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68-442: The flag of the department contains a horizontal tricolour of red, white and green. Its flag is very similar to the flag of Hungary , but the colours are lighter and there is a different proportion. 13°05′00″N 86°21′00″W  /  13.08333°N 86.35000°W  / 13.08333; -86.35000 This Nicaragua location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Flag of Hungary This

136-617: A Central Committee in the downtown of Moscow. Led by Béla Kun , the inner circle of the freshly established party returned to Budapest from Moscow on 16 November. On 24 November, they created the Party of Communists from Hungary (Hungarian: Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja , KMP). The name was chosen instead of the Hungarian Communist Party because the vast majority of supporters were from the urban industrial working class in Hungary which at

204-736: A Hungarian withdrawal at the request of the Triple Entente. Later that month, there was an attempted coup by the Social Democrats of Budapest, which was retaliated by the communist government. On 20 July, the republic launched a new attack on the Romanian posts who were deep in Hungary at the Tisza river. After a few days of the Hungarian advance, the Romanians managed to stop the offensive and break through

272-557: A campaign of violence against communists, leftists , and Jews , known as the White Terror . Many supporters of the Hungarian Soviet Republic were executed without trial; others, including Péter Ágoston , Ferenc Bajáki , Dezső Bokányi , Antal Dovcsák , József Haubrich , Kalmár Henrik , Kelen József , György Nyisztor , Sándor Szabados, and Károly Vántus , were imprisoned by trial ("comissar suits"). Actor Bela Lugosi ,

340-596: A demonstration turned violent on 20 February and the protesters attacked the editorial office of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary's official newspaper called Népszava ( People's Word ). In the ensuing chaos, seven people, some policemen, were killed. The government arrested the leaders of the Communist party, banned its daily newspaper Vörös Újság , and closed down the party's buildings. The arrests were particularly violent, with police officers openly beating

408-538: A newspaper, called Vörös Újság ( Red News ) and concentrated on attacking Károlyi's liberal government. The party became popular among the Budapest proletariat, it also promised that Hungary would be able to defend its territory even without conscription . Kun promised military help and intervention of the Soviet Red Army , which never came, against non-communist Romanian, Czechoslovak, French and Yugoslav forces. During

476-482: A number of conflicts with the local population, some of which turned violent. The situation of the Hungarian Communists began to deteriorate in the capital city Budapest after a failed coup by the Social Democrats on 24 June; the newly composed Communist government of Sándor Garbai resorted to large-scale reprisals. Revolutionary tribunals ordered executions of people who were suspected of having been involved in

544-628: A series of military victories against the Czechoslovak army, the Hungarian Red Army started to disintegrate due to tension between nationalists and communists during the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic. The concession eroded support of the communist government among professional military officers and nationalists in the Hungarian Red Army; even the chief of the general staff Aurél Stromfeld, resigned his post in protest. When

612-569: A treaty of alliance with the Russian SFSR. The Russian SFSR refused because it was itself tied down in the Russian Civil War . On 23 March, Lenin gave an order to Béla Kun that Social Democrats must be removed from power, so that Hungary could be transformed into a socialist state ruled by a "dictatorship of the proletariat". Accordingly, the Communists started to purge the Social Democrats from

680-467: Is an accepted version of this page The national flag of Hungary ( Magyarország zászlaja ) is a horizontal tricolour of red, white and green. In this exact form, it has been the official flag of Hungary since 23 May 1957. The flag's form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries, while its colours are from the Middle Ages . The current Hungarian tricolour flag

748-603: Is the same as the republican movement flag of the United Kingdom (used since 1816) and the colours in that form were already used at least since the coronation of Leopold II in 1790, predating the first use of the Cispadane Republic 's tricolour in 1797. The modern flag of Hungary originated from the national freedom movement from before 1848, which culminated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The revolution

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816-573: The Czechoslovak Army crossed the northern borders. On 13 November, the Romanian Army crossed the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary . During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approximately 75% of its former pre-World War I territories (325,411 km²) without armed resistance and was subject to foreign occupation. For their part, the neighboring countries used

884-548: The Hungarian Soviet Republic due to an early mistranslation in the press) was a short-lived communist state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic . The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist rump state which, at its time of establishment, controlled approximately only 23% of Hungary 's historic territory. The head of government

952-590: The Hungarian State Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary, used in Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary, used between 1848 and 1849 and between 1867 and 1869. Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1869 to 1874 with the Hungarian small coat of arms. Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1874 to 1896. Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1896 to 1915. A variant of the flag of Hungary, used between 1896 and 1915, while part of Austria-Hungary . Flag of

1020-676: The Kossuth coat of arms. Flag of the Hungarian People's Republic , used between 1949 and 1956, bearing the Communist Rákosi coat of arms. This flag, from which the Rákosi era coat of arms has been cut out, became the symbol of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Hungarian Soviet Republic The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary (widely known in English sources as

1088-567: The Lenin Boys formed a mobile detachment under the leadership of József Cserny . This detachment was deployed at various locations around the country where counter-revolutionary movements were suspected to operate. The Lenin Boys as well as other similar groups and agitators killed and terrorised many people (e.g. armed with hand grenades and using their rifles' butts they disbanded religious ceremonies). They executed victims without trial, and this caused

1156-413: The Romanian forces. It is often referred to as the Hungarian Soviet Republic in English sources, but this is a mistranslation: the literal translation is "Republic of Councils in Hungary"; this was chosen to avoid any strong Hungarian ethnic connotation, and to express the proletarian internationalist doctrine of the new Communist regime . Austria-Hungary 's Habsburg monarchy collapsed in 1918, and

1224-553: The Romanian Army in the east. Despite promises for the restoration of the former borders of Hungary, the Communists declared the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic in Prešov on 16 June. After the proclamation of the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intention of recapturing the lost territories, only in spreading communist ideology and

1292-462: The Vix Note proved fatal to the government, which was by then devoid of significant support. Károlyi and Berinkey had been placed in an untenable situation when they received a note from Paris ordering Hungarian troops to further withdraw their lines. It was widely assumed that the new military lines would be the postwar boundaries. Károlyi and Berinkey concluded that they were not in a position to reject

1360-464: The minor arms without the crown as the badge again. In 1957, after the revolution was defeated by the Soviet Red Army, the new government created a "new" coat of arms, which however was never officially put onto the flag. Therefore, the official flag of Hungary has been a pure red-white-green tricolour since 1957. After the fall of communism in 1989 there was no need to change the flag, as like

1428-463: The unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian Army . This happened under the direction of Minister of War Béla Linder , on 2 November 1918. Due to the unilateral disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania,

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1496-563: The 13th century. Standard of the Árpád dynasty in the 13th century. Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Hungary under the Angevin dynasty from 1301 to 1382. Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Sigismund (1387–1437). Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Vladislaus I (1440–1444). Hungarian banner at the battle of Baia (1467) according to the Chronica Hungarorum Royal Standard of Hungary under

1564-575: The 1848–1849 revolution against the Habsburgs. Hungarian volunteers and Émigrés fought for the social movement and wars of Italian unification under the banner for Garibaldi. After the revolution in Hungary was defeated, the tricolour flag was prohibited by the Austrian Emperor. After the Compromise of 1867 , however, the tricolour became not only legal, but also the official flag of Hungary. The flag had

1632-466: The Communists was also heavily dependent on their promise of restoring Hungary's former borders. The government took steps toward normalizing foreign relations with the Triple Entente powers in an effort to gain back some of the lands that Hungary was set to lose in the post-war negotiations. The Communists remained bitterly unpopular in the Hungarian countryside, where the authority of that government

1700-671: The Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia. On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November by the Allies. Military and political events changed rapidly and drastically thereafter. On 5 November, the Serbian Army , with the help of the French Army , crossed southern borders. On 8 November,

1768-669: The French promised the Hungarian government that Romanian forces would withdraw from the Tiszántúl , Kun withdrew his remaining military units who had remained loyal after the political fiasco in Upper Hungary; however, following the Red Army's retreat from the north, the Romanian forces were not pulled back. Kun then unsuccessfully tried to turn the remaining units of the demoralized Hungarian Red Army on

1836-429: The Hungarian Red Army were recruited from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat. In June, the Hungarian Red Army invaded the eastern part of the newly forming Czechoslovak state (today's Slovakia ), the former so-called Upper Hungary . The Hungarian Red Army achieved some military success early on: under the leadership of Colonel Aurél Stromfeld , it ousted Czech troops from the north, and planned to march against

1904-629: The Hungarian lines. Kun and most of the government fled to Vienna. The Social-Democrat–Communist government was succeeded by an exclusively Social Democratic one on 1 August. The communists left Budapest and went abroad. Despite the opposition from the Entente, the Romanians entered Budapest, the Hungarian capital, on 4 August. The Hungarian heads of government applied controversial doctrinal measures in both foreign (internationalism instead of national interests during wartime) and domestic policy (planned economy and heightened class struggle) that made them lose

1972-459: The Italians adopted it as the flag of an Italian state in 1797. According to other data, but no evidence of, the recent form of the Hungarian tricolour had been already used from 1608 at the coronation of Mathias II of Hungary and following coronations. Folklore of the romantic period attributed the colours to virtues: red for strength, white for faithfulness and green for hope. Alternatively, red for

2040-435: The Kingdom of Hungary from 1915 to 1918. A variant of the flag of Hungary used between 1915 and 1918. Flag of the short-lived Hungarian People's Republic , used between 1918–1919 under the rule of Károlyi . Flag of the Hungarian Soviet Republic , used briefly in 1919. Flag of Hungary, used between 1919 and 1946 with the Hungarian small coat of arms. Flag of Hungary, used between 1946 and 1949 and between 1956 and 1957 with

2108-481: The Romanian Army broke through the weak lines of the Hungarian Red Army on 30 July. Béla Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Vienna on 1 August with only a minority, including György Lukács , the former Commissar for Culture and noted Marxist philosopher, remaining to organise an underground Communist party. Before they fled to Vienna, Kun and his followers took along numerous art treasures and

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2176-413: The Romanians with Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919 . The Hungarian Soviet found it increasingly difficult to fight Romania with its small force of communist volunteers from Budapest, and support for both the war and the Communist party was waning at home. After the demoralizing retreat from northern Hungary (later part of Czechoslovakia), only the most dedicated Hungarian Communists volunteered for combat, and

2244-473: The Triple Entente that would lead to the lifting of the economic blockade, the improvement of the new borders or the recognition of the new government by the victorious powers of World War I . A small volunteer army was organized mostly from Budapest factory workers and attempts were made to recover the territories lost to neighboring countries, an objective that had widespread support from many working class people in some larger cities, not only those favorable to

2312-454: The abolition of aristocratic titles and privileges, the separation of church and state , codified freedom of assembly and freedom of speech , and implemented free education and language and cultural rights to minorities. The Communist government also nationalized industrial and commercial enterprises and socialized housing, transport, banking, medicine, cultural institutions, and all landholdings of more than 40 hectares . Public support for

2380-461: The arms serving as the badge. With the onset of Communist rule in 1949, a new coat of arms featuring a Communist red star was placed on the flag as the badge. During the anti-Soviet uprising in 1956 , revolutionaries cut out the Hammer and Wheat emblem and used the resulting tricolour with a hole in the middle as the symbol of the revolution. For some months the new government changed the flag to bear

2448-478: The attempted coup. This became known as the Red Terror , and greatly reduced domestic support for the government even among the working classes of the highly industrialized suburb districts and metropolitan area of Budapest. In late May, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Kun attempted to fulfill his promise to adhere to Hungary's historical borders. The men of

2516-435: The blood spilled for the fatherland, white for freedom and green for the land, for the pastures of Hungary. The new constitution, which took effect on 1 January 2012, makes the ex-post interpretation mentioned first official (in the semi-official translation: strength ( erő ), fidelity ( hűség ) and hope ( remény )). As described above, the red, white and green tricolour clearly emerged as a sign of national sovereignty during

2584-464: The communists. This resulted in a wave of public sympathy for the party among the masses of Budapester proletariat. On 1 March, Vörös Újság was given permission to publish again, and the Communist party's premises were re-opened. The leaders were permitted to receive guests in prison, which allowed them to keep up with political affairs. On 20 March, Károlyi announced that the government of Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey would resign. The presentation of

2652-557: The direct participation of the workers' councils (soviets) from which it took its name, the newly united Socialist Party created a government called the Revolutionary Governing Council, which proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic and dismissed President Károlyi on 21 March. In a radio dispatch to the Russian SFSR , Kun informed Lenin that a dictatorship of the proletariat had been established in Hungary and asked for

2720-553: The establishment of other communist states in Europe, thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests. The Hungarian patriots in the Red Army and the professional military officers saw this as a betrayal, and their support for the government began to erode (the communists and their government supported the establishment of the Slovak Communist state, while the Hungarian patriots wanted to keep the reoccupied territories for Hungary). Despite

2788-443: The favor of the majority of the population. The attempt of the new executive to profoundly change the lifestyle and the system of values of the population proved to be a resounding failure; After the withdrawal from Slovakia, the application of some measures aimed at regaining popular support was ordered, but without great success; in particular, the ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages was repealed, and attempts were made to improve

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2856-459: The flag of Hungary are defined in the official document MSZ 1361:2009: Unofficial civil flag of Hungary Unofficial state flag of Hungary State flag of Hungary (vertical version) Unofficial state flag of Hungary (vertical version) Flag of the Principality of Hungary (895–1000). Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Béla III (1172–1196). Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Hungary in

2924-526: The flags of Poland and Czechoslovakia, it did not bear any communist insignia. There was a recommendation of the Committee of Symbols in the 2000s, that the coat of arms should be part of the state flag, while the national flag should remain plain (as is the status quo). This has not been implemented in law, though in case of most state use the arms are legally permitted on the flag (see below). The Hungarian Constitution does not explicitly state anything about

2992-419: The following months, the Communist party's power-base rapidly expanded. Its supporters began to stage aggressive demonstrations against the media and against the Social Democratic Party. The Communists considered the Social Democrats as their main rivals, because the Social Democrats recruited their political supporters from the same social class: the industrial working class of the cities. In one crucial incident,

3060-614: The founder of the country's National Trade Union of Actors (the world's first film actor's union), managed to escape. Most were later released to the Soviet Union by amnesty during the reign of Horthy, after a prisoner exchange agreement between Hungary and the Russian Soviet government in 1921. In all, about 415 prisoners were released as a result of this agreement. Kun himself, along with an unknown number of other Hungarian communists, were executed during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge of

3128-473: The gold stocks of the National Bank. The Budapest Workers' Soviet elected a new government, headed by Gyula Peidl , which lasted only a few days before Romanian forces entered Budapest on 6 August. In the power vacuum created by the fall of the soviet republic and the presence of the Romanian Army, semi-regular detachments (technically under Horthy 's command, but mostly independent in practice) initiated

3196-650: The government on the next day. The government was formally led by Sándor Garbai, but Kun, as the Commissar of Foreign Affairs, held the real power because only Kun had the acquaintance and friendship with Lenin. He was the only person in the government who met and talked to the Bolshevik leader during the Russian Revolution, and Kun kept the contact with the Kremlin via radio communication. The ministries, often rotated among

3264-586: The impossibility of joining forces with the Red Army because of the ongoing Russian Civil War contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Republic. When the Republic of Councils in Hungary was established in 1919, it controlled about 23% of the territory of Hungary 's previous pre-World War I territories (325,411 km ). It was the successor of the First Hungarian Republic and lasted from 21 March to 1 August of

3332-584: The independent First Hungarian Republic was formed after the Aster Revolution . The official proclamation of the republic was on 16 November and the liberal Count Mihály Károlyi became its president. Károlyi struggled to establish the government's authority and to control the country. The Hungarian Royal Honvéd army still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers when Mihály Károlyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. Károlyi yielded to United States president Woodrow Wilson 's demand for pacifism by ordering

3400-433: The monetary situation and food supply. Unable to apply these policies effectively, the republic had already lost the support of the majority of the population between June and July, which led, together with the military defeats, to its downfall. The failure of internal reform was compounded by the political and economic isolation imposed on Hungary by the Triple Entente, the military failures against neighboring countries, and

3468-553: The name of the Hungarian Socialist Party. President Károlyi, who was an outspoken anticommunist, was not informed about the merger. Thus, he swore in what he believed to be a Social Democratic government, only to find himself faced with one dominated by Communists. Károlyi resigned on 21 March. Béla Kun and his fellow communists were released from the Margit Ring prison on the night of 20 March. The liberal president Károlyi

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3536-459: The new regime. Initially, thanks to patriotic support from conservative officers, the republican forces advanced against the Czechoslovaks in north Hungary, after suffering a defeat in the east at the hands of the Romanian Army in late April, which led to a retreat on the banks of the Tisza . In mid-June, the birth of the Slovak Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which lasted two weeks until

3604-543: The note although they believed that accepting it would endanger Hungary's territorial integrity. On 21 March, Károlyi informed the Council of Ministers that only Social Democrats could form a new government, as they were the party with the highest public support in the largest cities and especially in Budapest. To form a governing coalition, the Social Democrats started secret negotiations with the Communist leaders, who were still imprisoned, and decided to merge their two parties under

3672-506: The rule of Matthias I (1458–1490). Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Matthias I (1458–1490). Royal Standard of Hungary under the rule of Vladislaus II (1490–1516). Royal Standard attributed to Louis II of Hungary (1516–1526). The flag of the Habsburg dynasty was used in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 18th century to 1848 and between 1849 and 1867. Flag raised during Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711). Flag of

3740-573: The same form since the mid-15th century, with exception to some minor differences, and were marshalled from arms that first appeared in the late 12th and early 13th century as arms of the Árpáds , Hungary's founding dynasty. The stripes are horizontal rather than vertical to prevent confusion with the Italian flag despite the banner in that form predating the Italian tricolour by at least 7 years but unlike in Italy,

3808-410: The same year. Though the de jure leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic was president Sándor Garbai , the de facto power was in the hands of foreign minister Béla Kun , who maintained direct contact with Vladimir Lenin via radiotelegraph. It was Lenin who gave the direct orders and advice to Béla Kun via constant radio communication with the Kremlin . It was the second socialist state in

3876-403: The same, but small differences emerged in terms of the badge. A short interlude and exception was the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic , which lasted for four-and-a-half months; it used a solid red banner. It seems that from 1920 to 1944–1945 the tricolour displayed the minor arms of Hungary, but the version without them was also used. Between 1946 and 1949 the crown was removed from the top of

3944-457: The so-called minor arms (also known as the Kossuth coat of arms ) of Hungary with archangels as supporters were used as a badge on the flag. This configuration was used until the end of the Habsburg Empire in 1918. After the fall of the Habsburg Empire, the years 1918 to 1920 were highly turbulent, and several hard-to-trace minor changes took place. The red-green-white tricolour stayed

4012-435: The so-called "struggle against communism ", first against the capitalist and liberal government of Count Mihály Károlyi and later against the soviet republic of communist Bela Kun, as a justification for their expansionist ambitions. An initial nucleus of a Party of Communists in Hungary had been organized in a hotel on 4 November 1918, when a group of former Hungarian prisoners of war and other communist proponents formed

4080-505: The time was largely made up of people from non-Hungarian ethnic backgrounds, with ethnic Hungarians a minority in the new party itself. The party recruited members while propagating its ideas, radicalising many members of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary in the process. By February 1919, the party numbered 30,000 to 40,000 members, including many unemployed ex-soldiers, young intellectuals and ethnic minorities. Kun founded

4148-411: The various members of the government, were: After the declaration of the constitution changes took place in the commissariat. The new ministries were: This government consisted of a coalition of socialists and communists, but with the exception of Kun, all commissars were former social democrats. Under the rule of Kun, the new government, which had adopted in full the program of the Communists, decreed

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4216-462: The width:length ratio of the flag; but, there is a law from 1957 that is in force stating that seagoing merchant vessels shall hoist the red, white and green tricolour in 2:3 ratio. By a government decree from 2000, the ratio (which is neither defined in the Constitution nor in 1995 or 2000 legislation) of flags used on government building is 1:2. Summarized, this would mean: The colours of

4284-579: The world to be formed, preceded only by Soviet Russia after the October Revolution in Imperial Russia which brought the Bolsheviks to power. The Hungarian Republic of Councils had military conflicts with the Kingdom of Romania , the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , and the evolving Czechoslovakia . It ended on 1 August when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to

4352-460: Was Sándor Garbai , but the influence of the foreign minister Béla Kun of the Party of Communists in Hungary was much stronger. Unable to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente , which maintained an economic blockade of Hungary, in dispute with neighboring countries over territorial disputes, and beset by profound internal social changes, the Hungarian Soviet Republic failed in its objectives and

4420-467: Was abolished a few months after its existence. Its main figure was the Communist Béla Kun, despite the fact that in the first days the majority of the new government consisted of radical Social Democrats . The new system effectively concentrated power in the governing councils , which exercised it in the name of the working class . The new Communist government failed to reach an agreement with

4488-545: Was arrested by the new Communist government on the first day; in July, he managed to make his escape and flee to Paris. For the Social Democrats, an alliance with the KMP not only increased their standing with the industrial working class but also gave them a potential link to the increasingly powerful Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , as Kun had strong ties with prominent Russian Bolsheviks. Following Vladimir Lenin 's model but without

4556-420: Was not only in opposition against the monarchy but also the Habsburg Empire , as well as to form an independent republic. Accordingly, the flag of Hungary features a tricolour element which is based on the flag of France as a reflection of the ideas of the French Revolution of 1848 ; while red, white, and green are colours derived from the historical Hungarian coat of arms , which have essentially remained in

4624-413: Was often nonexistent. The Communist party and their policies had real popular support among only the proletarian masses of large industrial centers, especially in Budapest, where the working class represented a high proportion of the inhabitants. The Hungarian government was left on its own, and a Red Guard was established under the command of Mátyás Rákosi . In addition, a group of 200 armed men known as

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