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38-436: Erta Ale is 613 metres (2,011 ft) high, with one or sometimes two active lava lakes at the summit which occasionally overflow on the south side of the volcano. It is notable for holding the longest-existing lava lake , present since at least 1906. Volcanoes with lava lakes are rare: there were only eight in the world reported in 2019. Erta Ale means "smoking mountain" in the local Afar language and its southernmost pit

76-501: A cluster of earthquakes, activity in Puʻu ʻŌʻō subsided and the crater floor collapsed, with no incandescence visible in the crater after the end of August. Lava began emerging from a series of cracks in the northeast rift zone and spread slowly east and south as a perched flow, with slow advances of ʻaʻā. The flow spread mostly over flows of 1983–1986, with minor incursions into adjoining forests. In late July 2008, additional flows extended from

114-703: A large eruption in December 2018. For many years, Kīlauea had two persistent lava lakes: one in the Halemaʻumaʻu vent cavity within the summit caldera , and another within the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone located on the east rift zone of the volcano. In May 2018, both of these lava lakes disappeared as a result of increased activity in Kīlauea's east rift zone. The lava lake at Halemaʻumaʻu returned in December 2020, after Kīlauea's first eruption in over two years. The lava lake solidified after

152-521: A map of the area coincided with an "o" in "Lava flow of 1965". Later, the elders of the village of Kalapana were asked to name the new hill, and chose Puʻu ʻŌʻō , meaning hill of the digging stick . The name is also often translated as "Hill of the ʻŌʻō Bird ". In 2021, the Hawaiʻi Board of Geographic Names updated the spelling of the cone as Pu‘u‘ō‘ō for consistency with the board's spelling guidelines. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began following

190-497: A new lava shield. Soon lava tubes were feeding lava from the vents to the ocean, with few surface flows in between. The flank vents have held center stage ever since, with the exception of a two-month pause in activity, early in 1997, which followed a brief fissure eruption in Nāpau Crater, a short distance southwest of Puʻu ʻŌʻō. On the evening of January 29, 1997, a series of earthquakes struck Kīlauea's east rift zone. Deep within

228-434: A sustained lava breakout from this lava flow (informally named the "June 27 flow" by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists) threatened to enter the town of Pāhoa , and to cut Highway 130, the only route into and out of Lower Puna . As a result, work was begun to reopen Chain of Craters Road, initially as a one-lane gravelled surface, and to make Railroad Avenue and Government Beach Road usable as emergency routes. However,

266-462: A volcanic vent, crater , or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as frozen lava lakes ). Lava lakes can form in three ways: Lava lakes occur in a variety of volcanic systems, ranging from the basaltic Erta Ale lake in Ethiopia and the basaltic andesite volcano of Villarrica , Chile, to

304-517: Is believed to have hosted an even larger lava lake at the time of the Spanish conquest , being 1,000 meters wide in 1670. The lava lake at Masaya came back in January 2016. In addition to the aforementioned persistent lava lakes, a certain number of occurrences of temporary lava lakes (sometimes called lava ponds or lava pools , depending on their size and nature ) have also been observed and are listed in

342-663: Is known locally as "the gateway to hell". In 2009, it was mapped by a team from the BBC using three-dimensional laser techniques, in order for the mapping team to maintain a distance and avoid the lakes' searingly hot temperatures. Erta Ale is located in the Afar triple junction where three tectonic plates split apart: the African plate , the Arabian plate and the Somali plate . Specifically, it lies almost at

380-638: Is the most regularly visited volcano in the Danakil Depression . However, not much is known about the volcano, and the surrounding terrain is some of the most inhospitable on Earth, making travel difficult and dangerous. The Afar region also experiences intermittent ethnic violence due to unification struggles by the native Afar people . On January 17, 2012, a group of European tourists was attacked at Erta Ale. Five tourists were killed, two taken as hostages and seven others wounded. The Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front (ARDUF) claimed responsibility for

418-403: The following table . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from "Lava lake" . Volcano Hazards Program Photo Glossary . United States Geological Survey . Pu%CA%BBu %CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D Puʻu ʻŌʻō (also spelled Pu‘u‘ō‘ō , and often written Puu Oo , pronounced [ˈpuʔu ˈʔoːʔoː] , poo-oo- OH -oh ) is a volcanic cone on

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456-502: The 2008 documentary series Earth: The Biography . The lava lake on Erta Ale was shown briefly during the 2010 movie Clash of the Titans during the journey sequence where Perseus travels to the underworld. Erta Ale is featured in the 2016 Werner Herzog documentary, Into the Inferno . Lava lake Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava , usually basaltic , contained in

494-523: The area beneath the cone. Following the collapse, seismicity and ground deformation increased downrift of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. On May 3, fissures opened up at the Leilani Estates , marking the beginning of the 2018 lower Puna eruption . Through the rest of 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō continued to experience intermittent collapses. In January 2019, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists stated that, considering historical data of prior rift zone eruptions and criteria used by

532-456: The attack and released the two kidnapped tourists in March 2012. One travel guide recommends hiring "one or maybe two armed guards or police" as guides to visit Erta Ale. Commercial tour companies offer tours to Erta Ale which are generally accompanied by military escort. In December 2017, a German tourist was fatally shot while descending Erta Ale. Erta Ale was featured in the episode "Volcano" of

570-556: The base of the east wall on 25 September and from the west wall base during 25–26 September. The crater floor of Puʻu ʻŌʻō slowly subsided. Lava activity resumed within the east lake on 26 September. The floor of the crater continued to subside during 26–27 September, opening up cracks in the north crater floor. The 2011 activity ultimately destroyed all remaining homes in the Royal Gardens Subdivision. Jack Thompson evacuated his home March 2, 2012. His evacuation and return to

608-541: The coastal highway, and finally reached the ocean 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the vent. Some weeks later, the lava flow shifted eastwards and buried 14 houses in the town of Kalapana within one day. The lava flow at Kalapana ceased when the lava tube system shut down. In 1990, the eruption entered its most destructive phase, when flows turned eastward and completely destroyed the villages of Kalapana and Kaimū . Kaimū Bay and Kalapana Black Sand Beach were also completely covered with lava. Over 100 homes were destroyed by

646-444: The crater and overflows to the west suddenly decreased, as lava broke through the upper east flank of Puʻu ʻŌʻō, bypassing the crater. The new fissure fed a channelized ʻaʻā lava flow that advanced rapidly downslope 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast. A second flow to the west of the first began the next day. In addition, a small pad of lava actively refilled the bottom of the drained east lava lake and small flows were barely active at

684-468: The crater's floor, being visible in USGS HVO webcam. The USGS stated that the accumulation of lava had put the crater floor about 39 m (128 ft) below the eastern crater rim, as of June 1. On September 21, 2011, lava in the west lava lake in Puʻu ʻŌʻō Crater fed a series of lava flows that traveled down the west flank of Puʻu ʻŌʻō during September 20–21. At about 0225 UTC on September 21, activity in

722-514: The eastern rift zone of Kīlauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands . The eruption that created Puʻu ʻŌʻō began on January 3, 1983, and continued nearly continuously until April 30, 2018, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last two centuries. By January 2005, 2.7 cubic kilometers (0.65 cu mi) of magma covered an area of more than 117 square kilometers (45 sq mi) and added 230 acres (0.93 km ) of land to

760-602: The eastern vents of Puʻu ʻŌʻō and in October multiple new fissures opened along the length of the tube expanding into Royal Gardens Subdivision and covered a large area of the coastal flats in November 2008. On March 5, 2011, the floor of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater deflated, then collapsed. Two hours later, a new eruption occurred in Kīlauea's middle east zone, between Puʻu ʻŌʻō and Napau Crater. Lava fountains were reported to be 65 feet (20 m) high. On March 26, 2011, lava began to refill

798-466: The end of the southern Red Sea rift , where tectonic extension (via normal faults ) proceeds in conjunction with igneous intrusions to generate a new oceanic crust between Africa and Arabia. The volcano comprises mainly mafic lavas which were brought up to the surface by dike emplacement during a rifting event. A major eruption occurred on 25 September 2005 which killed 250 heads of livestock and forced thousands of nearby residents to flee. There

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836-506: The eruption ended in May 2021, but returned again when eruptive activity at Halemaʻumaʻu resumed on September 29, 2021. Following the 2021 eruption, three more occurred on January 5, 2023; June 7, 2023; and September 10, 2023. As of January 2024, Halemaʻumaʻu is not erupting and the lava lake is no longer active. Nyiragongo's lava lake has usually been the largest and most voluminous in recent history, reaching 700 meters wide in 1982, although Masaya

874-490: The ever-broadening flow field in a nine-month period. New tubes diverted lava away from Kalapana early in 1991, and lava once again entered the ocean within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park . The volume of lava erupted from Kūpaʻianahā declined steadily through 1991, and in early 1992, the vent died. The eruption then returned to Puʻu ʻŌʻō, where flank vents on the west and southwest sides of the cone constructed

912-462: The flow had advanced approximately 13.2 km (8.2 mi) from the vent, or to within 1.3 km (0.81 mi) of the eastern boundary of the Wao Kele o Puna Forest Reserve , by the afternoon of September 3. Advancing to the northeast at intermittent rates, the flow had entered the village of Pāhoa and was within 25 meters (27 yards) of the waste recycling center on October 31. In December 2014,

950-469: The flow stopped just short of entering Pāhoa. By March 2015, the June 27 flow retreated to within 6 kilometers of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, greatly reducing the threat to Pāhoa. Lava from the June 27 flow remained active in this area through the remainder of 2015. On May 24, 2016, a new vent opened on the east flank of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō that cut the supply of lava to the June 27th flow, which became inactive by June 8, 2016. Lava from

988-403: The liquid, and coalescence of bubbles within the conduit. The interactions of these effects can create either a steady-state recirculating lake, or a lake level that periodically rises and then falls. Persistent lava lakes are a rare phenomenon. Only a few volcanoes have hosted persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades: The lava lakes at Ambrym volcano disappeared after

1026-421: The main lava outflow channel, which created a lava tube . The lava tube allowed the fluid pahoehoe lava to retain heat and flow long distances. In less than a year, overflow from the lake created a broad and low shield about 55 meters (180 ft) above Kūpaʻianahā. Lava streams were first visible from the town of Kapaʻau in November, 1986. In the course of that month, lava cut a swath through Kapaʻahu, covered

1064-467: The new recommended naming convention shortly thereafter. The Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption began when fissures split the ground in the remote rainforest of the eastern rift zone, on January 3, 1983. By June 1983, the activity had strengthened and localized to the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent. Over the next three years, 44 eruptive episodes with lava fountains as high as 460 meters (1,510 ft) stopped traffic at points across east Hawaiʻi. The fallout of cinder and spatter from

1102-554: The new vent, informally named the "61g" flow by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, flowed south and began entering the ocean at Kamokuna on July 26, 2016. Lava from the 61g flow covered part of the regraded (but never reopened) new section of the Chain of Craters Road. The road is kept flat for use by authorities, but is no longer a public thoroughfare. On April 30, 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō's crater floor collapsed as magma drained from

1140-488: The night sky. However, activity in this area was short-lived, and the center of activity soon shifted back to Puʻu ʻŌʻō. As of January 2007, 3.1 cubic km of lava had covered 117 km (45 sq mi) and added 201 hectares (500 acres) to Kīlauea's southern shore. The new shoreline was 15.6 km (9.7 mi) long. The lava flows have destroyed 189 structures and covered 14 km (8.7 mi) of highway with as much as 35 m (115 ft) of lava. In 2007, after

1178-454: The property was documented by Leigh Hilbert. On June 27, 2014, new vents opened on the northeast flank of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone that fed a narrow lava flow to the east-northeast. On August 18, the flow entered a ground crack, traveled underground for several days, then resurfaced to form a small lava pond . The sequence was repeated twice more over the following days with lava entering other cracks and reappearing farther downslope. In this way,

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1216-466: The rift zone, magma was escaping from the conduit leading to the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent, cutting off the supply to the ongoing eruption. The lava pond at Puʻu ʻŌʻō drained, and residents 10 miles (16 km) away heard a low, rumbling roar as the crater floor dropped 500 feet (150 m) and the west wall of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone collapsed. A few hours later, as magma found a new path to the surface, the ground cracked in nearby Nāpau Crater, and lava fountains lit up

1254-593: The southeast coast of Hawaiʻi . The eruption claimed at least 189 buildings and 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) of highways, as well as a church, a store, the Wahaʻula Visitor Center, and many ancient Hawaiian sites, including the Wahaʻula heiau . The coastal highway has been closed since 1987, as parts of the road have been buried under lava up to 35 meters (115 ft) thick. The hill was initially nicknamed "Puʻu O" by volcanologists, as its position when marked on

1292-422: The surface" of the lake, and the lava rapidly drained back down the conduit before the onset of a new phase of lake activity. The behaviour observed is influenced by the combined effects of pressure within the reservoir, exsolution and decompression of gas bubbles within the conduit and, potentially, exsolution of bubbles within the magma reservoir. Superimposed upon this is the effect of bubbles rising through

1330-463: The towering lava fountains built a cone 255 meters (837 ft) high. In July 1986, the conduit feeding magma to Puʻu ʻŌʻō ruptured, and the eruption abruptly shifted 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) downrift to form the Kūpaʻianahā vent. With the new vent came a new style of eruption: continuous, quiet effusion from a lava lake replaced the episodic high fountaining. After a few weeks, a roof formed over

1368-412: The unique phonolitic lava lake at Mt. Erebus , Antarctica. Lava lakes have been observed to exhibit a range of behaviours. A "constantly circulating, apparently steady-state" lava lake was observed during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kīlauea , Hawaiʻi. By contrast, a lava lake at the 1983–1984 Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption of Kilauea displayed cyclic behaviour with a period of 5–20 minutes; gas "pierced

1406-482: The west edge of Puʻu ʻŌʻō Crater. The channelized ʻaʻā lava flow reached 3.7 km (2.3 mi) long on 23 September and then stalled within the Kahaualeʻa Natural Area Reserve . Most of the active lava spread south and west of Puʻu Halulu (1.3 km or 0.8 mi northeast of Puʻu ʻŌʻō) during 23–27 September. Minor lava activity resumed within Puʻu ʻOʻo Crater with short lava flows issuing from

1444-623: Was further lava flow in August 2007, forcing the evacuation of hundreds and leaving two missing. A new eruption started in November 3, 2008 at the Alu-Dalafilla volcanic centre, at the northern end of the Erta Ale range. The latest eruptive activity started in January 2017, with outpouring of lava flows extending for kilometers from the vent, and lasted until March 2020; volcanic pulses have occurred since that time, lasting until at least April 2024. Erta Ale

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