64-410: An esker , eskar , eschar , or os , sometimes called an asar , osar , or serpent kame , is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel , examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. Eskers are frequently several kilometres long and, because of their uniform shape, look like railway embankments . The term esker is derived from
128-571: A cause and effect relationship had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs. A 2022 review of international urology guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, unconvincing or weak. Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of polyphenols – including proanthocyanidins , flavonols and quercetin . These phytochemical compounds are being studied in vivo and in vitro for possible effects on
192-435: A 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46 calories and moderate levels of vitamin C , dietary fiber , and the essential dietary mineral manganese , each with more than 10% of its Daily Value . Other micronutrients have low content (table). Dried cranberries are commonly processed with up to 10 times their natural sugar content . The drying process also eliminates vitamin C content. In North America,
256-795: A distance of 200 km (120 mi), and is still closely followed by the main Dublin–Galway road The synonym os comes from the Swedish word ås , "ridge". Most eskers are argued to have formed within ice-walled tunnels by streams that flowed within and under glaciers. They tended to form around the time of the glacial maximum , when the glacier was slow and sluggish. After the retaining ice walls melted away, stream deposits remained as long winding ridges. Eskers may also form above glaciers by accumulation of sediment in supraglacial channels , in crevasses , in linear zones between stagnant blocks, or in narrow embayments at glacier margins. Eskers form near
320-514: A larger geomorphological and/or structural feature. Frequently, a ridge can be further subdivided into smaller geomorphic or structural elements. As in the case of landforms in general, there is a lack of any commonly agreed classification or typology of ridges. They can be defined and classified on the basis of a variety of factors including either genesis, morphology, composition, statistical analysis of remote sensing data, or some combinations of these factors. An example of ridge classification
384-615: A long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under
448-553: A means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of the pine tree shilling minted by John Hull . In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a banquet in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 book New England Rarities Discovered author John Josselyn described cranberries, writing: Sauce for
512-563: Is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It has an acidic taste which usually overwhelms its sweetness. There are 4–5 species of cranberry, classified by subgenus : Cranberries are related to bilberries , blueberries , and huckleberries , all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium . These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, petals that are not reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. The name cranberry derives from
576-489: Is an account of Europeans coming ashore and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, there is a 1633 account of the husband of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for 16 shillings. In 1643, Roger Williams 's book A Key into the Language of America described cranberries, referring to them as "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott
640-406: Is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product. The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke
704-405: Is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with urination disorders or pregnant women. When the quality of meta-analyses on
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#1733085246048768-624: Is how white cranberry juice is made. Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests. Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking
832-540: Is more highly sweetened than even soda drinks that have been linked to obesity. Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a compote or jelly , known as cranberry sauce . Such preparations are traditionally served with roast turkey , as a staple of Thanksgiving (both in Canada and in the United States ) as well as English dinners. The berry is also used in baking ( muffins , scones , cakes and breads ). In baking it
896-444: Is often combined with orange or orange zest . Less commonly, cranberries are used to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews. Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing. There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the cosmopolitan , that include cranberry juice. A 2023 Cochrane systematic review of 50 studies concluded there
960-576: Is on an esker between two lakes carved by glaciers . A similar site is Punkaharju in Finnish Lakeland . The village of Kemnay in Aberdeenshire, Scotland has a 5 km (3.1 mi) esker locally called the Kemb Hills. In Berwickshire in southeast Scotland is Bedshiel Kaims, a 3 km-long (1.9 mi) example which is up to 15 m (49 ft) high and is a legacy of an ice-stream within
1024-401: Is scraped off to form dykes around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in). The surface is laser leveled flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on
1088-666: Is stratified and sorted, and usually consists of pebble/cobble-sized material with occasional boulders. Bedding may be irregular but is almost always present, and cross-bedding is common. There are various cases where inland dunes have developed next to eskers after deglaciation . These dunes are often found in the leeward side of eskers, if the esker is not oriented parallel to prevailing winds. Examples of dunes developed on eskers can be found in both Swedish and Finnish Lapland . Lakes may form within depressions in eskers. These lakes can lack surface outflows and inflows and have drastic fluctuations over time. Eskers are critical to
1152-661: Is that of Schoeneberger and Wysocki, which provides a relatively simple and straightforward system that is used by the USA National Cooperative Soil Survey Program to classify ridges and other landforms. This system uses the dominant geomorphic process or setting to classify different groups of landforms into two major groups, Geomorphic Environments and Other Groupings with a total of 16 subgroups. The groups and their subgroups are not mutually exclusive; landforms, including ridges, can belong to multiple subgroups. In this classification, ridges are found in
1216-486: Is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in
1280-486: The Cape Cod town of Dennis around 1816. In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and Boston from which shipments were also sent to Europe. In 1843, Eli Howes planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts. By 1900, 8,700 hectares (21,500 acres) were under cultivation in
1344-480: The Constitutional Convention . Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. William Aiton , a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis . He notes that Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at
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#17330852460481408-795: The Denali Highway in Alaska , the Trans-Taiga Road in Quebec , and the "Airline" segment of Maine State Route 9 between Bangor and Calais . There are numerous long eskers in the Adirondack State Park in upstate New York . The Rainbow Lake esker bisects the eponymous lake and extends discontinuously for 85 miles (c. 137 km). Another long discontinuous esker extends from Mountain Pond through Keese Mill , passing between Upper St. Regis Lake and
1472-479: The Eatmor brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell. With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The Ocean Spray cooperative
1536-532: The Irish word eiscir ( Old Irish : escir ), which means "ridge or elevation, especially one separating two plains or depressed surfaces". The Irish word was and is used particularly to describe long sinuous ridges, which are now known to be deposits of fluvio-glacial material. The best-known example of such an eiscir is the Eiscir Riada , which runs nearly the whole width of Ireland from Dublin to Galway ,
1600-840: The Middle Low German kraanbere (English translation, craneberry ), first named as cranberry in English by the missionary John Eliot in 1647. Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in New England used the word, cranberry, to represent the expanding flower, stem , calyx , and petals resembling the neck, head, and bill of a crane . The traditional English name for the plant more common in Europe, Vaccinium oxycoccos , fenberry , originated from plants with small red berries found growing in fen (marsh) lands of England. American Revolutionary War veteran Henry Hall first cultivated cranberries in
1664-712: The Narragansett people of the Algonquian nation in the regions of New England appeared to be using cranberries in pemmican for food and for dye. Calling the red berries, sasemineash , the Narragansett people may have introduced cranberries to colonists in Massachusetts . In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and it was the first reference to American cranberries up until this point. In James Rosier's book The Land of Virginia there
1728-748: The Tweed Valley . Great Esker Park runs along the Back River in Weymouth, Massachusetts , and is home to the highest esker in North America (27 m (90 ft)). There are over 1,000 eskers in the state of Michigan , primarily in the south-central Lower Peninsula . The longest esker in Michigan is the 35 km-long (22 mi) Mason Esker, which stretches south-southeast from DeWitt through Lansing and Holt , before ending near Mason . Esker systems in
1792-543: The crest or ridgecrest , with the terrain dropping down on either side. The crest, if narrow, is also called a ridgeline . Limitations on the dimensions of a ridge are lacking. Its height above the surrounding terrain can vary from less than a meter to hundreds of meters. A ridge can be either depositional , erosional , tectonic , or a combination of these in origin and can consist of either bedrock , loose sediment , lava , or ice depending on its origin. A ridge can occur as either an isolated, independent feature or part of
1856-412: The 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide aminotriazole . The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After
1920-471: The Aeolian, Coastal Marine and Estuarine, Lacustrine, Glacial, Volcanic and Hydrothermal, Tectonic and Structural, Slope, and Erosional subgroups. Cranberries Vaccinium erythrocarpum Vaccinium japonicum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccos Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of
1984-612: The Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea. As of 2016 , the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea. From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China
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2048-558: The Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production. The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York ( Long Island ). The authority for
2112-463: The New England region. In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was 360,000 metric tons (790 million pounds), with Wisconsin as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by Massachusetts and Oregon . Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil
2176-846: The North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative. In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and won $ 200,000 in real damages plus triple damages, just in time for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming announced that some of
2240-576: The Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling [ sic ] plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards red, as big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower [ sic ] astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are excellent against the Scurvy. They are also good to allay
2304-575: The Spectacle Ponds, and continuing to Ochre, Fish, and Lydia Ponds in the St. Regis Canoe Area . A 150-foot-high esker bisects the Five Ponds Wilderness Area . Ridge A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated geomorphologic landform , structural feature , or a combination of both separated from the surrounding terrain by steep sides. The sides of a ridge slope away from a narrow top,
2368-582: The U.S. state of Maine can be traced for up to 160 km (100 mi). Thelon Esker is almost 800 km (500 mi) long, straddling the boundary between the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories in Canada . Uvayuq or Mount Pelly, in Ovayok Territorial Park , the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut is an esker. Roads are sometimes built along eskers to save expense. Examples include
2432-474: The United Kingdom. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit
2496-612: The actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress. The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand
2560-507: The aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends. Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $ 65.00 per barrel ($ 0.65 per pound or $ 1.43 per kilogram)—a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kilograms—in 1996 then fell to $ 18.00 per barrel ($ 0.18 per pound or $ 0.40 per kilogram) in 2001. The cause for
2624-401: The barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station. Diseases of cranberry include: In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 tonnes , with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total. Wisconsin (59% of US production) and Quebec (60% of Canadian production) are two of
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2688-612: The cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer. However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits. Potential is limited by poor absorption and rapid excretion. Cranberry juice contains a high molecular weight non- dializable material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of plaque by Streptococcus mutans pathogens that cause tooth decay. Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on kidney stone formation. Problems may arise with
2752-508: The cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In 2020, the U.S., Canada, and Chile accounted for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice , sauce, jam, and sweetened dried cranberries , with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. Cranberry sauce is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners in the U.S. and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in
2816-595: The ecology of Northern Canada. Several plants that grow on eskers, including bear root and cranberries , are important food for bears and migrating waterfowl; animals from grizzly bears to tundra wolves to ground squirrels can burrow into the eskers to survive the long winters. In Sweden , Uppsalaåsen stretches for 250 km (160 mi) and passes through Uppsala city. The Badelundaåsen esker runs for over 300 km (190 mi) from Nyköping to lake Siljan . Pispala 's Pyynikki Esker in Tampere , Finland,
2880-477: The efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of clinical research design and inadequate numbers of subjects. In 2014, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that
2944-452: The fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost. Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the first part of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 in) of water above
3008-653: The fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling [ sic ] them with sugar for sauce to eat with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries. The Compleat Cook's Guide , published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner. In 1787, James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to use at
3072-554: The first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled American Cookery which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts. As fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and bitter, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make cranberry juice and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened. Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At four teaspoons of sugar per 100 grams (one teaspoon per ounce), cranberry juice cocktail
3136-465: The genus Vaccinium . Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, but has an acidic taste. In Britain, cranberry may refer to
3200-483: The lack of validation for quantifying of A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the European Pharmacopoeia method, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry , or a modified 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde colorimetric method. Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing
3264-811: The largest producers of cranberries in the two countries. Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in Massachusetts , New Jersey , Oregon , and Washington , as well as in the Canadian province of British Columbia (33% of Canadian production). The anticoagulant effects of warfarin may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in adverse effects such as increased incidence of bleeding and bruising . Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or kidney stone formation. Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% carbohydrates , and contain negligible protein and fat (table). In
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#17330852460483328-424: The native species Vaccinium oxycoccos , while in North America, cranberry may refer to V. macrocarpon . Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while V. macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right. Cranberries can be found in acidic bogs throughout
3392-421: The precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate. Cranberry handlers (processors) include Ocean Spray , Cliffstar Corporation , Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors. The Cranberry Marketing Committee
3456-506: The quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another. Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas. In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have
3520-424: The stream flow and create steep-walled, sharply-arched tunnels. The concentration of rock debris in the ice and the rate at which sediment is delivered to the tunnel by melting and from upstream transport determines the amount of sediment in an esker. The sediment generally consists of coarse-grained, water-laid sand and gravel, although gravelly loam may be found where the rock debris is rich in clay. This sediment
3584-432: The surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent, light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year. The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between $ 74,000 and $ 124,000 per hectare ($ 30,000 and $ 50,000 per acre). Cranberries are harvested in
3648-439: The terminal zone of glaciers, where the ice is not moving as fast and is relatively thin. Plastic flow and melting of the basal ice determines the size and shape of the subglacial tunnel. This in turn determines the shape, composition and structure of an esker. Eskers may exist as a single channel, or may be part of a branching system with tributary eskers. They are not often found as continuous ridges, but have gaps that separate
3712-555: The vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years , water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which
3776-431: The vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide irrigation for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection. A common misconception about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year. During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during
3840-406: The winding segments. The ridge crests of eskers are not usually level for very long, and are generally knobby. Eskers may be broad-crested or sharp-crested with steep sides. They can reach hundreds of kilometers in length and are generally 20–30 m (66–98 ft) in height. The path of an esker is governed by its water pressure in relation to the overlying ice. Generally, the pressure of the ice
3904-487: The winter to protect against low temperatures. In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years. Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on
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#17330852460483968-404: Was at such a point that it would allow eskers to run in the direction of glacial flow, but force them into the lowest possible points such as valleys or river beds, which may deviate from the direct path of the glacier. This process is what produces the wide eskers upon which roads and highways can be built. Less pressure, occurring in areas closer to the glacial maximum , can cause ice to melt over
4032-487: Was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for agricultural cooperatives . As of 2006 , about 65% of
4096-611: Was quoted in Thomas Shepard's book Clear Sunshine of the Gospel with an account of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to hunt and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to King Charles ten barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as
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