The standard was scheduled to be finalised in Q3 ;2012 and first chipsets supporting MC-HSPA in late 2013. Release 11 specifies 8-carrier HSPA allowed in non-contiguous bands with 4 × 4  MIMO offering peak transfer rates up to 672 Mbit/s. The 168 Mbit/s and 22 Mbit/s represent theoretical peak speeds. The actual speed for

1750-399: The encoding bit rate is the goodput that is required to avoid playback interruption. The term average bitrate is used in case of variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data. A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for lossless data compression is

1800-446: The file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight. As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to V.44 data compression , and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and automatic repeat request retransmissions. If no data compression

1850-534: The following relation: In case of parallel communication , the gross bit rate is given by where n is the number of parallel channels, M i is the number of symbols or levels of the modulation in the i th channel , and T i is the symbol duration time , expressed in seconds, for the i th channel. The physical layer net bitrate , information rate , useful bit rate , payload rate , net data transfer rate , coded transmission rate , effective data rate or wire speed (informal language) of

1900-417: The following tasks: The Organizational Partners are: The 3GPP Organizational Partners can invite a Market Representation Partner to take part in 3GPP, which: As of June 2021 , the Market Representation Partners are: 3GPP standards are structured as Releases . Discussion of 3GPP thus frequently refers to the functionality in one release or another. TSG SA groups focused on further enhancements to

1950-479: The gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according to the following. The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition. For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while

2000-467: The gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes. The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s. The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100BASE-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate

2050-449: The latest revision of the GSM standards. The documents are made available without charge on 3GPP's web site. The Technical Specifications cover not only the radio part (" Air Interface ") and Core Network, but also billing information and speech coding down to source code level. Cryptographic aspects (such as authentication , confidentiality ) are also specified. The 3GPP specification work

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2100-514: The net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10BASE-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the Manchester line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud. The "connection speed" of a V.92 voiceband modem typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s downstream and 48,000 bit/s upstream . A lower bit rate may be chosen during

2150-465: The net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter. Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the " connection speed " (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. The term line rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate, in others as net bit rate. The relationship between

2200-485: The other WCDMA capacity improvements (MIMO and higher order modulations) due to poor radio signal quality. In 3GPP a study item was completed in June 2008. The outcome can be found in technical report 25.825. An alternative method to double the data rates is to double the bandwidth to 10 MHz (i.e. 2×5 MHz) by using DC-HSDPA. Dual-Carrier HSDPA , also known as Dual-Cell HSDPA, is part of 3GPP Release 8 specification. It

2250-601: The other aspects of HSPA+ (higher-order modulation, multiple streams, etc.). This 'flat architecture' connects the 'user plane' directly from the base station to the GGSN external gateway, using any available link technology supporting TCP/IP. The definition can be found in 3GPP TR25.999 . The user's data flow bypasses the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and the SGSN of the previous 3GPP UMTS architecture versions, thus simplifying

2300-433: The perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment. The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is its size in bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight. For real-time streaming multimedia ,

2350-425: The same network resources. See also measuring network throughput . Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer , exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate . The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as

2400-418: The table are rounded to one decimal point. Dual-Carrier HSUPA , also known as Dual-Cell HSUPA , is a wireless broadband standard based on HSPA that is defined in 3GPP UMTS release 9. Dual Cell (DC-)HSUPA is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the uplink. UMTS licenses are often issued as 10 or 15 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature

2450-527: The theoretical speed of up to 84.4 Mbit/s. The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS 25.306 and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell per-stream data rate is limited by the Maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI and the Minimum inter-TTI interval . The TTI

2500-536: Was established in December 1998 with the goal of developing a specification for a 3G mobile phone system based on the 2G GSM system, within the scope of the International Telecommunication Union's International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 , hence the name 3GPP. It should not be confused with 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which developed a competing 3G system, CDMA2000 . The 3GPP administrative support team (known as

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