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55-599: The EuTEF is a programmable, multifunctional architecture that provides uniform interfaces for instruments. Nine instrument modules are accommodated and operated simultaneously. Each experiment is mounted on the Columbus External Payload Adapter (CEPA) , which consists of an adapter plate, the Active Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanism (A-FRAM) and the connectors & harness. The experiments are mounted either directly onto

110-602: A revision in November 2018 that defines the kilogram by defining the Planck constant to be exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10  kg⋅m ⋅s , effectively defining the kilogram in terms of the second and the metre. The new definition took effect on 20 May 2019. Prior to the redefinition, the kilogram and several other SI units based on the kilogram were defined by a man-made metal artifact: the Kilogramme des Archives from 1799 to 1889, and

165-529: A Late Latin term for "a small weight", itself from Greek γράμμα . The word kilogramme was written into French law in 1795, in the Decree of 18 Germinal , which revised the provisional system of units introduced by the French National Convention two years earlier, where the gravet had been defined as weight ( poids ) of a cubic centimetre of water, equal to 1/1000 of a grave . In

220-545: A contemporary wit mocked the Republican Calendar by calling the months: Wheezy , Sneezy , and Freezy ; Slippy , Drippy , and Nippy ; Showery , Flowery , and Bowery ; Hoppy , Croppy , and Poppy . The historian Thomas Carlyle suggested somewhat more serious English names in his 1837 work The French Revolution: A History , namely Vintagearious, Fogarious, Frostarious, Snowous, Rainous, Windous, Buddal, Floweral, Meadowal, Reapidor, Heatidor, and Fruitidor. Like

275-549: A kilogram agrees with this original definition to within 30 parts per million . In 1799, the platinum Kilogramme des Archives replaced it as the standard of mass. In 1889, a cylinder composed of platinum–iridium , the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), became the standard of the unit of mass for the metric system and remained so for 130 years, before the current standard was adopted in 2019 . The kilogram

330-647: A kilogram is 1   mg (one milligram), not 1   μkg (one microkilogram). French Republican Calendar The French Republican calendar ( French : calendrier républicain français ), also commonly called the French Revolutionary calendar ( calendrier révolutionnaire français ), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution , and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by

385-584: A little over twelve years after its introduction. It was, however, used again briefly in the Journal officiel for some dates during a short period of the Paris Commune , 6–23 May 1871 (16 Floréal–3 Prairial Year LXXIX). Years appear in writing as Roman numerals (usually), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the "Republican Era" (the day the French First Republic was proclaimed, one day after

440-532: A specific observatory, telescope or astronomical instrument is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kilogram The kilogram (also spelled kilogramme ) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg . 'Kilogram' means 'one thousand grams ' and is colloquially abbreviated to kilo . The kilogram is an SI base unit , defined ultimately in terms of three defining constants of

495-447: A weight measurement to a mass and therefore require precise measurement of the strength of gravity in laboratories ( gravimetry ). All approaches would have precisely fixed one or more constants of nature at a defined value. Because an SI unit may not have multiple prefixes (see SI prefix ), prefixes are added to gram , rather than the base unit kilogram , which already has a prefix as part of its name. For instance, one-millionth of

550-601: A written specification. At the 94th Meeting of the CIPM in 2005, it was recommended that the same be done with the kilogram. In October 2010, the CIPM voted to submit a resolution for consideration at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), to "take note of an intention" that the kilogram be defined in terms of the Planck constant , h (which has dimensions of energy times time, thus mass × length / time) together with other physical constants. This resolution

605-472: Is because of his position as rapporteur of the commission that the creation of the republican calendar is attributed to Romme. The calendar is frequently named the "French Revolutionary Calendar" because it was created during the Revolution, but this is a slight misnomer. In France, it is known as the calendrier républicain as well as the calendrier révolutionnaire . There was initially a debate as to whether

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660-526: Is defined in terms of three defining constants: The formal definition according to the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) is: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m ⋅s , where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and Δ ν Cs . Defined in term of those units,

715-635: Is described as "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement. When the United States Congress gave the metric system legal status in 1866, it permitted the use of the word kilo as an alternative to the word kilogram , but in 1990 revoked the status of the word kilo . The SI system was introduced in 1960 and in 1970 the BIPM started publishing the SI Brochure , which contains all relevant decisions and recommendations by

770-639: The Directoire . The Concordat of 1801 re-established the Roman Catholic Church as an official institution in France, although not as the state religion of France. The concordat took effect from Easter Sunday, 28 Germinal, Year XI (8 April 1802); it restored the names of the days of the week to the ones from the Gregorian calendar , and fixed Sunday as the official day of rest and religious celebration. However,

825-514: The CGPM concerning units. The SI Brochure states that "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...". For use with east Asian character sets, the SI symbol is encoded as a single Unicode character, U+338F ㎏ SQUARE KG in the CJK Compatibility block. The replacement of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) as the primary standard

880-578: The Cult of the Supreme Being , the Decadary Cult , and Theophilanthropy . Christian holidays were officially abolished in favor of revolutionary holidays. The law of 13 Fructidor year VI (August 30, 1798) required that marriages must only be celebrated on décadis. This law was applied from the 1st Vendémiaire year VII (September 22, 1798) to 28 Pluviôse year VIII (February 17, 1800). Décades were abandoned at

935-597: The Legislative Assembly decided that Year IV of Liberty had begun the day before. Year I had therefore begun on 1 January 1789. On 21 September 1792, the French First Republic was proclaimed , and the new National Convention decided that 1792 was to be known as Year I of the French Republic. It decreed on 2 January 1793 that Year II of the Republic had begun the day before. However, the new calendar as adopted by

990-553: The Paris Commune in 1871, and meant to replace the Gregorian calendar . The calendar consisted of twelve 30-day months, each divided into three 10-day cycles similar to weeks, plus five or six intercalary days at the end to fill out the balance of a solar year . It was designed in part to remove all religious and royalist influences from the calendar, and it was part of a larger attempt at dechristianization and decimalisation in France (which also included decimal time of day, decimalisation of currency, and metrication ). It

1045-570: The coronation of Napoleon I as Emperor on 11 Frimaire, Year XIII, or 2 December 1804. Despite this, the republican calendar continued to be used until 1 January 1806, when Napoleon declared it abolished. It was briefly used again for a few weeks of the Paris Commune , in May 1871. The prominent atheist essayist and philosopher Sylvain Maréchal published the first edition of his Almanach des Honnêtes-gens (Almanac of Honest People) in 1788. The first month in

1100-453: The metric system ), and a new calendar. Amid nostalgia for the ancient Roman Republic , the theories of the Age of Enlightenment were at their peak, and the devisers of the new systems looked to nature for their inspiration. Natural constants, multiples of ten, and Latin as well as Ancient Greek derivations formed the fundamental blocks from which the new systems were built. The new calendar

1155-554: The Convention abolished the monarchy). As a result, Roman Numeral I indicates the first year of the republic, that is, the year before the calendar actually came into use. By law, the beginning of each year was set at midnight, beginning on the day the apparent autumnal equinox falls at the Paris Observatory. There were twelve months, each divided into three ten-day weeks called décades . The tenth day, décadi , replaced Sunday as

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1210-542: The Convention in October 1793 made 22 September 1792 the first day of Year I. Ultimately, the calendar came to commemorate the Republic, and not the Revolution. The Common Era, commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, was abolished and replaced with l'ère républicaine , the Republican Era, signifying the "age of reason" overcoming superstition, as part of the campaign of dechristianization . The First Republic ended with

1265-409: The French Republic. The decree of 2 January 1793 stipulated that the year II of the Republic began on 1 January 1793; this was revoked with the introduction of the new calendar, which set 22 September 1793 as the beginning of year II. The establishment of the Republic was used as the epochal date for the calendar; therefore, the calendar commemorates the Republic, and not the Revolution. French coins of

1320-409: The French originals, they are neologisms suggesting a meaning related to the season. The month is divided into three décades or "weeks" of ten days each, named: Décadis became official days of rest instead of Sundays, in order to diminish the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. They were used for the festivals of a succession of new religions meant to replace Catholicism: the Cult of Reason ,

1375-462: The IPK from 1889 to 2019. In 1960, the metre , previously similarly having been defined with reference to a single platinum-iridium bar with two marks on it, was redefined in terms of an invariant physical constant (the wavelength of a particular emission of light emitted by krypton , and later the speed of light ) so that the standard can be independently reproduced in different laboratories by following

1430-507: The Republican Calendar was divided into ten hours, each hour into 100 decimal minutes, and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds. Thus an hour was 144 conventional minutes (2.4 times as long as a conventional hour), a minute was 86.4 conventional seconds (44% longer than a conventional minute), and a second was 0.864 conventional seconds (13.6% shorter than a conventional second). Clocks were manufactured to display this decimal time , but it did not catch on. Mandatory use of decimal time

1485-453: The SI, namely a specific transition frequency of Cs, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. A properly equipped metrology laboratory can calibrate a mass measurement instrument such as a Kibble balance as a primary standard for the kilogram mass. The kilogram was originally defined in 1795 during the French Revolution as the mass of one litre of water . The current definition of

1540-468: The adapter plate or a support structure that elevates them for optimum exposure to the ram (direction of flight) and zenith directions. In total, the facility has a mass of 350 kilograms (770  lb ). The first set of experiments (successfully mounted during STS-122 and removed during STS-128 ) mounted to the facility included: This space - or spaceflight -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about

1595-504: The almanac is "Mars, ou Princeps" (March, or First), the last month is "Février, ou Duodécembre" (February, or Twelfth). The lengths of the months are the same as those in the Gregorian calendar; however, the 10th, 20th, and 30th days are singled out of each month as the end of a décade (group of ten days). Individual days were assigned, instead of to the traditional saints, to people noteworthy for mostly secular achievements. Later editions of

1650-463: The almanac would switch to the Republican Calendar. The days of the French Revolution and Republic saw many efforts to sweep away various trappings of the Ancien Régime (the old feudal monarchy); some of these were more successful than others. The new Republican government sought to institute, among other reforms, a new social and legal system, a new system of weights and measures (which became

1705-506: The calendar should celebrate the Great Revolution, which began in July 1789, or the Republic, which was established in 1792. Immediately following 14 July 1789, papers and pamphlets started calling 1789 year I of Liberty and the following years II and III. It was in 1792, with the practical problem of dating financial transactions, that the legislative assembly was confronted with the problem of

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1760-421: The calendar, the agricultural system, and of leading the nation back to it, marking the times and the fractions of the year by intelligible or visible signs taken from agriculture and the rural economy. (...) As the calendar is something that we use so often, we must take advantage of this frequency of use to put elementary notions of agriculture before the people – to show the richness of nature, to make them love

1815-423: The calendar. Originally, the choice of epoch was either 1 January 1789 or 14 July 1789. After some hesitation the assembly decided on 2 January 1792 that all official documents would use the "era of Liberty" and that the year IV of Liberty started on 1 January 1792. This usage was modified on 22 September 1792 when the Republic was proclaimed and the Convention decided that all public documents would be dated Year I of

1870-525: The changeover from Germinal to Floréal year X (20 to 21 April 1802), after Napoleon's Concordat with the Pope. The Roman Catholic Church used a calendar of saints , which named each day of the year after an associated saint . To reduce the influence of the Church, Fabre d'Églantine introduced a Rural Calendar in which each day of the year had a unique name associated with the rural economy , stated to correspond to

1925-623: The column of each month, the names of the real treasures of the rural economy. The grains, the pastures, the trees, the roots, the flowers, the fruits, the plants are arranged in the calendar, in such a way that the place and the day of the month that each product occupies is precisely the season and the day that Nature presents it to us. The following pictures, showing twelve allegories for the months, were illustrated by French painter Louis Lafitte (1779–1828), and engraved by Salvatore Tresca  [ fr ] (1750–1815). Five extra days – six in leap years – were national holidays at

1980-462: The day of rest and festivity. The five or six extra days needed to approximate the solar or tropical year were placed after the final month of each year and called complementary days . This arrangement was an almost exact copy of the calendar used by the Ancient Egyptians , though in their case the year did not begin and end on the autumnal equinox. A period of four years ending on a leap day

2035-628: The decree of 1795, the term gramme thus replaced gravet , and kilogramme replaced grave . The French spelling was adopted in Great Britain when the word was used for the first time in English in 1795, with the spelling kilogram being adopted in the United States. In the United Kingdom both spellings are used, with "kilogram" having become by far the more common. UK law regulating

2090-559: The end of every year. These were originally known as les sans-culottides (after sans-culottes ), but after year III (1795) as les jours complémentaires : Below are the Gregorian dates each year of the Republican Era ( Ère Républicaine in French) began while the calendar was in effect. Leap years are highlighted The Republican Calendar was abolished in the year XIV (1805). After this year, there are two historically attested calendars which may be used to determine dates. Both calendars gave

2145-430: The fields, and to methodically show them the order of the influences of the heavens and of the products of the earth. The priests assigned the commemoration of a so-called saint to each day of the year: this catalogue exhibited neither utility nor method; it was a collection of lies, of deceit or of charlatanism. We thought that the nation, after having kicked out this canonised mob from its calendar, must replace it with

2200-553: The kg is formulated as: This definition is generally consistent with previous definitions: the mass remains within 30 ppm of the mass of one litre of water. The kilogram is the only base SI unit with an SI prefix ( kilo ) as part of its name. The word kilogramme or kilogram is derived from the French kilogramme , which itself was a learned coinage, prefixing the Greek stem of χίλιοι khilioi "a thousand" to gramma ,

2255-400: The objects that make up the true riches of the nation, worthy objects not from a cult, but from agriculture – useful products of the soil, the tools that we use to cultivate it, and the domesticated animals, our faithful servants in these works; animals much more precious, without doubt, to the eye of reason, than the beatified skeletons pulled from the catacombs of Rome. So we have arranged in

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2310-444: The other attributes of the republican calendar, the months, and years, remained as they were. The French Republic ended with the coronation of Napoleon as Empereur des Français (Emperor of the French) on 11 Frimaire, Year XIII (2 December 1804), but the republican calendar would remain in place for another year. Napoleon finally abolished the republican calendar with effect from 1 January 1806 (the day after 10 Nivôse Year XIV),

2365-537: The period naturally used this calendar. Many show the year ( French : an ) in Arabic numbers, although Roman numerals were used on some issues. Year 11 coins typically have a XI date to avoid confusion with the Roman II. The French Revolution is usually considered to have ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire , Year VIII (9 November 1799), the coup d'état of Napoleon Bonaparte against the established constitutional regime of

2420-690: The poet, actor and playwright Fabre d'Églantine , who invented the names of the months, with the help of André Thouin , gardener at the Jardin des plantes of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. As the rapporteur of the commission, Charles-Gilbert Romme presented the new calendar to the Jacobin -controlled National Convention on 23 September 1793, which adopted it on 24 October 1793 and also extended it proleptically to its epoch of 22 September 1792. It

2475-606: The prevailing weather in and around Paris and sometimes evoking the Medieval Labours of the Months . The extra five or six days in the year were not given a month designation, but considered Sansculottides or Complementary Days . Most of the month names were new words coined from French, Latin , or Greek . The endings of the names are grouped by season. -dor comes from δῶρον , dō̂ron means 'giving' in Greek. In Britain,

2530-500: The reproducible production of new, kilogram-mass prototypes on demand (albeit with extraordinary effort) using measurement techniques and material properties that are ultimately based on, or traceable to, physical constants. Others were based on devices that measured either the acceleration or weight of hand-tuned kilogram test masses and that expressed their magnitudes in electrical terms via special components that permit traceability to physical constants. All approaches depend on converting

2585-414: The time of year. Every décadi (ending in 0) was named after an agricultural tool. Each quintidi (ending in 5) was named for a common animal. The rest of the days were named for "grain, pasture, trees, roots, flowers, fruits" and other plants, except for the first month of winter, Nivôse, during which the rest of the days were named after minerals. Our starting point was the idea of celebrating, through

2640-600: The units to be used when trading by weight or measure does not prevent the use of either spelling. In the 19th century the French word kilo , a shortening of kilogramme , was imported into the English language where it has been used to mean both kilogram and kilometre. While kilo as an alternative is acceptable, to The Economist for example, the Canadian government's Termium Plus system states that "SI (International System of Units) usage, followed in scientific and technical writing" does not allow its usage and it

2695-554: Was accepted by the 24th conference of the CGPM in October 2011 and further discussed at the 25th conference in 2014. Although the Committee recognised that significant progress had been made, they concluded that the data did not yet appear sufficiently robust to adopt the revised definition, and that work should continue to enable the adoption at the 26th meeting, scheduled for 2018. Such a definition would theoretically permit any apparatus that

2750-410: Was capable of delineating the kilogram in terms of the Planck constant to be used as long as it possessed sufficient precision, accuracy and stability. The Kibble balance is one way to do this. As part of this project, a variety of very different technologies and approaches were considered and explored over many years. Some of these approaches were based on equipment and procedures that would enable

2805-437: Was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry  [ fr ] and Charles-François Dupuis . They associated with their work the chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau , the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange , the astronomer Jérôme Lalande , the mathematician Gaspard Monge , the astronomer and naval geographer Alexandre Guy Pingré , and

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2860-525: Was motivated by evidence accumulated over a long period of time that the mass of the IPK and its replicas had been changing; the IPK had diverged from its replicas by approximately 50 micrograms since their manufacture late in the 19th century. This led to several competing efforts to develop measurement technology precise enough to warrant replacing the kilogram artefact with a definition based directly on physical fundamental constants. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved

2915-432: Was officially suspended 7 April 1795, although some cities continued to use decimal time as late as 1801. The numbering of years in the Republican Calendar by Roman numerals ran counter to this general decimalization tendency. The Republican calendar year began the day the autumnal equinox occurred in Paris, and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature, principally having to do with

2970-456: Was to be called a "Franciade". The name " Olympique " was originally proposed but changed to Franciade to commemorate the fact that it had taken the revolution four years to establish a republican government in France. The leap year was called Sextile , an allusion to the " bissextile " leap years of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, because it contained a sixth complementary day. Each day in

3025-568: Was used in government records in France and other areas under French rule, including Belgium , Luxembourg , and parts of the Netherlands , Germany , Switzerland , Malta , and Italy . The National Constituent Assembly at first intended to create a new calendar marking the "era of Liberty", beginning on 14 July 1789, the date of the Storming of the Bastille . However, on 2 January 1792 its successor

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