Ettore Tolomei (16 August 1865, in Rovereto – 25 May 1952, in Rome ) was an Italian nationalist and fascist . He was designated a Member of the Italian Senate in 1923, and ennobled as Conte della Vetta in 1937.
55-657: Born into a nationalistically oriented family (that rejected the Austrian domination of his Trentino and supported the Italian irredentism ), after his studies in Florence and Rome Tolomei became associated with the nationalistic Dante Alighieri Society . After graduation in 1888 he taught in Italian schools at Tunis , Thessaloniki , İzmir and Cairo . He returned to Italy in 1901 and was appointed Inspector General of Italian Schools Abroad by
110-496: A cultural office in the main city of the area, Bozen ( Bolzano ). On 2 October 1922, Tolomei led a group of Blackshirts when they occupied the town hall of Bolzano and managed to persuade the Civil commissioner Luigi Credaro to depose the mayor; the following day they moved to Trento and, using similar tactics, obtained the suppression of the administrative Provincial assembly and, after Credaro's and minister Salandra's dismissals that of
165-589: A legend U.S President Woodrow Wilson , for this reason believed that South Tyrol was an Italian land . In 1938 Tolomei was given the title "Conte della Vetta" (Count of the Summit) by the Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III. To further his goals, in 1906 Tolomei founded the Archivio per l'Alto Adige , a magazine which moved along the same propagandistic lines as La Nazione Italiana , but focused solely on
220-737: A total population of 524,826 (2010). There are 217 comuni (singular: comune ), in the province. The region is known for housing the Dolomites a mountainous Unesco World Heritage Site . The Marmolada , at 3,343 m (10,968 ft) above sea level, is the highest mountain in the Dolomites. The glacier on the Marmolada is also a landmark. Other notable mountains include the Kesselkogel Cermis , Crozzon di Brenta , Latemar , Piz Boè , and Vezzana . The highest mountain situated completely within
275-453: Is a dialect of Ladin or a separate language. Native speakers are mainly found in the Sole Valley and are estimated to be up to 15,000. Both idioms are alternatively considered as dialects within the range of Gallo-Romance languages . There is no official census to date that has Nones and Solandro as officially distinct languages. The total number of Ladin speakers in the census of 2001 exceeds
330-767: Is a minority stake in Assicurazioni Generali . It is active worldwide in 4 sectors: publishing, media and communication, games and services, finance. It was founded in 1901 by geographer Giovanni De Agostini in Rome , and later moved to Novara . The geographer Giovanni De Agostini, brother of the Salesian explorer Alberto Maria de Agostini , founded the De Agostini Geographical Institute in Rome in June 1901 and published
385-437: Is a piece of land, in which mountain passes and elevated plains join hilly valleys and plains and in which different people and cultures join. Its history, but also the relatively insular geographic position of some valleys led to an extraordinary richness in culture and many customs and traditions that have been kept alive up to the present. Also some minority groups and gastronomic peculiarities have been preserved till now. In
440-673: Is crossed by the main road and rail connections between Italy and Germany . These include the Brenner A22 motorway and road which passes through the Etsch/Adige Valley. A regional project of switching much of the road traffic to railways is currently under consideration. The province has two more railways: the Valsugana Line, connecting Trento to Venice and the Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway between Trento and Malè . In 2019
495-491: Is denigrated as "the gravedigger of South Tyrol" by the German-speaking group in the area. Trentino Trentino ( Italian : Provincia autonoma di Trento ; Ladin : Provinzia Autonoma de Trent ; German : Autonome Provinz Trient ) is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north . Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , an autonomous region under
550-593: Is not the Klockerkarkopf, but the nearby Westliches Zwillingsköpfl . Tolomei claimed to be the first climber and renamed the peak Vetta d'Italia - Summit of Italy (with a clear political aim), although Franz Hofer and Fritz Kögl had already climbed it in 1895. It is not clear whether Tolomei was aware of Kögl's ascent or not, although an extensive article about it had appeared in the Austrian Alpine Club magazine. Italian maps later adopted this name. According to
605-568: Is to safeguard and promote the respective culture and languages. The Ladin minority is found in the Fassa Valley , in the municipalities of Canazei ( Cianacei ), Campitello di Fassa ( Ciampedèl ), Mazzin ( Mazin ), Moena , Soraga and Sèn Jan di Fassa . In the census of 2001, 16,462 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language. Mócheno is still spoken in the municipalities of Frassilongo ( Garait ), Palù del Fersina ( Palai en Bersntol ) and Fierozzo ( Vlarötz ), while
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#1732902242463660-625: The Archivio per l'Alto Adige which soon enjoyed a large readership in Italy, was the creation of an Italian name for every village and geographical feature in South Tyrol. As World War I neared, toponymy assumed increasing importance. The toponymic studies were presented as a re-Italianization of names which, according to Tolomei and his collaborators, had been Germanized not many generations before. The result of these activities, called Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige , would be published in 1916 by
715-649: The Brothers of Italy (5) Fugatti for Governor (4), the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (3), The Civic List (2) and the Fassa Association which provides this session's legally mandated seat for the province's Ladin minority (1). The centre-left alliance makes up most of the opposition, with 13 seats. This includes 7 seats for the Democratic Party , 4 seats for Campobase and one seat each for
770-473: The Greens and Left Alliance and Autonomy House . There was also a non-allied party, Wave, which won one seat. The executive powers are attributed to the provincial government (Italian: Giunta Provinciale ), headed by the governor ( Presidente ). Since 2018 the governor is Maurizio Fugatti . In 2023, Fugatti remained in power by receiving 51.8% of the vote for governor compared to 37.5% for Francesco Valduga of
825-548: The Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement , creating the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol, consisting of the autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol. Since the treaty, Trentino has enjoyed considerable autonomy from the Italian central government in Rome . It has its own elected government and legislative assembly. In 1996, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed between
880-597: The Ladins (a group speaking a Rhaeto-Romance language which inhabited the mountainous areas in what was then the eastern part of Southern Tyrol, a territory now divided between South Tyrol , Trentino and the province of Belluno ) as the Latin element through which "an Italian-Ladinic wedge" could be driven into the Germanic-speaking region, which in those days he called Alto Trentino - Upper Trentino , not having yet devised
935-585: The Levant and North Africa , anticipating the fascist dream of a new Mediterranean empire. As the end of the century neared, Tolomei's activities began to focus on the northern boundaries of Italy. To him, this natural boundary was the main watershed of the Alps near Reschen Pass and Brenner Pass , even though few Italians lived in this mostly German-speaking area of the Austrian Empire. In this early phase, he saw
990-686: The Nordic ski 1991 , 2003 and 2013 , snowboarding 2001 and freestyle ski championship 2007 , as well as the Adamello Ski Raid and Marcialonga . The Tour de Ski has since 2007 had its conclusion in Val di Fiemme with the Final Climb stage up the alpine skiing course on Alpe Cermis . During the spring and summer, cycling is a big event in the region, such as the Giro del Trentino and Maratona dles Dolomites over
1045-592: The Reale Società Geografica Italiana la prima . In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Tolomei fled to Rome in order to avoid being drafted by the Austrian army. By this time, he had succeeded in giving the region between the Brenner pass and the Salurner Klause an appearance of Italianness. The Archivio had become the reference work for all matters regarding South Tyrol, and during the war became
1100-572: The Val di Gresta ), and grapes . Important especially for their quality, the latter are used for the production of dry and sparkling wines . In January 2008, the Edmund Mach Foundation was established to promote research, training and services in the agricultural, agri-food and environmental fields. The primary industries, often small and medium-sized, are concentrated in Valsugana, Vallagarina and
1155-607: The Adige Valleys. Sectors include textiles, mechanics, wood and paper productions. Also important is the production of hydro-electric energy. Tourism is the mainstay of the provincial economy. The main resorts include: Madonna di Campiglio , San Martino di Castrozza , Fiera di Primiero , Canazei , Moena , Cavalese , Folgaria , Folgarida-Marilleva , Riva del Garda and Levico Terme , Comano Terme and Roncegno , these last three being renowned thermal stations. The unemployment rate stood at 3.8% in 2023. The Trentino province
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#17329022424631210-557: The Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels . Trentino is a mountainous region. The Adige River flows through
1265-563: The Cimbrian language is spoken in Luserna ( Lusérn ). The 2001 census found there were 2,276 native Mócheno and 882 Cimbrian speakers. The linguistic breakdown according to the census of 2001 is: The Nones language hails from the Non Valley and is considered by some linguists a variant of Ladin. Estimates range up to 30,000 speakers. The Solandro language is also under debate as to whether it
1320-536: The Foreign Ministry's Office. His nationalistic activities had begun in 1890 with the founding of the weekly magazine La Nazione Italiana (The Italian Nation), a propagandistic publication whose aim was to popularize the positions of the Dante Alighieri Society. Its articles dwelled mainly on the issue of Trento and Trieste , then still under Austro-Hungarian rule, but covered other areas including
1375-468: The Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000, while Aquila Trento is a basketball team in the Italian top league. De Agostini De Agostini S.p.A. is an Italian holding company that coordinates the strategic operating companies De Agostini Editore, De Agostini Communications, IGT , and DeA Capital, and makes financial investments, among which the main investment
1430-453: The Italian language and culture, although there were already thoughts of a possible resettlement. Also in 1915, he published his programmatic points for the "annexation and adaptation" of South Tyrol in the Archivio per l'Alto Adige . In its Volume 11 of 1916 appeared the Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige , a translation of over 10,000 village and place names. "[...] for the first time,
1485-554: The Paris Peace Conference, strengthening the impression that this was really an old Italian region. After the occupation of Tyrol by Italian troops, Tolomei vigorously advocated decisive measures to radically alter the ethnic situation so that South Tyrol would become permanently Italian. Although he was nominated Commissario alla Lingua ed alla Cultura in Alto Adige - Commissioner for language and culture in Alto Adige, during
1540-579: The South Tyrolean issue. The Archivio propagated the Italianness of South Tyrol in articles that claimed scientific authority and objectivity, but were in fact deeply tinged with ideology and propagandistic intent, and for Tolomei a tool for personal promotion and narcissistic gratification. An important instrument in the struggle for the Italianization of South Tyrol, apart from the scholarly articles in
1595-517: The Trentino borders is Presanella . The highest point is Monte Cevedale , located on the border with the Province of Sondrio . The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol devolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creating de facto two separate regions. Administratively, the province enjoys a large degree of autonomy in
1650-542: The capital city of the province. Originally, the term was used by the local population only to refer to the city and its immediate surroundings. Under former Austrian rule, which began in the 19th century (previously, Trentino was governed by the local bishop), the common German name for the region was Welschtirol ( lit. ' Walhaz , meaning Foreign Tyrol ' ) or Welschsüdtirol ( lit. ' Walhaz/Foreign South Tyrol ' ), or just Südtirol , meaning South Tyrol with reference to its geographic position as
1705-566: The central Trentino in a valley named after the river. The principal towns of Trentino lie in the Adige Valley, which has been a historical passage connecting Italy with Northern Europe. Among other important valleys are Non Valley , known for its apple production, Sole Valley , Giudicarie , which has been historically connected by Trento and Brescia , Fiemme and Fassa , Lagarina , Mocheni , Sugana Valley and many others. The province has an area of 6,214 km (2,399 sq mi), and
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1760-419: The centre-left coalition and about 10% for candidates aligned with neither major coalition. In addition to serving as the legislative body for the province, the members of the council also combine with South Tyrol's council to form the regional council of Trentino-South Tyrol . Trentino's governor alternates with the governor of South Tyrol as president of the region. The regional government has its seat in
1815-439: The constitution. The province is composed of 166 comuni ( sg. : comune ). Its capital is the city of Trento (Trent). The province covers an area of more than 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi), with a total population of 541,098 in 2019. Trentino is renowned for its mountains , such as the Dolomites , which are part of the Alps . The province is generally known as "Trentino". The name derives from Trento,
1870-587: The devolution of power to regional authorities, a change in policy slowly began, which gained momentum in the 1990s. Since then a number of far-reaching laws and regulations have been passed and implemented, that protect and promote the use of these three languages and the unique cultural heritage and identity. This has for example been extended to school curricula in the regional languages and street signs becoming bilingual. All three minorities have their own cultural institute which were decreed by national law and receive state funds. The purpose of these cultural institutes
1925-688: The early Middle Ages, this area was included within the Kingdom of Italy and the March of Verona . In 1027, the Bishopric of Trent was established as a State of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Conrad II . It was an ecclesiastical territory, roughly corresponding to the present-day Trentino, governed by the Prince-Bishops of Trento. The Council of Trent , held in three major sessions from 1545 to 1563, with
1980-586: The entire Central office for the new provinces. It was 'de facto' the end of all democratic policies in the area of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol between the wars: supported by Benito Mussolini , Tolomei enforced his policy of Italianization from 1923 onwards. The names of some 8,000 towns and places were changed, and Italian was made the only official language. His program totalled 32 points, publicly presented by Tolomei in Bolzano's Civic Theatre in July 1923, of which some of
2035-488: The entirety of the indigenous nomenclature of place names, including the names of geographical features and farmsteads, were transformed into another language through one man's act of will". In 1916 and 1917, he collaborated with the Istituto Geografico De Agostini (now De Agostini ) to prepare maps for the region which would show it as being part of Italy. These maps were used by the Italian delegation at
2090-706: The first at Trento, was one of the important councils in the history of the Roman Catholic Church . It was an articulation of Roman Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation , and specified doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon. After the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the bishopric was secularized and absorbed into the Austrian County of Tyrol . It
2145-582: The first postwar years his suggestions were not received well by the liberal administration. His big moment would only arrive with the fascist takeover of the Italian state. Shortly after Italian troops had occupied the southern part of Tyrol in the wake of the Austrian-Italian Armistice of Villa Giusti in November 1918 (which was confirmed by the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919), Tolomei was appointed to
2200-538: The following sectors: health, education, welfare and transport infrastructure. The provincial council comprises 35 members, one of whom must by law be drawn from the Ladin minority. In the elections in 2023 , the centre-right coalition won 21 of 35 seats in the province's council. These 21 seats were distributed between the Trentino League with 6 seats (including the provincial governor ("presidente") Maurizio Fugatti ),
2255-575: The former Hotel Imperial in Trento. Due to the division of the province into the 217 municipalities ( Comuni/Gemeinden ), often of small or even tiny size, in the late 1970s, eleven larger units known as districts ( comprensori ) were introduced. The municipalities forming a district elect the council for that district. However, this tier of government has provoked criticism, and, in 2006, a reform created fifteen more homogeneous "Valley Communities" ( comunità di valle , Talgemeinden ) and one territory including
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2310-676: The most salient were: In 1939, his work led to the South Tyrol Option Agreement that forced people to choose between remaining in Italy or emigrating to the Third Reich, the so-called "Option für Deutschland". In 1943, when Italy surrendered, he was seized by German forces and deported, first to the Dachau concentration camp then to a sanatorium in Thuringia . Because of his policies of enforcing Italian names on towns in South Tyrol, he
2365-471: The mountain passes. Cross country racing such as the Cross della Vallagarina and the 10-kilometre road running competition Giro al Sas also take place. Association football is a popular ball sport in Trentino. Teams within the region are U.S. Alta Vallagarina , A.C. Mezzocorona , A.S.D. Porfido Albiano and Trento Calcio 1921 . Trentino Volley is a professional Italian volleyball team. It has played in
2420-401: The municipalities of Trento , Cimone , Aldeno and Garniga Terme (see Municipalities of Trentino ). As of 2009, the only municipalities with a population over 20,000 were Trento, Rovereto , and Pergine Valsugana . The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 25.5 billion euros in 2023, accounting for 1.2% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power
2475-512: The name Alto Adige - High Adige , a creation which would become the official Italian designation for the province after World War I up to this day. In 1904 Tolomei climbed the 2,911 m (9,551 ft) high Klockerkarkopf or Glockenkarkopf , which he believed to be the northernmost mountain on the main watershed in the Tyrolean Alps. In fact, the northernmost point of the Adrian drainage basin
2530-464: The new 1972 autonomous status, the administrative name of the province is autonomous province of Trento (Italian: provincia autonoma di Trento ; German: Autonome Provinz Trient ). The history of Trentino begins in the mid- Stone Age . The valleys of what is now Trentino were already inhabited by man, the main settlements being in the valley of the Adige River , thanks to its milder climate. In
2585-527: The population of Trentino was 541,098. The highest concentration of the population is located around the capital city of Trento, and the southern parts. The whole region is divided up into 175 municipalities. The majority of the Trentino population is Italian -speaking with its local dialects. The region is also home to three indigenous linguistic minorities, which are Ladin , Mócheno and Cimbrian . All languages are protected by regional and provincial laws, statutes, and regulations. After World War II and
2640-456: The population of around 7,500 in the Fassa Valley. A number of Nones and Solandro speakers identified as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement whether or not their languages are Ladin or a separate idiom. The Trentino is a region of cultural encounters. Already in the past Germans , Italians and Ladins joined in this area. The alpine province
2695-510: The promotion of German-speaking minorities mòchene and Cimbre. In the region there are numerous castles. With the financial aid of province, some of them could be restored and are now open to the public. Here the most important: The region offers many opportunities for mountain climbing and trekking and winter sports . Important winter events are the world championships organised by the International Ski Federation (FSI) such as
2750-502: The sole source of information for Italians. The idea of an Italian legal entitlement to South Tyrol had become generally accepted. As Italy joined the war on the side of the Allies in 1915, Tolomei joined the Italian armed forces under the pseudonym "Eugenio Treponti", to avoid being executed as a traitor if caught by the Austrians. He was immediately assigned to the Chiefs of Staff committee. The Archivio continued to appear as Serie di Guerra – War series, printed in Rome. The spectrum of
2805-464: The southern part of Tyrol. The corresponding Italian name was Tirolo Meridionale , which was historically used to describe the wider southern part of the County of Tyrol, specifically Trentino and sometimes also today's South Tyrol, or Tirolo Italiano . In its wider sense, Trentino was first used around 1848 in an article by a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly ; it became a popular term among leftist intellectual circles in Austria. Since
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#17329022424632860-410: The territory of the province there are numerous museums, which have had significant development over the last twenty years by the financial resources of the province. Among the main ones: Also worthy of note are the cultural institutes and museums dedicated to the three minorities of the province, the Istitut cultural Ladin "majon di fascegn" in Val di Fassa and the "Kulturinstitut Bersntol - Lusérn" for
2915-439: The topics changed, and most articles were now written by Tolomei himself. As a result, the magazine's propagandistic intentions became more obvious. From 1915 onwards, Tolomei increased his lobbying activities, sending several letters to government officials and nationalistic associations detailing his views on the steps to be taken before and after the annexation of South Tyrol. He anticipated that German speakers would assimilate to
2970-399: Was 37,900 euros or 126% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 119% of the EU average. Despite the overwhelmingly mountainous nature of the territory, agriculture remains important. Farms often join to form larger cooperatives. The most important produce comprises apples (50% of national production, together with South Tyrol) and other fruit, vegetables (primarily in
3025-416: Was governed by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . The region was the location of heavy fighting during World War I , as it was directly on the front lines between Austria-Hungary and Italy . Trentino was occupied by Italy in November 1918 and was annexed in 1919 by the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . After World War II , the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers signed
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