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23-531: The company was founded in Norway as A/S Lufthavnparkering in 1979, after it won a contract with the Civil Aviation Authority to operate the airport parking facilities at Bergen Airport, Flesland . The company expanded to other airports in the country, including Oslo Airport, Fornebu in 1983. In 1991, the company changed name to EuroPark AS. It expanded to Sweden in 1992 and to Denmark in 1995. The company

46-433: A center is referred to as an air route traffic control center ( ARTCC ). A center typically accepts traffic from — and ultimately passes traffic to — the control of a terminal control center or another center. Most centers are operated by the national governments of the countries in which they are located. The general operations of centers worldwide, and the boundaries of the airspace each center controls, are governed by

69-487: A different ICAO code. Pilots typically use high frequency radio instead of very high frequency radio to communicate with a center when flying over the ocean, because of HF's relatively greater propagation over long distances. Military aircraft, however, are typically equipped with ARC-231 SATCOMs that allow over-the-horizon communication. Area control centers (ACCs) control IFR air traffic in their flight information region (FIR). The current list of FIRs and ACCs

92-450: A first-come, first-served basis. Aircraft passing from one sector to another are handed off and requested to change frequencies to contact the next sector controller. Sector boundaries are specified by an aeronautical chart . Air traffic controllers working within a center communicate via radio with pilots of instrument flight rules ( IFR ) aircraft passing through the center's airspace. A center's communication frequencies (typically in

115-477: A plane's arrival and intentions from its pre-filed flight plan . Some centers have ICAO-designated responsibility for airspace located over an ocean such as ZNY and ZOA, the majority of which is international airspace . Because substantial volumes of oceanic airspace lie beyond the range of ground-based radars, oceanic airspace controllers have to estimate the position of an airplane from pilot reports and computer models ( procedural control ), rather than observing

138-430: A revenue of DKK  200 million. This includes parking at Copenhagen Airport and Billund Airport . EuroPark has frequently been criticized for heavy-handed and unreasonable parking enforcement. For example, they have issued tickets to paying customers who parked with one tire on the white line demarcating the parking spot, and one guard physically assaulted a business owner who demanded an explanation for how EuroPark

161-456: A situation where a ticket will not be waived - even if proof of paid parking is subsequently submitted to the company. If a customer is unable to pay for parking because EuroPark's equipment is malfunctioning, EuroPark's policy requires the customer to notify them of the problem at his own expense. They provide a phone number to call for equipment malfunctions, but the numbers are not toll-free.(Citation shows example). Avinor Avinor AS

184-653: Is a state-owned limited company that operates most of the civil airports in Norway . The Norwegian state, via the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications , controls 100 percent of the share capital . Avinor was created on 1 January 2003, by the privatization of the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration known as Luftfartsverket . Its head office is in Bjørvika , Oslo , located on

207-410: Is in charge of parking. This has led business owners and municipalities to threaten EuroPark with non-renewal of their contracts. EuroPark has also been criticized for unreasonable policies, such as refusing to waive a parking ticket where a customer had paid for parking, but failed to display the receipt in the windshield. EuroPark's own web site cites "parking ticket fell on the floor" as an example of

230-421: Is staffed by a set of controllers trained on all the sectors in that area. Sectors use distinct radio frequencies for communication with aircraft. Each sector also has secure landline communications with adjacent sectors, approach controls, areas, ARTCCs, flight service centers, and military aviation control facilities. These landline communications are shared among all sectors that need them and are available on

253-759: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In some cases, the function of an area control center and a terminal control center are combined in a single facility. For example, NATS combines the London Terminal Control Centre (LTCC) and London Area Control Centre (LACC) in Swanwick, Hampshire . The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines an ARTCC as: [a] facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, principally during

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276-512: The very high frequency aviation bands , using amplitude modulation (AM) 118 MHz to 137 MHz, for overland control) are published in aeronautical charts and manuals, and are also announced to a pilot by the previous controller during a hand-off. Most VHF radio assignments also have a UHF (225 to 380 MHz) paired frequency used for military flights. In addition to radios to communicate with aircraft, center controllers have access to communication links with other centers and TRACONs . In

299-604: The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication created the Aviation Directorate ( Luftfartsdirektoratet ) to take over the responsibility for the civilian airports in Norway. Until then the Norwegian Ministry of Defence was responsible for operating airports, including the civilian ones. This responsibility had been delegated to the Aviation Council ( Luftfartsrådet ) within the ministry. The first director

322-959: The United States, centers are electronically linked through the National Airspace System , which allows nationwide coordination of traffic flow to manage congestion. Centers in the United States also have electronic access to nationwide radar data. Controllers use radar to monitor the progress of flights and instruct aircraft to perform course adjustments as needed to maintain separation from other aircraft. Aircraft with center contact can be readily distinguished by their transponders . Pilots may request altitude adjustments or course changes for reasons including avoidance of turbulence or adverse weather conditions. Controllers can assign routing relative to location fixes derived from latitude and longitude , or from radionavigation beacons such as VORs . Typically, centers have advance notice of

345-437: The company had 100,000 parking spaces in 1,100 facilities with 26 million annual customers. It had 450 employees and a revenue of 835 million  kr and a profit of NOK 53 million. In Sweden, the company has 1,200,000 parking places at 4,100 facilities in more than ten cities. The company has 200 employees. In Denmark, the company is the largest parking company, and offers parking in 80 cities. It has 230 employees and

368-430: The en-route phase of flight. When equipment capabilities and controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. An ARTCC is the U.S. equivalent of an area control center (ACC). There are 22 ARTCCs located in nineteen states. The flight information region controlled by a center may be further administratively subdivided into areas comprising two to nine sectors. Each area

391-515: The position directly ( radar control , also known as positive control). Pilots flying over an ocean can determine their own positions accurately using the Global Positioning System or other means, and can supply periodic updates to a center. A center's control service for an oceanic flight information region may be operationally distinct from its service for one over land, employing different communications frequencies, controllers, and

414-493: The seaside of Oslo Central Station . Avinor owns and operates 44 airports in Norway, fourteen in association with the Royal Norwegian Air Force , and is responsible for air traffic control services in Norway. In addition to the 44 airports, it operates three Area Control Centers : Bodø Air Traffic Control Center , Stavanger Air Traffic Control Center and Oslo ATCC . As of 2010 , the chief executive officer

437-578: Was Einar Bøe (1947–1964), followed by Erik Willoch (1964–1989), Ove Liavaag (1989–2000), Randi Flesland (2000–2005), Sverre Quale (2006–2010), Dag Falk-Petersen (2011–2021) and Abraham Foss (2021–). The organisation changed its name to Luftfartsverket in 1967. In 1997, Oslo Airport, Fornebu and the then under construction Oslo Airport, Gardermoen , were merged into a separate subsidiary, Oslo Lufthavn AS. This company still operates Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. On 14 December 2005, CEO Randi Flesland resigned after an ongoing dispute with employees. She

460-660: Was Sverre Quale who has been in the job since 18 April 2006. He was previously the head of the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board . As of 2011, Sverre Quale has been employed as the CEO at Multiconsult. His replacement, Dag Falk-Petersen , was CEO of CHC Helicopters . In February 2021, Abraham Foss took on the role of CEO of the company. Avinor has about 3000 employees, including air traffic control, air navigation services, rescue, maintenance, administration and other airport operations personnel. On 1 July 1947,

483-583: Was sold to ATPARK of Germany in 1999, and renamed EuroPark Scandinavia AS as a holding company for the operating companies in the three Scandinavian countries. In 2006, the company bought InterPark and Legal Parkering. In Norway, the company is the largest parking company, and offers parking in 41 cities and towns. EuroPark operates the parking at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen , Bergen Airport, Flesland , Stavanger Airport, Sola , Trondheim Airport, Værnes , Bodø Airport , Tromsø Airport , Sandefjord Airport, Torp , Haugesund Airport, Karmøy and Alta Airport . In 2006,

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506-455: Was temporarily replaced by Nic. Nilsen until Sverre Quale took over. Area Control Center In air traffic control , an area control center ( ACC ), also known as a center or en-route center , is a facility responsible for controlling aircraft flying in the airspace of a given flight information region (FIR) at high altitudes between airport approaches and departures. In the US, such

529-467: Was treating his customers. Other complaints include falsely accusing customers of using multiple parking tickets to avoid time limits on parking, writing tickets for parking two minutes beyond the permitted time and even ticketing owners for parking in a space where the customer had a valid, paid contract with EuroPark for the space. In several instances, EuroPark's enforcement has been described as so aggressive that customers avoid business where EuroPark

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