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60-522: The construction of the mosque and the külliye complex was commissioned by Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II , and finished in 1887. The original architect is not known. It is dedicated to the founder of the Medeni branch of Shadhili ( Turkish : Şaziliye ) tariqa , a Libyan Sufi , Sheikh Hamza Zafir. The mosque is named after Ertuğrul Gazi , the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire , Osman I , as

120-565: A commendation to him. The name also comes from the Ertuğrul Regiment , a royal palace guard regiment which comprised Turks from the Domaniç region. Initially the complex only consisted of the mosque, tekke, and the guesthouse. After the death of Sheikh Hamza Zafir in 1903, his türbe was constructed next to the mosque by the Italian architect Raimondo D'Aronco between 1905 and 1906. The library and

180-736: A conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . In the 9th century, the Oghuz from the Aral steppes drove Pechenegs westward from the Emba and Ural River region. In the 10th century, the Oghuz inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai and Emba north of Lake Balkhash in modern-day Kazakhstan . They embraced Islam and adapted their traditions and institutions to the Islamic world, emerging as empire-builders with

240-626: A constructive sense of statecraft. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Oghuz clan entered Persia , where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire . The same century, a Tengriist Oghuz clan, also known as Uzes or Torks , overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the frontier of the Russian steppes; those who settled along the frontier were gradually Slavicized ; the almost feudal Black Hat principality grew with its own military aristocracy. Others, harried by

300-515: A prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi , who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes. Noting that the mid-8th-century Tariat inscriptions , in Uyghur khagan Bayanchur 's honor, mentioned

360-454: A wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as Iranian , Mongolic , Tocharian , Uralic and Yeniseian peoples , and others. In early times, they practiced a Tengrist religion, erecting many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths and holding elaborate hunting and banqueting rituals. During

420-659: Is a Common Turkic word for "tribe". By the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to those of Tengrist or Buddhist religion; and by the 12th century this term was adopted into Byzantine usage, as the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim. The name "Oghuz" fell out of use by 13th century. Linguistically, the Oghuz belong to the Common Turkic speaking group, characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic /-ʃ/ versus Oghuric /-l/ and Common Turkic /-z/ versus Oghuric /-r/ . Within

480-460: The Oghuzname , Battalname , Danishmendname , Köroğlu epics which are part of the literary history of Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey and Turkmens. The modern and classical literature of Azerbaijan , Turkey and Turkmenistan are also considered Oghuz literature since it was produced by their descendants. The Book of Dede Korkut is a valuable collection of epics and stories, bearing witness to

540-823: The Kipchak Turks, crossed the lower Danube and invaded the Balkans, where they were stopped by a plague and became mercenaries for the Byzantine imperial forces (1065). Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the 1000s onwards, and as far as Spain and Morocco. In the late 13th century after the fall of the Seljuks, the Ottoman dynasty gradually conquered Anatolia with an army also predominantly of Oghuz, besting other local Oghuz Turkish states . In legend,

600-608: The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art displayed East Asian features. Over time, Oghuz Turks' physical appearance changed. Rashid al-Din Hamadani stated that "because of the climate their features gradually changed into those of Tajiks. Since they were not Tajiks, the Tajik peoples called them turkmān , i.e. Turk-like (Turk-mānand)" . Ḥāfiẓ Tanīsh Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī also related that the "Oghuz Turkic face did not remain as it

660-832: The Oghuz Yabgu State were not the same tribal confederation as the Toquz Oghuz from whom emerged the founders of Uyghur Khaganate . Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned: "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq" Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks ' and Uyghurs ' inscriptions , where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without

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720-645: The Ottoman Interregnum are also listed here, but they are not included in the formal numbering of sultans. Oghuz Turks The Oghuz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز , romanized: Oγuz ) were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. Today, much of

780-748: The Pindus ( Epirus , Greece ), the Šar Mountains ( North Macedonia ), the Pirin and Rhodope Mountains ( Bulgaria ) and Dobrudja . An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailars or Kayılar Turks were amongst the first Turkish colonists in Europe, ( Kailar or Kayılar being the Turkish name for the Greek town of Ptolemaida which took its current name in 1928) formerly inhabiting parts of

840-523: The padishah ( Ottoman Turkish : پادشاه , romanized :  pâdişâh , French : Padichah ). In Ottoman usage the word "Padisha" was usually used except "sultan" was used when he was directly named. In several European languages, he was referred to as the Grand Turk , as the ruler of the Turks, or simply the "Great Lord" ( il Gran Signore , le grand seigneur ) especially in the 16th century. Names of

900-604: The 2nd century BC, according to ancient Chinese sources, a steppe tribal confederation known as the Xiongnu and their allies, the Wusun (probably an Indo-European people ) defeated the neighboring Indo-European-speaking Yuezhi and drove them out of western China and into Central Asia. Various scholarly theories link the Xiongnu to Turkic peoples and/or the Huns . Bichurin claimed that

960-708: The 700s, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas and the northwest part of Transoxania, along the Syr Darya river. They had moved westward from the Altay mountains passing through the Siberian steppes and settled in this region, and also penetrated into southern Russia and the Volga from their bases in west China. In the 11th century,

1020-553: The Caspian and Aral Seas, during the period of the caliph Al-Mahdi (after 775 AD). By 780, the eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and to their west were the Oghuz. Transoxiana, their main homeland in subsequent centuries became known as the "Oghuz Steppe". During the period of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in

1080-468: The Common Turkic group, the Oghuz languages share these innovations: loss of Proto-Turkic gutturals in suffix anlaut, loss of /ɣ/ except after /a/ , /ɡ/ becoming either /j/ or lost, voicing of /t/ to /d/ and of /k/ to /ɡ/ , and */ð/ becomes /j/ . Their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that of all

1140-459: The Greek regions of Thessaly and Macedonia . Settled Yörüks could be found until 1923, especially near and in the town of Kozani . Mahmud al-Kashgari listed 22 Oghuz tribes in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk . Kashgari further wrote that "In origin they are 24 tribes, but the two Khalajiyya tribes are distinguished from them [the twenty-two] in certain respects and so are not counted among them. This

1200-603: The Karachuk Mountains towards the Caspian Sea was called the "Oghuz Steppe Lands" from where the Oghuz Turks established trading, religious and cultural contacts with the Abbasid Arab caliphate who ruled to the south. This is around the same time that they first converted to Islam and renounced their Tengriism belief system. The Arab historians mentioned that the Oghuz Turks were ruled by a number of kings and chieftains. It

1260-617: The Nine-Oghuzes as "[his] people" and that he defeated the Eight-Oghuzes and their allies, the Nine Tatars , three times in 749.; according to Klyashtorny and Czeglédy, eight tribes of the Nine-Oghuzes revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe and renamed themselves Eight-Oghuzes. Ibn al-Athir , an Arab historian, claimed that the Oghuz Turks were settled mainly in Transoxiana , between

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1320-524: The Oghuz Turks adopted Arabic script, replacing the Old Turkic alphabet . In his accredited 11th-century treatise titled Diwan Lughat al-Turk , Karakhanid scholar Mahmud of Kashgar mentioned five Oghuz cities named Sabran , Sitkün , Qarnaq , Suğnaq , and Qaraçuq (the last of which was also known to Kashgari as Farab, now Otrar ; situated near the Karachuk mountains to its east). The extension from

1380-566: The Oghuzes were located outsides of the Ten Arrows' jurisdiction, west of the Altai Mountains , near lake Issyk-Kul , Talas river 's basin and seemingly around the Syr Darya basin, and near the Chumul, Karluks , Qays , Quns , Śari , etc. who were mentioned by al-Maṣudi and Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi . According to Ahmad ibn Fadlan , the Oghuz were nomads, but also had cultivated crops, and

1440-512: The Ottoman Empire . Despite being barred from inheriting the throne, women of the imperial harem —especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the valide sultan —also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women . Constitutionalism was established during the reign Abdul Hamid II , who thus became

1500-586: The Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as Edirne in English) in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul ) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II . The Ottoman Empire's early years have been

1560-500: The Republic of Turkey and was opened to the public in 1973. Recently, all the buildings except the guesthouses have undergone another restoration process. The restoration started in 2008 and lasted for two years. The mosque and türbe opened to the public on 21 May 2010 by President Abdullah Gül . As of 2010, both guesthouses are currently in a ruined state and not in use. The mosque and the guesthouses are wooden constructions and represents

1620-525: The Turkic Uyghurs ; however, this is controversial and has few scholarly adherents. Yury Zuev (1960) links the Oghuz to the Western Turkic tribe 姑蘇 Gūsū < ( MC * kuo-suo ) in the 8th-century encyclopaedia Tongdian (or erroneously Shǐsū 始蘇 in the 11th century Zizhi Tongjian ). Zuev also noted a parallel between two passages: Based on those sources, Zuev proposes that in the 8th century

1680-760: The Turkic languages, that of the Oghuz was the simplest. He also observed that long separation had led to clear differences between the western Oghuz and Kipchak language and that of the eastern Turks. According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in Altai-Sayan region , Mongolia or Tuva . Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers, but later became nomadic pastoralists . Early and medieval Turkic groups exhibited

1740-475: The Turks, made from fermented horse milk), Pekmez (a syrup made of boiled grape juice) and helva made with wheat starch or rice flour, tutmac (noodle soup), yufka (flattened bread), katmer (layered pastry), chorek (ring-shaped buns), bread, clotted cream, cheese, yogurt, milk and ayran (diluted yogurt beverage), as well as wine. Social order was maintained by emphasizing "correctness in conduct as well as ritual and ceremony". Ceremonies brought together

1800-556: The classical architecture of the late Ottoman period. The türbe, library, and the fountain are built in the Art Nouveau style. List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : Osmanlı padişahları ), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height,

1860-527: The connective tissues of their society. In Oghuz traditions, "society was simply the result of the growth of individual families". But such a society also grew by alliances and the expansion of different groups, normally through marriages. The shelter of the Oghuz tribes was a tent-like dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or hand-woven textiles, which is called a yurt . Their cuisine included yahni (stew), kebabs , Toyga soup (meaning "wedding soup"), Kımız (a traditional drink of

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1920-699: The economy was based on a semi-pastoralist lifestyle. Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos mentioned the Uzi and Mazari ( Hungarians ) as neighbours of the Pechenegs . By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) "Oghuz" was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate. Within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes. A number of subsequent tribal confederations bore

1980-476: The empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch. Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the parliament and the constitution to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to reinstall constitutionalism and was deposed. Since 2021, the head of the House of Osman has been Harun Osman , a great-grandson of Abdul Hamid II . The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as

2040-472: The family was based on age, gender, relationships by blood, or marriageability. Males, as well as females, were active in society, yet men were the backbones of leadership and organization. According to the Book of Dede Korkut , which demonstrates the culture of the Oghuz Turks, women were "expert horse riders, archers, and athletes". The elders were respected as repositories of both "secular and spiritual wisdom". In

2100-526: The first usage of the word Oghuz appears to have been the title of Oğuz Kağan , whose biography shares similarities with the account, recorded by Han Chinese, of Xiongnu leader Modu Shanyu (or Mau-Tun), who founded the Xiongnu Empire . However, Oghuz Khan narratives were actually collected in Compendium of Chronicles by Ilkhanid scholar Rashid-al-Din in the early 14th century. Sima Qian recorded

2160-434: The fittest , not eldest, son": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous fratricides that occurred, there was often a time gap between a sultan's death date and the accession date of his successor. In 1617, the law of succession changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on agnatic seniority ( اکبریت ekberiyet ), whereby

2220-519: The founder Osman 's genealogy traces to Oghuz Khagan , the legendary ancient ancestor of Turkic people , giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among Turkish monarchs. The dynasties of Khwarazmians , Qara Qoyunlu , Aq Qoyunlu , Ottomans , Afsharids and Qajars are also believed to descend from the Oghuz-Turkmen tribes of Begdili , Yiva, Bayandur , Kayi and Afshar respectively. The name Oghuz

2280-464: The fountain were also added in this expansion. After the passing of Sheikh Hamza Zafir, his two brothers Muhammed Zafir Efendi and Beşir Zafir Efendi became the sheikhs of the tekke. They are also buried in the türbe next to their elder brother. The complex is mainly built as a guesthouse to various sheikhs and Islamic scholars that used to visit Istanbul from the Islamic world in an effort to strengthen

2340-514: The inhabitants of Rûm are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam." The militarism that the Oghuz empires were very well known for was rooted in their centuries-long nomadic lifestyle. In general, they were a herding society which possessed certain military advantages that sedentary societies did not have, particularly mobility. Alliances by marriage and kinship, and systems of "social distance" based on family relationships were

2400-563: The language, the way of life, religions, traditions, and social norms of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran (West Azerbaijan, Golestan) and parts of Central Asia including Turkmenistan. Yörüks are an Oghuz ethnic group, some of whom are still semi-nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly Balkan peninsula. Their name derives from the verb from Chagatai language , yörü- "yörümek" (to walk), but Western Turkic yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with

2460-424: The last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. Early Ottomans practiced what historian Quataert has described as " survival of

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2520-455: The name Wūjiē 烏揭 ( LHC : * ʔɔ-gɨat ) or Hūjiē 呼揭 ( LHC : * xɔ-gɨat ), of a people hostile to the Xiongnu and living immediately west of them, in the area of the Irtysh River , near Lake Zaysan . Golden suggests that these might be Chinese renditions of *Ogur ~ *Oguz , yet uncertainty remains. According to one theory, Hūjiē is just another transliteration of Yuezhi and may refer to

2580-605: The name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes. These include references to the simple Oguz , Üch-Oghuz ("three Oghuz"), Altï Oghuz ("six Oghuz"), possibly the Otuz Oghuz ("thirty Oghuz"), Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight Oghuz"), and the Tokuz-Oghuz ("nine Oghuz"), who originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. Golden (2011) states Transoxanian Oghuz Turks who founded

2640-428: The official title to all land. Osman (died 1323/4) son of Ertuğrul was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality ( beylik ) in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire . After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II , Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of

2700-403: The populations of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks. Byzantine sources call them Uzes ( Οὖζοι , Ouzoi ). The term Oghuz was gradually supplanted by the terms Turkmen and Turcoman ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمن , romanized :  Türkmen or Türkmân ) by 13th century. The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after

2760-400: The power of the position of the Caliphate in the Islamic world. After the abolition of tekkes in 1925, the mosque and tekke were closed and the two guesthouse buildings were used as a primary school, Şair Nedim Primary School. Due to extensive wear over the years, all the buildings were closed in 1960. The mosque was restored between 1969 and 1973 by the General Directorate for Foundations of

2820-470: The rebellious Igdir tribe who had revolted against him, Klyashtorny considers this as one piece of "direct evidence in favour of the existence of kindred relations between the Tokuz Oguzs of Mongolia, The Guzs of the Aral region, and modern Turkmens ", besides the facts that Kashgari mentioned the Igdir as the 14th of 22 Oghuz tribes; and that Igdirs constitute part of the Turkmen tribe Chowdur . The Shine Usu inscription, also in Bayanchur's honor, mentioned

2880-410: The reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the Central Powers , with whom it had allied itself during World War I . The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1922. The sultan was also referred to as

2940-520: The scattered members of the society to celebrate birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Such ceremonies had the effect of minimizing social dangers and also of adjusting persons to each other under controlled emotional conditions. Patrilineally related men and their families were regarded as a group with rights over a particular territory and were distinguished from neighbours on a territorial basis. Marriages were often arranged among territorial groups so that neighbouring groups could become related, but this

3000-416: The subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I . According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks . The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through

3060-481: The sultan in languages used by ethnic minorities : The Ottoman Empire was an absolute monarchy during much of its existence. By the second half of the fifteenth century, the sultan sat at the apex of a hierarchical system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles. He was theoretically responsible only to God and God's law (the Islamic شریعت şeriat , known in Arabic as شريعة sharia ), of which he

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3120-414: The sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders. Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the Transformation of

3180-400: The throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother. Agnatic seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate , despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with primogeniture . Note that pretenders and co-claimants during

3240-402: The titles caesar ( قیصر qayser ) of Rûm , and emperor , as well as the caliph of Islam. Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman , an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation. A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession. Although absolute in theory and in principle,

3300-450: The word Yörük or Yürük designating "those who walk, walkers". The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace where they settled as early as the 14th century. While today the Yörük are increasingly settled, many of them still maintain their nomadic lifestyle, breeding goats and sheep in the Taurus Mountains and further eastern parts of mediterranean regions (in southern Anatolia ), in

3360-399: The works of Islamic writers. The Book of Dede Korkut , a historical epic of the Oghuz, contains historical echoes of the 9th and 10th centuries but was likely written several centuries later. Al-Masudi described Yangikent 's Oghuz Turks as "distinguished from other Turks by their valour, their slanted eyes, and the smallness of their stature". Stone heads of Seljuq elites kept at

3420-498: Was after their migration into Transoxiana and Iran ". Khiva khan, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur , in his Chagatai-language treatise Genealogy of the Turkmens , wrote that "their (Oghuz Turks) chin started to become narrow, their eyes started to become large, their faces started to become small, and their noses started to become big after five or six generations". Ottoman historian Mustafa Âlî commented in Künhüʾl-aḫbār that Anatolian Turks and Ottoman elites are ethnically mixed: "Most of

3480-401: Was in this area that they later founded the Seljuk Empire, and it was from this area that they spread west into western Asia and eastern Europe during Turkic migrations from the 9th until the 12th century. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks. Oghuz Turkish literature includes the famous Book of Dede Korkut which was UNESCO 's 2000 literary work of the year, as well as

3540-423: Was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate ( Kut ) was reflected in Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" ( ظل الله في العالم ẓıll Allāh fī'l-ʿalem ) and "caliph of the face of the earth" ( خلیفه روی زمین Ḫalife-i rū-yi zemīn ). All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called firman ( فرمان ). He was the supreme military commander and had

3600-403: Was the only organizing principle that extended territorial unity. Each community of the Oghuz Turks was thought of as part of a larger society composed of distant as well as close relatives. This signified "tribal allegiance". Wealth and materialistic objects were not commonly emphasized in Oghuz society and most remained herders, and when settled they would be active in agriculture. Status within

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