Discounts and allowances are reductions to a basic price of goods or services.
47-1109: Euro Shopper is a discount brand of everyday commodities developed and marketed by AMS Sourcing B.V. It was introduced to the market in 1996, and branded products have been sold by some of the AMS members in different countries in Europe since then. In all stores owned by the Dutch Ahold group, all Euro-Shopper products have been phased out to become AH Basic . Most Euro Shopper products are commodities with long shelf life . There are both national products, sold in only one country, and international products, sold in all countries. On 10 December 2012, sales of Euro Shopper products hit £150m. From April 2013 to 2014, both ICA Sweden and Ahold phased out Euro Shopper branded products replacing them with their own brands, ICA Basic in Sweden and AH Basic in all countries where they have stores. Morrisons (2016) Discounts and allowances They can occur anywhere in
94-460: A 20% discount for warehousing the product, an additional 12% discount for shipping the product, and an additional 5% discount for keeping the shelves stocked. Trade discounts are most frequent in industries where retailers hold the majority of the power in the distribution channel (referred to as channel captains). Trade discounts are given to try to increase the volume of sales being made by the supplier. The discount described as trade rate discount
141-548: A certain age who are neither children nor in education, for example: A discount offered to customers who are above a certain relatively advanced age, typically a round number such as 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75; the exact age varies in different cases. The rationale for a senior discount offered by companies is that the customer is assumed to be retired and living on a limited income, and unlikely to be willing to pay full price; sales at reduced price are better than no sales. Non-commercial organizations may offer concessionary prices as
188-446: A certain threshold and buy one, get one free . Bargaining is where the seller and the buyer negotiate a price below the original selling price. Trade discounts, also called functional discounts, are payments to distribution channel members for performing some function. Examples of these functions are warehousing and shelf stocking. Trade discounts are often combined to include a series of functions, for example 20/12/5 could indicate
235-478: A company to employees who buy its products. In 2005, the American automakers ran an "employee discount" for all customers promotional campaign in order to entice buyers, with some success. A discount offered to customers who are or were members of a military service . Types of military discounts include discounts for active-duty military, veterans, retired military personnel, and military spouses or dependents. In
282-522: A document, typically a plastic card similar to a payment card , is issued as proof of eligibility for discounts. In other cases, existing documents proving status (as student, disabled, resident, etc.) are accepted. Documentation may not be required, for example, for people who are obviously young or old enough to qualify for age-related discounts. In some cases, the card may be issued to anyone who asks. Coupons are associated with Sunday circulars and help consumers who struggle to make ends meet. A coupon
329-441: A function, or to otherwise reward behaviors that benefit the discount issuer. Some discounts and allowances are forms of sales promotion . Many are price discrimination methods that allow the seller to capture some of the consumer surplus . Trade discounts are deductions in price given by the wholesaler or manufacturer to the retailer at the list price or catalogue price. Cash discounts are reductions in price given to
376-468: A large container. The following discounts have to do with specific characteristics of the customer. A discount offered to customers with what is considered to be a disability . These are price reductions given to members of educational institutions, usually students but possibly also to educators and to other institution staff. The provider's purpose is to build brand awareness early in a buyer's life, or build product familiarity so that after graduation
423-598: A matter of social policy. Free or reduced-rate travel is often available to older people (see, for example, Freedom Pass ). In the United States, most grocery stores offer senior discounts, starting for those age 50 or older, but most discounts are offered for those over 60. Discounts specially offered to firefighters, ambulance workers, police officers and other emergency services personnel are called first responder discounts. Hospital staff may sometimes receive discounts as well. A discounted price offered to friends of
470-483: A percentage of the sales generated by the broker. End user In product development, an end user (sometimes end-user ) is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ultimately use a product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product, such as sysops , system administrators , database administrators, information technology (IT) experts, software professionals, and computer technicians. End users typically do not possess
517-417: A secure system come from the fact that the behaviour of humans is not always rational or predictable. Even in a very-well secured computer system, a malicious individual can telephone a worker and pretend to be a private investigator working for the software company, and ask for the individual's password, a dishonest process called phishing . As well, even with a well-secured system, if a worker decides to put
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#1732876707296564-452: A seller's viewpoint is to offer some discount but have the buyer showing some "counter action" to earn this special discount. Sellers like this as the discount granted is not just "given for free" and makes future price/value negotiations easier. Buyers have the advantage of getting some value for something no longer used. Examples can be found in many industries. These are price reductions given for bulk purchasing . The rationale behind them
611-436: A shorter time scale, a happy hour may fall in this category. Retailers organize big discounts on almost every season in order to make space for new inventory for the upcoming season. Generally, this discount is referred to as "X-Dating" or "Ex-Dating". An example of X-Dating would be: Spaving is a marketing strategy . Consumers are encouraged to spend money to gain access to savings. Spaving offers include free shipping at
658-553: A student discount program. Many brands like Apple , Dell , give exclusive discounts to students on their tech products, so that the students get to learn from the latest technology available making their work lesser. Additionally, travel websites also offer student discounts to help make travel more affordable for students. Some websites may also offer other perks for students, such as free cancellations or additional loyalty points. Students can get discounts not only from tech and travel but also from lifestyle brands. A discount offered by
705-480: Is a discount, either of a certain specified amount or a percentage to the holder of a voucher , usually with certain terms. Commonly, there are restrictions as for other discounts, such as being valid only if a certain quantity is bought or only if the customer is older than a specified age. Today coupons are not only printed in newspapers, and brochures. Coupons are offered to customers at the counter after they have paid for their purchase. A refund of part or sometimes
752-478: Is a similar discount card. A discount, or free service, offered to children younger than a certain age, commonly for admission to entertainments and attractions, restaurants, and hotels. There may be a requirement that the child be accompanied by an adult paying full price. Small children often travel free on public transport , and older ones may pay a substantially discounted price; proof of age may be required. Discounts are sometimes offered to young people below
799-450: Is commonly used. Discounts are common in tourist destinations. In Hawaii , for example, many tourist attractions, hotels, and restaurants charge a deeply discounted price to someone who shows proof that they live in Hawaii; this is known as a " Kama'aina discount," meaning child of the land or a local resident. It may be referred to in Hawaii or elsewhere as a resident discount. Sometimes
846-603: Is important for people and organizations to need know that the information and data they are storing, using, or sending over computer networks or storing on computer systems is secure. However, developers of software and hardware are faced with many challenges in developing a system that can be both user friendly , accessible 24/7 on almost any device and be truly secure. Security leaks happen, even to individuals and organizations that have security measures in place to protect their data and information (e.g., firewalls , encryption , strong passwords ). The complexities of creating such
893-568: Is one who can protect and achieve the best security out of the system they use. Because of the importance of end-user security and the impact it can have on organizations the UK government set out a guidance for the public sector, to help civil servants learn how to be more security aware when using government networks and computers. While this is targeted to a certain sector, this type of educational effort can be informative to any type of user. This helps developers meet security norms and end users be aware of
940-488: Is sometimes called "trade discount". Trade discount is the discount allowed on retail price of a product or something. for e.g. Retail price of a cream is 25 and trade discount is 2% on 25. A trade rate discount, sometimes also called "trade discount", is offered by a seller to a buyer for purposes of trade or reselling, rather than to an end user . For example, a pharmacist might offer a discount for over-the-counter drugs to physicians who are purchasing them for dispensing to
987-500: Is to help the user understand certain aspects of the systems and to provide all the answers in one place. A lot of documentation is available for users to help them understand and properly use a certain product or service. Due to the fact that the information available is usually very vast, inconsistent or ambiguous (e.g., a user manual with hundreds of pages, including guidance on using advanced features), many users suffer from an information overload . Therefore, they become unable to take
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#17328767072961034-451: Is to obtain economies of scale and pass some (or all) of these savings on to the customer. In some industries, buyer groups and co-ops have formed to take advantage of these discounts. Generally there are two types: Cumulative quantity discounts, also called accumulation discounts, are price reductions based on the quantity purchased over a set period of time. The expectation is that they will impose an implied switching cost and thereby bond
1081-417: Is used when the seller wishes to improve cash flow or liquidity, but finds that the buyer typically is unable to meet the desired discount deadline. A partial discount for whatever payment the buyer makes helps the seller's cash flow partially. A discount offered based on one's ability to pay. More common with non-profit organizations than with for-profit retail. This is where the purchaser doesn’t pay for
1128-418: The debtor to motivate the debtor to make payment within specified time. These discounts are intended to speed payment and thereby provide cash flow to the firm. They are sometimes used as a promotional device. Some retailers (particularly small retailers with low margins) offer discounts to customers paying with cash, to avoid paying fees on credit card transactions. Similar to the trade discount, this
1175-514: The distribution channel , modifying either the manufacturer's list price (determined by the manufacturer and often printed on the package), the retail price (set by the retailer and often attached to the product with a sticker), or the list price (which is quoted to a potential buyer, usually in written form). There are many purposes for discounting , including to increase short-term sales, to move out-of-date stock, to reward valuable customers, to encourage distribution channel members to perform
1222-473: The 1960s and 1970s, computer users were generally programming experts and computer scientists . However, in the 1980s, and especially in the mid-to-late 1990s and the early 2000s, everyday, regular people began using computer devices and software for personal and work use. IT specialists needed to cope with this trend in various ways. In the 2010s, users now want to have more control over the systems they operate, to solve their own problems, and be able to customize
1269-500: The United States, military discounts frequently require proof of ID to show eligibility such as a DD Form 214, DD Form 215, or DD Form 217 from any branch of the Armed Forces, TRICARE Cards, Veterans Affairs Cards Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Cards (USPIC) or other official documentation. Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies. In Australia, DefCom Australia
1316-405: The buyer for performing some promotional activity. These include an allowance for creating and maintaining an in-store display or a co-op advertising allowance. Trade-in allowances are most common in the automobile industry, but they are also given for other durable goods. From the point of view of the manufacturer, any brokerage fee paid is similar to a promotional allowance. It is usually based on
1363-942: The company to focus on perceived problems instead of focusing on the actual problems of the software. In the 2010s, there is a lot of emphasis on user's security and privacy. With the increasing role that computers are playing in people's lives, people are carrying laptops and smartphones with them and using them for scheduling appointments, making online purchases using credit cards and searching for information. These activities can potentially be observed by companies, governments or individuals, which can lead to breaches of privacy, identity theft , by, blackmailing and other serious concerns. As well, many businesses, ranging from small business startups to huge corporations are using computers and software to design, manufacture, market and sell their products and services, and businesses also use computers and software in their back office processes (e.g., human resources , payroll , etc.). As such, it
1410-422: The company's electronic files on a USB drive to take them home to work on them over the weekend (against many companies' policies), and then loses this USB drive, the company's data may be compromised. Therefore, developers need to make systems that are intuitive to the user in order to have information security and system security. Another key step to end user security is informing the people and employees about
1457-470: The full price of the product following purchase, though some rebates are offered at the time of purchase. A particular case is the promise of a refund in full if applied for in a restricted date range some years in the future; the hope is that the promise will lure customers and increase sales, but that the majority will fail to meet the conditions for a valid claim. Promotional allowances are also known as trade-in allowances. These are price reductions given to
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1504-605: The goods until well after they arrive. The date on the invoice is moved forward - example: purchase goods in November for sale during the December holiday season, but the payment date on the invoice is January 27. These are price reductions given when an order is placed in a slack period (example: purchasing skis in April in the northern hemisphere, or in September in the southern hemisphere). On
1551-418: The holder is likely to buy the same product, for own use or for an employer, at its normal price. Providers also offer student discounts as means of offering a product within the budget of a student, which would otherwise be too expensive, thus gaining extra sales. Students may be able to get discounts on products, services, entertainment, and more. Educational discounts may be given by merchants directly, or via
1598-419: The jargon and acronyms it contains. In other cases, the users may find that the manual makes too many assumptions about a user having pre-existing knowledge of computers and software, and thus the directions may skip over these initial steps (from the users' point of view). Thus, frustrated user may report false problems because of their inability to understand the software or computer hardware. This in turn causes
1645-429: The large retail corporation was the customer that purchased the software, the end users are the employees of the company, who will use the software at work. End users are one of the three major factors contributing to the complexity of managing information systems . The end user's position has changed from a position in the 1950s (where end users did not interact with the mainframe ; computer experts programmed and ran
1692-402: The late 1980s and has since then raised many debates. One challenge was the goal to give both the user more freedom, by adding advanced features and functions (for more advanced users) and adding more constraints (to prevent a neophyte user from accidentally erasing an entire company's database). This phenomenon appeared as a consequence of consumerization of computer products and software. In
1739-560: The mainframe) to one in the 2010s where the end user collaborates with and advises the management information system and Information Technology department about his or her needs regarding the system or product. This raises new questions, such as: Who manages each resource?, What is the role of the MIS Department ? and What is the optimal relationship between the end-user and the MIS Department? The concept of end-user first surfaced in
1786-464: The physicians' own patients. A seller supplying both trade or resellers, and the general public will have a general list price for anybody, and will offer a trade discount to bona-fide trade customers. Trade-in credit, also called trade-up credit, is a discount or credit granted for the return of something. The returned item may have little monetary value, as an old version of newer item being bought, or may be worth reselling as second-hand. The idea from
1833-695: The programmer-developers and the everyday end users so both parties could maximize the use of the products effectively. A major example of the public's effects on end user's requirements were the public libraries. They have been affected by new technologies in many ways, ranging from the digitalization of their card catalog, the shift to e-books , e-journals , and offering online services. Libraries have had to undergo many changes in order to cope, including training existing librarians in Web 2.0 and database skills, to hiring IT and software experts. The aim of end user documentation (e.g., manuals and guidebooks for products)
1880-401: The purchaser to the seller. These are price reductions based on the quantity of a single order. The expectation is that they will encourage larger orders, thus reducing billing, order filling, shipping, and sales personnel expenses. If one has to buy more than one wants, we can distinguish between the surplus just not being used, or the surplus being a nuisance, e.g. because of having to carry
1927-412: The right course of action. This needs to be kept in mind when developing products and services and the necessary documentation for them. Well-written documentation is needed for a user to reference. Some key aspects of such a documentation are: At times users do not refer to the documentation available to them due to various reasons, ranging from finding the manual too large or due to not understanding
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1974-411: The risks involved. Reimers and Andersson have conducted a number of studies on end-user security habits and found that the same type of repeated education/training in security best practices can have a marked effect on the perception of compliance with good end-user network security habits, especially concerning malware and ransomware. In end-user license agreements , the end user is distinguished from
2021-500: The salesperson, an attitude which is parodied in the stereotype of a salesman saying "It costs [such-and such], but for you..." In Australia , New Zealand , and the UK, discounts to friends are known as "mates' rates." In French this discount is known as prix d'ami . In Spain this is known as "precio de amigo" in Spanish, or "preu d'amic" in Catalan. In German the term "Freundschaftspreis"
2068-466: The security threats and what they can do to avoid them or protect themselves and the organization. Clearly underlining, the capabilities and risks makes users more aware and informed whilst they are using the products. Some situations that could put the user at risk are: Even if the security measures in place are strong, the choices the user makes and his/her behavior have a major impact on how secure their information really is. Therefore, an informed user
2115-431: The systems to suit their needs. The apparent drawbacks were the risk of corruption of the systems and data the users had control of, due to their lack of knowledge on how to properly operate the computer/software at an advanced level. For companies to appeal to the user, it took primary care to accommodate and think of end-users in their new products, software launches, and updates. A partnership needed to be formed between
2162-403: The technical understanding or skill of the product designers, a fact easily overlooked and forgotten by designers: leading to features creating low customer satisfaction. In information technology, end users are not customers in the usual sense—they are typically employees of the customer. For example, if a large retail corporation buys a software package for its employees to use, even though
2209-589: The value-added reseller, who installs the software or the organization that purchases and manages the software. Certain American defense-related products and information require export approval from the United States Government under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations and Export Administration Regulations . In order to obtain a license to export, the exporter must specify both
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