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88-554: The European Chemical Society (EuChemS) is a European non-profit organisation which promotes collaboration between non-profit scientific and technical societies in the field of chemistry . Based in Brussels , Belgium, the association took over the role and responsibilities of the Federation of European Chemical Societies and Professional Institutions (FECS) founded in 1970. It currently has 50 Member Societies and supporting members, with

176-424: A delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors. The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has

264-554: A fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and profit motive with mission motive. Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to establish sustainability and growth. Setting effective missions

352-620: A further 19 divisions and working parties. It represents more than 160,000 chemists from more than 30 countries in Europe. On 26 August 2022, the EuChemS General Assembly voted Angela Agostiano, Professor at the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy, as EuChemS President-Elect. Her term as President began in January 2023. Nineta Hrastelj is Secretary General. Floris Rutjes of Radboud University ,

440-471: A low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours. When selecting a domain name , NPOs often use one of the following: .org , the country code top-level domain of their respective country, or the .edu top-level domain (TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use .com . In

528-457: A nonprofit entity without having tax-exempt status. Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organisation. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence

616-684: A self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are FairVote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws . The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as

704-471: A strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy. Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving

792-578: A wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance: Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate

880-429: Is mass fraction or, equivalently, percent by mass. For example, the abundance of oxygen in pure water can be measured in two ways: the mass fraction is about 89%, because that is the fraction of water's mass which is oxygen. However, the mole fraction is about 33% because only 1 atom of 3 in water, H 2 O, is oxygen. As another example, looking at the mass fraction abundance of hydrogen and helium in both

968-454: Is Vice-President of EuChemS. The European Chemical Society has two major aims. By bringing together national chemical societies from across Europe, it aims to foster a community of scientists from different countries and provide opportunities for them to exchange ideas, communicate, cooperate on work projects and develop their networks. EuChemS in turn relies on the knowledge of this community to provide sound scientific advice to policymakers at

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1056-399: Is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This will result in more money for the organization. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public's confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are. There

1144-461: Is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment. One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack. Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government. NPOs have

1232-439: Is an important distinction in the US between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations (NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. Other examples of NFPOs include: credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to

1320-414: Is an important distinction in the US between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations (NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. The names used and precise regulations vary from one jurisdiction to another. According to

1408-399: Is approximately molecular mole fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions. According to

1496-541: Is concerned. In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax-exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC 501(c) )

1584-450: Is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt. For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure

1672-505: Is made up of the next five elements: potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg). Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in

1760-408: Is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives . Organizations might also register by

1848-550: Is one of the simplest and most profound unsolved mysteries of the atomic nucleus. The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model , since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis . Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, in stellar nucleosynthesis . Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in

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1936-489: Is only produced from radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. Oxygen and silicon are the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals . Other cosmically common elements such as hydrogen , carbon and nitrogen form volatile compounds such as ammonia and methane that easily boil away into space from

2024-693: Is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation. Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories: There are two breaks where the unstable elements technetium (atomic number 43) and promethium (number 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet their most stable isotopes have relatively short half lives (~4 million years and ~18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial amounts of these elements have long since decayed. These two elements are now only produced naturally through spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (such as uranium , thorium , or

2112-512: Is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets , which formed "inside" the " frost line " close to the Sun, where the young Sun's heat and stellar wind drove off volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic fraction), mainly due to oxygen's high reactivity; this caused it to bond into silicate minerals which have a high melting point and low vapor pressure. The mass-abundance of

2200-720: Is set to be held in Dublin , Ireland in 2024. The ECCs usually attract some 2000 chemists from more than 50 countries across the world. EuChemS proposes several awards including the European Chemistry Gold Medal Award, awarded in 2018 to Nobel Laureate Bernard Feringa and in 2020 to Michele Parrinello ; the EuChemS Award for Service; the EuChemS Lecture Award; the European Young Chemists' Award;

2288-426: Is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang. Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity after the Big Bang. In general, elements up to iron are made by large stars in the process of becoming supernovae , or by smaller stars in the process of dying. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it

2376-605: Is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. Depending on the local laws, charities are regularly organized as non-profits. A host of organizations may be nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be tax-exempt , and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as

2464-429: Is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the estimated abundances of the chemical elements in which the relative abundance of even atomic numbers is roughly 2 orders of magnitude greater than the relative abundance of odd atomic numbers ( Oddo–Harkins rule ). A similar alternation between even and odd atomic numbers can be observed in the nuclear binding energy curve in

2552-438: Is the most stable nuclide (in that it has the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon) and can easily be "built up" from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56 , ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number. The table shows

2640-411: Is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and the workload. Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work,

2728-682: Is the younger members' division of EuChemS. EuChemS organises a variety of different events, including policy workshops with the European Institutions, specialised academic conferences, as well as the biennial EuChemS Chemistry Congress (ECC). There have been 8 Congresses so far since the first in 2006, held in Budapest , Hungary. The congresses have taken place in: Turin , Italy (2008); Nuremberg , Germany (2010); Prague , Czechia (2012); Istanbul , Turkey (2014); Seville , Spain (2016); Liverpool , UK (2018), Lisbon , Portugal (2022). The next ECC

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2816-472: Is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPOs since 2010, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing

2904-715: The National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the United States , including public charities , private foundations , and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $ 410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over

2992-587: The Wikimedia Foundation , have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as

3080-441: The universe as a whole and in the atmospheres of gas-giant planets such as Jupiter , it is 74% for hydrogen and 23–25% for helium ; while the (atomic) mole fraction for hydrogen is 92%, and for helium is 8%, in these environments. Changing the given environment to Jupiter's outer atmosphere , where hydrogen is diatomic while helium is not, changes the molecular mole fraction (fraction of total gas molecules), as well as

3168-608: The Big Bang. They are produced in small quantities by nuclear fusion in dying stars or by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, caused by cosmic ray spallation . In supernova stars, they are produced by nuclear fusion, but then destroyed by other reactions. Heavier elements, beginning with carbon , have been produced in dying or supernova stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), contributing to an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in

3256-454: The Earth's crust, and so their crustal abundance is not well-defined. The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements ( polonium , astatine , francium , radium , actinium , protactinium , neptunium , and plutonium ) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and

3344-730: The EuChemS EUCYS Award; the EuChemS Historical Landmarks Award, as well as several Divisional Awards. EuChemS implemented in 2020 the EuChemS Chemistry Congress fellowship scheme. The aim of EuChemS fellowship scheme is to support early career researchers (bachelor, masters and PhD students) actively attending the EuChemS Chemistry Congresses. The EuChemS Gold medal is awarded to reflect the exceptional achievements of scientists working in

3432-657: The European level, in order to better inform their decision-making work. EuChemS is an official accredited stakeholder of the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the European Chemical Agency (ECHA). EuChemS also relies on quality science communication to better inform citizens, decision-makers and scientists of the latest research developments in the chemical sciences, and their role in tackling major societal, environmental and economic challenges. Because

3520-452: The NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud . But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commenters have argued that

3608-499: The Sun and outer planets is similar to that in the universe. Due to solar heating, the elements of Earth and the inner rocky planets of the Solar System have undergone an additional depletion of volatile hydrogen, helium, neon, nitrogen, and carbon (which volatilizes as methane ). The crust, mantle, and core of the Earth show evidence of chemical segregation plus some sequestration by density. Lighter silicates of aluminium are found in

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3696-399: The abundance curve graph, argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant. For a complete list of

3784-520: The abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils . By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H 2 O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) . The next 0.75%

3872-461: The age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit. In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and not-for-profit organizations are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as 501(c)(3) organizations that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and 501(c)(7) organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose. There

3960-649: The appropriate country code top-level domain for their country. In 2020, nonprofit organizations began using microvlogging (brief videos with short text formats) on TikTok to reach Gen Z, engage with community stakeholders, and overall build community. TikTok allowed for innovative engagement between nonprofit organizations and younger generations. During COVID-19, TikTok was specifically used to connect rather than inform or fundraise, as its fast-paced, tailored For You Page separates itself from other social media apps such as Facebook and Twitter. Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe

4048-401: The best of the newly minted workforce. It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer

4136-565: The community; for example aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving. Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments. Each NPO

4224-509: The continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum , cerium , praseodymium , and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore. The mass-abundance of the seven most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle is approximately: oxygen 44.3%, magnesium 22.3%, silicon 21.3%, iron 6.32%, calcium 2.48%, aluminium 2.29%, nickel 0.19%. Due to mass segregation ,

4312-489: The core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84%), hydrogen (10.82%), chlorine (1.94%), sodium (1.08%), magnesium (0.13%), sulfur (0.09%), calcium (0.04%), potassium (0.04%), bromine (0.007%), carbon (0.003%), and boron (0.0004%). The order of elements by volume fraction (which

4400-947: The crust, with more magnesium silicate in the mantle, while metallic iron and nickel compose the core. The abundance of elements in specialized environments, such as atmospheres, oceans, or the human body, are primarily a product of chemical interactions with the medium in which they reside. Abundance of each element is expressed as a relative number. Astronomy uses a logarithmic abundance scale for abundance ϵ X {\displaystyle \epsilon _{X}} of element X relative to Hydrogen, defined by ϵ X ≡ log ⁡ ( N X / N H ) + 12.00 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{X}\equiv \log(N_{X}/N_{H})+12.00} for number density N {\displaystyle N} ; ϵ H = 12.00 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{H}=12.00} on this scale. Another scale

4488-402: The diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors. Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against

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4576-432: The election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors

4664-428: The elements that are at risk of being unusable. Supporting members: Non-profit A nonprofit organization ( NPO ), also known as a nonbusiness entity , nonprofit institution , or simply a nonprofit , is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a profit for its owners. A nonprofit organization

4752-475: The establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly. In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe

4840-468: The extremely energetic conditions of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter. See the article about nucleosynthesis for an explanation of how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning , etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. [REDACTED] A further observed peculiarity

4928-679: The field of chemistry in Europe. The EuChemS Historical Landmarks Award recognize sites important in the history of chemistry in Europe: In light of the UN declared International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of 2019, EuChemS published a Periodic Table which depicts the issue of the abundance of the chemical elements to raise awareness of the need to develop better recycling capacities, to manage waste, and to find alternative materials to

5016-693: The field of chemistry is particularly vast with many different disciplines within it, EuChemS provides advice and knowledge on a broad range of subjects including: EuChemS is a signatory of the EU Transparency register. The register number is: 03492856440-03. The EuChemS scientific divisions and working parties are networks in their own fields of expertise and promote collaboration with other European and international organisations. They organise high quality scientific conferences in chemical and molecular sciences and interdisciplinary areas. The European Young Chemists' Network (abbreviated to EYCN)

5104-525: The fraction of atmosphere by volume, of hydrogen to about 86%, and of helium to 13%. Below Jupiter's outer atmosphere, volume fractions are significantly different from mole fractions due to high temperatures ( ionization and disproportionation ) and high density, where the ideal gas law is inapplicable. The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis . Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of

5192-675: The graph increases steadily up to its peak at iron. The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula , gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy. [REDACTED] Modern astronomy relies on understanding the abundance of elements in the Sun as part of cosmological models. Abundance values are difficult to obtain: even photospheric or observational abundances depend upon models of solar atmospherics and radiation coupling. These astronomical abundance values are reported as logarithms of

5280-526: The heat of planetary formation and/or the Sun's light. "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant stable rare earth elements ( thulium and lutetium ) are nearly 200 times more common than gold . However, in contrast to

5368-489: The large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis . Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by supernova nucleosynthesis . Elements with even atomic numbers are generally more common than their neighbors in the periodic table , due to their favorable energetics of formation, described by the Oddo–Harkins rule . The abundance of elements in

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5456-486: The lightest 16 comprise 99.9% of the ordinary matter of the universe. These same 16 elements, hydrogen through sulfur, fall on the initial linear portion of the table of nuclides (also called the Segrè plot ), a plot of the proton versus neutron numbers of all matter both ordinary and exotic, containing hundreds of stable isotopes and thousands more that are unstable. The Segrè plot is initially linear because (aside from hydrogen)

5544-476: The lightest nuclides helium through sulfur the most abundant isotopes of equal number of protons and neutrons. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second. All others are orders of magnitude less common. After this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number . Oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. There are 80 known stable elements , and

5632-511: The money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny. A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and expenses so as to remain

5720-433: The neighborhood of carbon and oxygen, but here the loose correlation between relative abundance and binding energy ends. The binding energy for beryllium (an even atomic number), for example, is less than the binding energy for boron (an odd atomic number), as illustrated in the nuclear binding energy curve. Additionally, the alternation in the nuclear binding energy between even and odd atomic numbers resolves above oxygen as

5808-436: The nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is roughly: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminium 8.3%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a full list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust . The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust—the part that

5896-445: The nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and to some, NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain people. The initial interest for many

5984-470: The ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements. Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in

6072-411: The organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches , which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members. In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws, articles of incorporation , or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling

6160-452: The organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can. Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors , board of governors or board of trustees . A nonprofit may have

6248-508: The organization's sustainability. An advantage of nonprofits registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies. Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have

6336-459: The planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the Solar System . In turn, the history of Earth led to parts of the planet having differing concentrations of the elements. The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.97 × 10  kg. By mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with

6424-550: The public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract

6512-401: The ratio with hydrogen. Hydrogen is set to an abundance of 12 on this scale. The Sun's photosphere consists mostly of hydrogen and helium; the helium abundance varies between about 10.3 and 10.5 depending on the phase of the solar cycle ; carbon is 8.47, neon is 8.29, oxygen is 7.69 and iron is estimated at 7.62. The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but

6600-483: The receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions. A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures). Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in

6688-422: The remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons . The remaining elemental composition

6776-405: The sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations. Abundance of the chemical elements The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by

6864-558: The sector. The term civil society organization (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance . The term citizen sector organization (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public . Advocates argue that these terms describe

6952-467: The ten most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically ), as measured in parts per million, by mass. Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past , so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are apparently uniform throughout

7040-414: The trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays . Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes. There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in

7128-486: The traditional domain noted in RFC   1591 , .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that

7216-441: The universe because of the ease of making them in supernova nucleosynthesis . Elements of higher atomic numbers than iron (element 26) become progressively rarer in the universe, because they increasingly absorb stellar energy in their production. Also, elements with even atomic numbers are generally more common than their neighbors in the periodic table , due to favorable energetics of formation (see Oddo–Harkins rule ), and among

7304-456: The universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy 's disk is composed of heavy elements. These other elements are generated by stellar processes. In astronomy, a " metal " is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction

7392-493: The universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo–Harkins rule . The following graph ( log scale ) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System . Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve (also called the binding energy per nucleon ). Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides in withstanding

7480-434: The universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements. As shown in the periodic table , the abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang. The next three elements in the periodic table ( lithium , beryllium , and boron ) are rare, despite their low atomic number. They had little time to form in

7568-471: The universe, were largely produced by supernovae and certain red giant stars . Lithium , beryllium , and boron , despite their low atomic number, are rare because, although they are produced by nuclear fusion, they are destroyed by other reactions in the stars. Their natural occurrence is the result of cosmic ray spallation of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in a type of nuclear fission reaction. The elements from carbon to iron are relatively more abundant in

7656-480: The upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers ( 58 Ce, 60 Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers ( 57 La, 59 Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in

7744-416: The vast majority of ordinary matter (99.4% in the Solar System ) contains an equal number of protons and neutrons (Z=N). To be sure, 74% ordinary matter exists as mononucleonic protons (hydrogen). But when nucleons combine to form stable nuclides, they combine in a ratio of one part proton to one part neutron in 99.4% of ordinary matter. The structural basis of the equality of nucleon numbers in baryonic matter

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