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65-494: The European Cockpit Association (ECA) was established during 1991 with its headquarters being located in the City of Brussels , Belgium . The association's express purpose is to advocate for the improvement of European policies in all areas of aviation that affect pilots, such as safety, pilot licensing , air operations, fair competition, international air traffic agreements, air traffic management and employment conditions. By June 2019,

130-593: A few neighbouring municipalities have been merged into the City of Brussels, including Haren , Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921. These comprise the northern bulge in the municipality. To the south-east is the above-mentioned strip of land along the Avenue Louise that was annexed from Ixelles. Part of the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)'s Solbosch campus is also part of the City of Brussels, partially accounting for

195-449: A greater reliance on simulators over real-world experience. In December 2016, the association critiqued the potential link between budget airlines and alleged reductions in operational safety margins. Over the following years, the ECA has supported industrial action amongst its members that are employed by the budget airline Ryanair , leading to a relatively confrontational relationship between

260-460: A list of proposals for regulating this emerging industry. During October 2016, the ECA published a study into the safe integration of UAV traffic and methods of minimising the impact on conventional aircraft. During the following year, it released a separate study into the potential impact of mid-air collisions between UAVs and manned aircraft. That same year, the ECA's report into the threat posed by cyber attacks , along with proposed policy responses,

325-531: A manner. The association also released a report of envisioned policy suggestions to address the industry's crisis. City of Brussels The City of Brussels is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region , as well as the capital of the Flemish Region (from which it is separate ) and Belgium . The City of Brussels is also the administrative centre of

390-508: A member of PS , who is in coalition on the municipal council with Ecolo - Groen , DéFI and Forward . Brussels is ranked sixth in the index of cities which are becoming greener fastest as for the year 2022, even though in the past it had a reputation of a "traffic-choked city of high rises and concrete". The authorities released a plan composed of seven steps on how to make the city even more sustainable . Those include introducing "a use-based, circular and low-carbon economy " and making

455-556: A stronger stance in vetting Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) plans to return the type to service, and claimed that members were losing faith in the regulator over its allegedly passive approach to its certification. During the COVID-19 pandemic , tens of thousands of workers in the aviation industry lost their jobs; the ECA repeated spoke out of the issue, warning governments against favouring looser employment contracts, and observed that roughly 20% of pilots were already employed in such

520-405: Is attracting a younger, more well-off, and mostly Dutch-speaking population. This new situation, which has resulted in rising rents, is not without problems for the neighbourhood's less fortunate inhabitants. The Quays Quarter (French: Quartier des Quais , Dutch: Kaaienwijk ) is that of the old Port of Brussels , which for a long time played the role of "belly" of the city. Boats coming from

585-414: Is granted to many of Brussels' museums. Below is a non-exhaustive list of museums in the City of Brussels: Brussels is well known for its food. Brussels sprouts were named after the city. Like most of Belgium, moules-frites , waffles (gaufres), chocolate , French fries , and beer are common there. It is home to one 2-starred and four 1-starred Michelin restaurants. Among the recipients of

650-401: Is legally bilingual (French–Dutch). Historically, the City of Brussels was simply defined, being the area within the second walls of Brussels , the modern-day Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road). As the city grew, the surrounding villages grew as well, eventually growing into a contiguous city, though the local governments retained control of their respective areas. The construction of

715-567: Is separated from the rest of Laeken by the Royal Domain and is the site of the Museums of the Far East . The district also extends a little into the neighbouring Flemish municipalities of Vilvoorde and Grimbergen . Neder-Over-Heembeek is a former municipality incorporated into the City of Brussels in 1921, at the same time as Laeken and Haren. It has the distinction of having the oldest place name in

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780-632: Is so named because it houses, on the one hand, the Place Royale/Koningsplein ("Royal Square" or "King's Square"), built under Charles-Alexander of Lorraine on the Coudenberg hill, on the site of the former Palace of the Dukes of Brabant , of which certain levels of foundation still exist, and on the other hand, the Royal Palace of Brussels , which faces Brussels Park , on the other side of which

845-1093: Is the Belgian House of Parliament ( Palace of the Nation ). Below the Royal District is the Central Station and the Mont des Arts/Kunstberg , home to the Royal Library of Belgium (KBR), the Royal Belgian Film Archive ( Cinematek ), the Brussels Centre for Fine Arts , the Museum of Cinema, the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM), the BELvue Museum , and the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium . From

910-563: Is to restore the neighbourhood's social mix by redeveloping former office buildings into housing. Despite the district's long-time grim aspect, the centuries-old Meyboom tradition has been maintained, and the former Art Nouveau Magasins Waucquez by Victor Horta have been preserved to house, since 1993, the Belgian Comic Strip Center . Another preserved islet is the 18th-century neoclassical Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein , which has gradually been renovated. The victims of

975-529: Is today, that Brussels' first South Station, the terminus of the South Line, was built in 1839. It was known as Bogards' railway station for the eponymous convent whose site it was built on, and to which the Rue des Bogards / Bogaardenstraat is now the only reference. The former presence of a station at this location also explains the unusual width of the current Avenue de Stalingrad / Stalingradlaan , which goes from

1040-519: The Avenue Louise/Louizalaan was commissioned in 1847 as a monumental avenue bordered by chestnut trees that would allow easy access to the popular recreational area of the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos . However, fierce resistance to the project was put up by the town of Ixelles —then, as now, a separate municipality (local authority) from the City of Brussels—through whose territory the avenue

1105-737: The Belgian Revolution of 1830 are buried there in an open crypt with a memorial . Nearby is the Rue Neuve, one of Belgium's main shopping streets, with more than 1 km (0.62 mi) of stores on both its sides; the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan , a traditional 19th-century artery; and the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan (where the Théâtre national Wallonie-Bruxelles has been installed since 2004), close to

1170-501: The Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos park to the south-east, where it borders municipalities in Flanders . As of 1 January 2023 , the City of Brussels had a population of 194,291 inhabitants. The total area is 33.09 km (12.78 sq mi) which gives a population density of 5,704/km (14,770/sq mi). As of 2007, there were 75,998 registered non-Belgians in the City. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it

1235-867: The Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan , bordered by the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein and the Place Anneessens/Anneessensplein (former location of the Old Market ), as well as by the Midi Palace. Each Sunday morning, the Midi district hosts the second largest market in Europe. The damp and marshy land around the present-day Rue de la Senne / Zennestraat and Rue des Fabriques / Fabriekstraat

1300-431: The Brussels-Capital Region are the political subdivisions of Belgium 's central region . The government of each municipality is responsible for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive. In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including 20 within

1365-580: The European Transport Workers' Federation , the ECA organised an EU-wide demonstration against the new flight-time rules proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency ; when the proposed legislation was enacted during the following year, the ECA described it as being "a sad day for European flight safety". Furthermore, the ECA submitted related evidence to support the legislative process of several European nations. In November of

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1430-528: The European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions in its European Quarter . Besides the central historic town located within the Pentagon , the City of Brussels covers some of the city's immediate outskirts within the greater Brussels-Capital Region, namely the former municipalities of Haren , Laeken , and Neder-Over-Heembeek to the north, as well as the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan and

1495-503: The Japanese Tower district or De Wand district, Mutsaard (also spelled Mutsaert), is an old hamlet and a historic district located between Laeken and Neder-over-Heembeek and centred around the Place du Mutsaert / Mutsaertplaats or Mutsaardplein . The district was part of the former municipality of Laeken (postcode: 1020), but also a piece of Neder-over-Heembeek, annexed by Laeken in 1897. It

1560-947: The Justus Lipsius building and the Europa building (part of the Residence Palace ), serving as the seat of the European Council and the Council of the EU . In Leopold Park , the House of European History (HEH) initiates visitors to the social history of the European continent. There is a visitor centre in the main European Parliament building, known as the Parliamentarium , and another smaller one in

1625-525: The Place Royale/Koningsplein , the Rue de la Régence / Regentschapsstraat crosses the Sablon/Zavel Quarter (French: Quartier des Sablons , Dutch: Zavelwijk ), made of the larger Grand Sablon / Grote Zavel ("Large Sablon") square in the north-west and the smaller Petit Sablon / Kleine Zavel ("Small Sablon") square and garden in the south-east, divided by the Church of Our Blessed Lady of

1690-532: The Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein . The latter, a very busy square, is dominated at its southern end by two block-style towers, but for the rest, it has totally ( Hotel Métropole and its neighbour the Hotel Atlanta) or partially ( UGC cinema ) retained its old facades. The Freedom Quarter (French: Quartier des Libertés , Dutch: Vrijheidswijk ) is situated between the Belgian Parliament and

1755-486: The Quai aux Briques / Baksteenkaai ("Brick Wharf"), the Quai au Bois à Brûler / Brandhoutkaai ("Firewood Wharf"), the Quai aux Pierres de Taille / Arduinkaai ("Quarry Stone Wharf"), the Quai au Foin / Hooikaai ("Hay Wharf"), etc., or references to the neighbourhood's commercial activities: the Rue du Magasin / Pakhuisstraat ("Warehouse Street"), the Rue des Commerçants / Koopliedenstraat ("Traders Street"),

1820-789: The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken , the Church of Our Lady of Laeken (whose crypt contains the tombs of the Belgian royal family ) and Laeken Cemetery , known for its wealth of monuments and sculptures. On the territory of Laeken also lies the Heysel/Heizel Plateau , the site of the World's Fairs of 1935 and 1958 , and which includes the King Baudouin Stadium , Bruparck (with the Atomium , Mini-Europe miniature park and Kinepolis cinema),

1885-551: The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries ; the Saint-Jacques / Sint-Jacobs district, which welcomed pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela ; as well as the former Brussels Stock Exchange building, erected on the site of a former Franciscan convent whose remains have been unearthed. The Royal Quarter (French: Quartier Royal or Quartier de la Cour , Dutch: Koninklijke Wijk or Koningswijk )

1950-538: The Rue Haute / Hogestraat and the Rue Blaes / Blaestraat , second-hand and popular shops have for some years given way to antique dealers , marking a profound transformation of the district. The Cité Hellemans, a remarkable example of an early 20th-century collective housing complex, was built to replace the neighbourhood's many squalid cul-de-sacs . The Rue Haute, one of the city's longest and oldest streets, follows

2015-836: The Rue Royale/Koningsstraat , not far from the crossroads with the Small Ring. Its focal point is the Congress Column (erected in memory of the National Congress of 1830–31, the founder of democratic liberties in Belgium), under which also lies the tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame . Not far from there is the Hotel Astoria , dating from 1911, which is currently being renovated and enlarged, to be reopened in

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2080-432: The Rue du Marché aux Porcs / Varkensmarktstraat ("Pig Market Street") and the Quai du Commerce / Handelskaai ("Trade Wharf"). Along the quaysides, numerous bourgeois houses, once belonging to wealthy merchants, have preserved the entrances to the warehouses. On the Boulevard d'Ypres / Ieperlaan , one can still cross food wholesalers, now supplied by trucks that have replaced the boats. The district also includes

2145-772: The Square Marie-Louise / Maria-Louizasquare and the Avenue Palmerston / Palmerstonlaan . The area between the Small Ring and the Square Marie-Louise is sometimes considered to be part of the Leopold Quarter. Laeken is a former municipality in the north of the Brussels-Capital Region, annexed by the City of Brussels in 1921. It is home to, among others, the Royal Domain of Laeken, the Palace of Laeken ,

2210-617: The honorary citizenship of the City of Brussels are: Note : many of the arms of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels were variants of these arms. Green and red with at its centre Saint Michael slaying the dragon ( Devil ). Symbolism : Saint Michael is the patron saint of the city. See: Saint Michael slaying the Devil List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region The 19 municipalities of

2275-508: The municipalities in Belgium , the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975. However, many territorial changes have occurred, predominantly between the City of Brussels and its neighbouring municipalities. The largest and most populous of the municipalities is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 km (12.6 sq mi) with 176,545 inhabitants. The least populous

2340-674: The 13th-century first walls of Brussels , which encompassed the area between the first port on the Senne, the old Romanesque church (later replaced by the Brabantine Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula ), and the former ducal palace of Coudenberg in today's Royal Quarter. At the centre of this triangle are the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square); the Îlot Sacré district, which takes its name from its resistance to demolition projects, itself crossed by

2405-609: The Brussels-Capital Region, as it was mentioned in an ordinance as early as the 7th century. This is where the Queen Astrid Military Hospital, which is the National Burns and Poisons Centre, as well as recruitment services of the Belgian Armed Forces are located. Like Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek, the former municipality of Haren was annexed by the municipality (City) of Brussels in 1921, which allowed

2470-742: The Centenary Palace, home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre ( Brussels Expo ), and the Port of Brussels , next to which the Monument to Work by Constantin Meunier was erected. On its southern part, it holds the former Tour & Taxis former industrial site, which was annexed by the City of Brussels in 1897, twenty-four years before the rest of the municipality. Sometimes also known as the Pagoda district,

2535-412: The City of Brussels with over 1,000 people as of 1 January 2020: As in every other Belgian municipality, the City of Brussels is headed by a mayor, who should not be confused with the Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region or the Governor of Brussels-Capital . The current city council was elected in the October 2018 elections . The current mayor of the City of Brussels is Philippe Close ,

2600-415: The City of Brussels's population is of non-European origin (predominantly Moroccan, Indian and Congolese), 27.21% is of European origin other than Belgian (mainly French, Romanian, Italian, Spanish, and Polish), while 16.94% is solely of native Belgian ancestry. Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality. Migrant communities in

2665-504: The Congress Column: Freedom of the Press , Worship , Association and Education . This eclectic urban complex is one of the best preserved in the Pentagon. The European Quarter (French: Quartier Européen , Dutch: Europese Wijk ) is located to the east of the Pentagon, around the Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein and the Robert Schuman Roundabout , and includes the smaller Leopold Quarter (French: Quartier Léopold , Dutch: Leopoldswijk ). The European Parliament

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2730-412: The ECA represented in excess of 40,000 European pilots from the National Pilot Associations across 36 European states. During January 2003, the ECA carried out a public protest against draft flight-time limitations proposed by the European Union ; the association had concerns that some of the proposed duty periods may be excessively long and thus could lead to pilot fatigue. In January 2012, together with

2795-499: The Great Beguinage of Brussels, with the Church of St. John the Baptist and the remarkable Grand Hospice Pachéco . Few of the buildings in the Marais–Jacqmain Quarter (French: Quartier Marais–Jacqmain , Dutch: Jacqmain–Broekwijk ) have escaped 20th-century demolition, from the Boulevard Pachéco / Pachecolaan to the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat . They have given way to the State Administrative Centre, press printers, banking facilities, and commercial galleries. The current trend

2860-440: The Justus Lipsius building for the European Council. It is accessible on certain days, by appointment. Many of the attractions in the European Quarter are free to visit. The Squares Quarter (French: Quartier des Squares , Dutch: Squareswijk ) is the northern spur of the European Quarter, located between Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and the Leopold Quarter. The district is bounded by the Chaussée de Louvain / Leuvense Steenweg to

2925-402: The Sablon . It is a swanky district, where an antiques market is held, and in which antique and art dealers, as well as other luxury shops, have their businesses. Not far from there stood the Art Nouveau Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by the famous architect Victor Horta , until its demolition in 1965. The Sablon is also home to the Egmont Palace and the Royal Conservatory of Brussels . In

2990-405: The association and the airline. The EVA has also disputed claims of a pilot shortage, observing that such a shortage was frequently being used to justify weakening legislation to the detriment of its members. The ECA has maintained a long-term interest in the deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in European airspace, and the potential ramifications thereof. In 2015, the association issued

3055-466: The bulge in the south-eastern end. The origins of Brussels can be traced back to the heart of Saint-Géry/Sint-Goriks Island , formed by the river Senne , on which a first keep was built around 979. Nowadays, the neighbourhood around the Halles Saint-Géry / Sint-Gorikshallen , a former covered market, is one of the capital's trendiest districts. In this Central Quarter (French: Quartier du Centre , Dutch: Centrumwijk ), there are some vestiges of

3120-420: The city "proactive". The city should become a " 10-minute city " meaning "making the facilities essential to urban life accessible to every inhabitant in less than 10 minutes". Green spaces should be expanded. The plan includes participation of the population in decision-making and high life level for all. There are many museums in and around Brussels' city centre. On the first Sunday of every month, free entry

3185-421: The coming years. In the 19th century, the district was known as Notre-Dame-aux-Neiges / Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ter-Sneeuw and was predominantly inhabited by working-class people. The authorities' desire to clean up the squalid parts of the city led to the expulsion of the population and the neighbourhood's complete destruction. A new bourgeois district was developed during the last quarter of the century. The choice

3250-408: The course of an old Gallo-Roman road, and runs along Saint Peter's Hospital, built in 1935 on the site of a leprosium , to end at the Halle Gate , the only remaining gate in a series that allowed passage inside the second walls of Brussels . It was in the heart of the Midi–Lemonnier Quarter (French: Quartier Midi–Lemonnier , Dutch: Lemmonier–Zuidwijk ), where the Place Rouppe/Rouppeplein

3315-409: The current Brussels-Capital Region (which at that time did not exist). In 1841, a 21st and 22nd municipality were created when Berchem-Sainte-Agathe formally separated from neighbouring Koekelberg and Jette-Ganshoren split into Jette and Ganshoren . Since then, three municipalities have been merged with the City of Brussels : Laeken , Haren , and Neder-Over-Heembeek , in 1921. Unlike most of

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3380-452: The extension of Schaerbeek railway station north of its territory. But it was above all the presence, south-west of the town, of an airfield, created by the Germans during the First World War , and where the former Belgian national airline Sabena was born, that precipitated the annexation of Haren. For almost fifty years, Haren has been home to NATO's headquarters . It is also the location of many other administrations and companies, such as

3445-420: The headquarters of Eurocontrol . The City of Brussels has a large immigrant population, with both the EU and non-European migrant communities outnumbering the native Belgians. Akin to neighbouring Ixelles , Etterbeek and Schaerbeek , the City of Brussels also has a large Muslim population, mainly of North African origin. As of 2023 , taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 55.84% of

3510-409: The names of the Rue du Houblon / Hopstraat ("Hops Street") and the Rue du Vieux Marché aux Grains / Oude Graanmarktstraat ("Old Grain Market Street"). The Shot Tower ( Tour à Plomb ), which was used to manufacture lead shot for hunting, and the Rue de la Poudrière / Kruitmolenstraat ("Gunpowder Street"), also testify to the neighbourhood's former activities. Long neglected following

3575-399: The north, the Rue du Noyer / Notelaarsstraat and the Avenue de Cortenbergh / Kortenberglaan to the east, the Rue Joseph II / Jozef II-straat and the Rue Stevin / Stevinstraat to the south, as well as the Small Ring to the west. The toponym refers to the many squares in the area, in particular the Square Ambiorix / Ambiorixsquare , the Square Marguerite / Margaretasquare ,

3640-402: The relocation of businesses outside the city centre, the Senne/Zenne Quarter (French: Quartier de la Senne , Dutch: Zennewijk ) has in recent years been the object of renewed interest and is undergoing gentrification due to the many disused industrial premises being converted into lofts . The area around the Rue Antoine Dansaert / Antoine Dansaertstraat has become a trendy district and

3705-442: The river Scheldt penetrated through the former Shore Gate (French: Porte du Rivage , Dutch: Oeverpoort ), on the site of the present-day Place de l'Yser / Ijzerplein , to join one of the canals, whose docks were each reserved for one type of goods. Filled in the late 19th century with the opening of Brussels' new port, these basins were replaced by wide boulevards, whose names on both sides still recall their former function:

3770-428: The same year, the ECA published a study on pilot fatigue, finding that four in ten pilots had fallen asleep in the cockpit. In February 2017, the association claimed that the new EU working directives were being incorrectly applied by the industry. During 2014, the ECA spoke out against the implementation of the recently-introduced multi-crew pilot licence , singling out the alleged negative impact on flight training via

3835-409: The shadow of the gigantic Palace of Justice lies the Marolles/Marollen Quarter (French: Quartier des Marolles , Dutch: Marollenwijk , not to be confused with the Marolle that purists delimit to only seven streets). From the Place de la Chapelle / Kapellemarkt to the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein , where a daily flea market known as the Old Market has been held since 1873, along

3900-441: The square to the Small Ring , cleared of its train tracks since the inauguration of Brussels-South Station , built outside the Pentagon in 1869. Because of this, the neighbourhood is sometimes called the Stalingrad Quarter (French: Quartier Stalingrad , Dutch: Stalingradwijk ). At the same time, following the covering of the Senne , the district saw the construction of Haussmann -esque grand central boulevards , including

3965-422: Was also issued. Following an injunction granted to the airline Air Malta in July 2016 against industrial action by its pilots, the ECA criticised the outcome as a fundamental danger to the rights of citizens. During the Boeing 737 MAX groundings following the loss of two aircraft in quick succession to the same design flaw, ECA President Jon Horne called of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to adopt

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4030-415: Was built near the Place du Luxembourg, on the site of the former Leopold Quarter railway station, and of which only the central building overlooking the square remains, having been replaced by the underground Brussels-Luxembourg railway station . The European Commission , housed in the Berlaymont building , is located on the Schuman Roundabout, not far from the Cinquantenaire Park . Across the street stands

4095-500: Was made to commemorate Belgian independence : the Place de la Liberté / Vrijheidsplein ("Liberty Square"), the Place des Barricades / Barricadenplein ("Barricades' Square"), the Rue de la Révolution / Revolutiestraat ("Revolution Street"), the Rue du Congrès / Congresstraat ("Congress Street"), etc. The four streets leading off the Place de la Liberté bear the names of the four constitutional liberties, symbolised by four allegorical bronze female sculptures surrounding

4160-409: Was occupied by craftsmen since the Middle Ages . An arm of the river crossed the defences of the second walls at the level of the Ninove Gate via the Petite Écluse / Kleine Sluis ("Small Lock"), which served as a maritime gate, an end of which remaining there until the 1960s. Later, small industries and many artisan breweries (now disappeared) established themselves in the area, as evidenced by

4225-498: Was to run. After years of fruitless negotiations, Brussels finally annexed the narrow band of land needed for the avenue, in addition to the Bois de la Cambre itself, in 1864. That decision accounts for the unusual shape of today's City of Brussels and for the separation of Ixelles into two separate areas. Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones now located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975. However,

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