57-422: Euryarchaeota (from Ancient Greek εὐρύς eurús, "broad, wide") is a kingdom of archaea . Euryarchaeota are highly diverse and include methanogens , which produce methane and are often found in intestines; halobacteria , which survive extreme concentrations of salt ; and some extremely thermophilic aerobes and anaerobes, which generally live at temperatures between 41 and 122 °C. They are separated from
114-537: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in
171-447: A balloon. The two types that were sent up were able to survive the freezing temperatures and high radiation levels, supporting the hypothesis that halophiles could survive on Mars. Certain types of haloarchaea that produce carotenoids could potentially serve as a source of carotenoids for medical use. Haloarchaea have been proposed to help meet the high demand of carotenoids by pharmaceutical companies due to how easy it can be grown in
228-515: A distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea distinguished by the possession of ether-linked lipids and the absence of murein in their cell walls . Haloarchaea can grow aerobically or anaerobically. Parts of the membranes of haloarchaea are purplish in color, and large blooms of haloarchaea appear reddish from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin , related to the retinal pigment rhodopsin , which it uses to transform light energy into chemical energy by
285-413: A higher fungal population was correlated with higher euryarchaeotal frequency and diversity, while absence of mycorrihizal fungi was correlated with absence of euryarchaeota. In 2022, the proposed kingdom Methanobacteriati was introduced as a valid name for Euryarchaeota, which was claimed to be taxonomically invalid according to International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes , which gives priority to
342-563: A lab. Genes in Haloarchaea can also be manipulated in order to produce various strands of carotenoids, further helping meet pharmaceutical companies' needs. Haloarchaea are also present within the human gut, mostly predominant in the gut of people who live in Korea . Haloarchaea are most abundant in Koreans' guts rather than methanogens due to their saltier diets. This also shows that the archaeome in
399-472: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and
456-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in
513-543: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment
570-431: A process unrelated to chlorophyll -based photosynthesis . Haloarchaea have a potential to solubilize phosphorus . Phosphorus-solubilizing halophilic archaea may well play a role in making phosphorus available to vegetation growing in hypersaline soils. Haloarchaea may also have applications as inoculants for crops growing in hypersaline regions. The extremely halophilic, aerobic members of Archaea are classified within
627-671: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek , and Koine may be classified as Ancient Greek in a wider sense. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek
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#1732873188390684-609: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as
741-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and
798-556: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of
855-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected
912-649: Is also listed in the Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. Euryarchaeota/ Methanobacteriati is not listed as a taxon in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) applying not the level kingdom, even if it could be identified as a clade ( Euryarchaeota s.s. ). Methanopyri Nitrososphaerota Thermoproteota Methanococci Thermoplasmata Archaeoglobi Thermococci Methanobacteria Methanonatronarchaeia Methanomicrobia Halobacteria Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that
969-644: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to
1026-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in
1083-569: Is due to its ability to withstand high nutrient levels and the heavy metals that may be present. Haloarchaea can grow at water activity (a w ) close to 0.75, even though a w lower than 0.90 is inhibitory to most microbes. The high solute concentration causes osmotic stress on microbes, which can cause cell lysis, unfolding of proteins, and inactivation of enzymes. Haloarchaea combat this by retaining compatible solutes such as potassium chloride (KCl) in their intracellular space to allow them to balance osmotic pressure . Retaining these salts
1140-400: Is now more common to use gene sequencing techniques for identification instead. One of the more unusually shaped Haloarchaea is the " Square Haloarchaeon of Walsby ", classified in 2004 using a very low nutrition solution to allow growth along with a high salt concentration. Haloquadratum is square in shape and extremely thin (like a postage stamp ). This shape is probably only permitted by
1197-518: Is referred to as the “salt-in” method where the cell accumulates a high internal concentration of potassium. Because of the elevated potassium levels, haloarchaea have specialized proteins that have a highly negative surface charge to tolerate high potassium concentrations. Haloarchaea have adapted to use glycerol as a carbon and energy source in catabolic processes, which is often present in high salt environments due to Dunaliella species that produce glycerol in large quantities. Bacteriorhodopsin
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#17328731883901254-430: Is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport, however, and haloarchaea are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide . Early evolution of retinal proteins has been proposed in the purple Earth hypothesis . Haloarchaea are often considered pleomorphic , or able to take on a range of shapes—even within a single species. This makes identification by microscopic means difficult, and it
1311-427: Is used to absorb light, which provides energy to transport protons (H ) across the cellular membrane. The concentration gradient generated from this process can then be used to synthesize ATP . Many haloarchaea also possess related pigments, including halorhodopsin , which pump chloride ions in the cell in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process
1368-745: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect
1425-1106: The List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Halobacteriaceae 2 * Halobacteriaceae 3 * Haloarculaceae Halobacteriaceae * " Haladaptaceae " * Halostella {QS-9-68-17} * Halalkalicoccus {"Halalkalicoccaceae"} * Halococcus { Halococcaceae } Halobacteriaceae 4 * Natronoarchaeum {"Natronoarchaeaceae"} * Salinarchaeum {"Salinarchaeaceae"} Natrialbaceae Salinirubrum * Haloferacaceae (incl. Halorubraceae ) " Haladaptaceae " * Halobacteriaceae * Salinarchaeum {"Salinarchaeaceae"} Halostella {QS-9-68-17} * Natronoarchaeum {"Natronoarchaeaceae"} * Natrialbaceae Halococcus { Halococcaceae } Haloarculaceae Halalkalicoccus {"Halalkalicoccaceae"} * Haloferacaceae (incl. Halorubraceae ) Note: * paraphyletic Halobacteriaceae Detailed phylogenetic and comparative analyses of genome sequences from members of
1482-501: The ocean salinity which is around 35g/L salt – 3.5%) in the water to grow, and optimal growth usually occurs at much higher concentrations, typically 20–30% (3.4 - 5.2 mol/L of NaCl ). However, Haloarchaea can grow up to saturation (about 37% salts). Optimal growth also occurs when pH is neutral or basic and at 45°C temperature. Some haloarchaea can grow even when temperatures exceed 50°C. Haloarchaea are found mainly in hypersaline lakes and solar salterns . Their high densities in
1539-718: The phylum Euryarchaeota , found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt . 'Halobacteria' are now recognized as archaea rather than bacteria and are one of the largest groups or archaea. The name 'halobacteria' was assigned to this group of organisms before the existence of the domain Archaea was realized, and while valid according to taxonomic rules, should be updated. Halophilic archaea are generally referred to as haloarchaea to distinguish them from halophilic bacteria. These halophilic microorganisms require high salt concentrations to grow, with most species requiring more than 2M NaCl for growth and survival. They are
1596-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)
1653-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
1710-490: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from
1767-554: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs, Haloarchaea Haloarchaea ( halophilic archaea , halophilic archaebacteria , halobacteria ) are a class of prokaryotic archaea under
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1824-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has
1881-537: The archaea of the clade DPANN may also belong to Euryarchaeota and that they may even be a polyphyletic group occupying different phylogenetic positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in DPANN or Euryarchaeota. A cladogram summarizing this proposal is graphed below. The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to DPANN, but phylogenetically separated from
1938-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in
1995-465: The bacteria present. Euryarchaeota have also been found in other moderate environments such as water springs, marshlands, soil and rhizospheres . Some euryarchaeota are highly adaptable; an order called Halobacteriales are usually found in extremely salty and sulfur-rich environments but can also grow in salt concentrations as low as that of seawater 2.5%. In rhizospheres, the presence of euryarchaeota seems to be dependent on that of mycorrhizal fungi ;
2052-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West
2109-406: The class Haloarchaea has led to division of this class into three orders, Halobacteriales , Haloferacales and Natrialbales , which can be reliably distinguished from each other as well as all other archaea/bacteria through molecular signatures known as conserved signature indels (CSIs). These studies have also identified 68 conserved signature proteins (CSPs) whose homologs are only found in
2166-611: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of
2223-458: The family Halobacteriaceae, order Halobacteriales in Class III. Halobacteria of the phylum Euryarchaeota (International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae). As of May 2016, the family Halobacteriaceae comprises 213 species in 50 genera. Gupta et al. divides the class of Halobacteria in three orders. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on
2280-438: The first description of euryarchaeal cultivated species/genus (using the systematic suffix - ati for kingdom). This proposal is preferred by LPSN , listing the Euryarchaeota as a not validly published phylum. The name Euryarchaeota is also currently considered as having no standing or validity according to the competitive SeqCode , which accepts descriptions of not cultivated taxa identified from sequence data. Euryarchaeota
2337-663: The forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c. 1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c. 800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c. 500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been
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2394-631: The high osmolarity of the water, permitting cell shapes that would be difficult, if not impossible, under other conditions. Haloarchaea have been proposed as a kind of life that could live on Mars ; since the Martian atmosphere has a pressure below the triple point of water, freshwater species would have no habitat on the Martian surface. The presence of high salt concentrations in water lowers its freezing point, in theory allowing for halophiles to exist in saltwater on Mars. Recently, haloarchaea were sent 36 km (about 22 miles) up into Earth's atmosphere, within
2451-556: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from
2508-472: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to
2565-447: The human gut can vary drastically depending on region and what is eaten. Certain types of haloarchaea have been proposed as sources of biodegradable plastics, which could help decrease plastic pollution . Haloarchaea are able to produce polyhydroxyalkanote (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) when exposed to certain conditions. For large-scale production of these bioplastics , haloarchaea are favored due to
2622-474: The lab, haloarchaea have been found to be partial denitrifiers. This means that if haloarchaea are used to treat areas that are high in nitrite and nitrate, they could contribute to nitrogen contaminates and cause an increase in ozone depletion, furthering climate change. The only type of haloarchaea that has been found to reduce atmospheric nitrogen pollution is Haloferax mediterranei. This shows that haloarchaea may be contributing to nitrogen pollution and are not
2679-591: The low cost, fast growth, and lack of need to sterilize area due to the salty environment they prefer. They are also a cleaner option for bioplastics due to them not needing chemicals for cell lysis and the higher recyclability of the process. Certain types of haloarchaea have also been found to have denitrifying characteristics. If haloarchaea are complete denitrifiers, they could aid salt marshes and other salty environments by buffering these areas of nitrate and nitrite . This could help animal diversity and decrease pollution in these waterways. However, when tested in
2736-805: The members of these three orders and 13 CSIs in different proteins that are uniquely present in the members of the class Haloarchaea. These CSIs are present in the following proteins: DNA topoisomerase VI , nucleotide sugar dehydrogenase, ribosomal protein L10e, RecJ-like exonuclease , ribosomal protein S15, adenylosuccinate synthase , phosphopyruvate hydratase , RNA-associated protein, threonine synthase , aspartate aminotransferase , precorrin-8x methylmutase , protoporphyrin IX magnesium chelatase and geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase-like protein. Haloarchaea require salt concentrations in excess of 2 mol/L (or about 10%, three times
2793-587: The ocean, suspended with plankton and bacteria. Although these marine euryarchaeota are difficult to culture and study in a lab, genomic sequencing suggests that they are motile heterotrophs . Though it was previously thought that euryarchaeota only lived in extreme environments (in terms of temperature, salt content and/or pH), a paper by Korzhenkov et al. published in January 2019 showed that euryarchaeota also live in moderate environments, such as low-temperature acidic environments. In some cases, euryarchaeota outnumbered
2850-499: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which
2907-535: The other archaeans based mainly on rRNA sequences and their unique DNA polymerase. The Euryarchaeota are diverse in appearance and metabolic properties. The phylum contains organisms of a variety of shapes, including both rods and cocci . Euryarchaeota may appear either gram-positive or gram-negative depending on whether pseudomurein is present in the cell wall. Euryarchaeota also demonstrate diverse lifestyles, including methanogens, halophiles, sulfate-reducers, and extreme thermophiles in each. Others live in
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#17328731883902964-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c. 1450 BC ) are in
3021-695: The rest. Thermococci Hadesarchaea Methanobacteria Methanopyri Methanococci Thermoplasmata Archaeoglobi Methanomicrobia " Nanohaloarchaeota " Haloarchaea " Altiarchaeota " Diapherotrites Micrarchaeota Undinarchaeota Aenigmarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Parvarchaeota Mamarchaeota Pacearchaeota Woesearchaeota TACK Lokiarchaeota Odinarchaeota Thorarchaeota Heimdallarchaeota Eukaryota A third phylogeny, 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214. " Undinarchaeota " " Huberarchaeaota " Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes
3078-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies
3135-525: The water often lead to pink or red colourations of the water (the cells possessing high levels of carotenoid pigments, presumably for UV protection). The pigmentation will become enhanced when oxygen levels are low due to an increase in a red pigmented ATP. Some of them live in underground rock salt deposits, including one from middle-late Eocene (38-41 million years ago). Some even older ones from more than 250 million years ago have been reported. Haloarchaea are also used to treat water high in salinity. This
3192-475: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,
3249-470: Was listed in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy browser as a current name for phylum (Euryarchaeota Garrity and Holt 2002 ) till September 2024, considering Methanobacteriota as heterotypic synonym. From October 2024 the names Methanobacteriati for kingdom and Halobacteriota , Methanobacteriota and Thermoplasmatota for included phyla are listed. The taxon Euryarchaeota
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