The Ernest Hemingway Birthplace is a historic Queen Anne home and museum in Oak Park, Illinois , where American author Ernest Hemingway was born. Hemingway lived in the home with his family for the first six years of his life. The house was sold out of the Hemingway family in 1905, and it was subsequently renovated and converted into a multi-family residence.
117-535: In December 1992, the house was purchased by the Ernest Hemingway Foundation of Oak Park. The foundation oversaw a major restoration that used photographs and descriptions of the house to return it to its original condition. Since 2001, the building has been maintained as a Hemingway museum, with the foundation offering guided tours of the house. Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on July 21, 1899, in
234-408: A Pulitzer Prize , and as Meyers describes, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation". In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine. Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper PM . Meyers writes that Hemingway had little enthusiasm for the trip or for China; although his dispatches for PM provided incisive insights of
351-543: A foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and was influenced by the modernist writers and artists of the " Lost Generation " expatriate community. His debut novel, The Sun Also Rises , was published in 1926. In 1928, Hemingway returned to the U.S., where he settled in Key West, Florida . His experiences during the war supplied material for his 1929 novel A Farewell to Arms . In 1937, Hemingway went to Spain to cover
468-521: A 15-acre (61,000 m ) property 15 miles (24 km) from Havana. That summer while visiting with Pauline and the children in Wyoming, she took the children and left him. When his divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married on November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne, Wyoming . Hemingway followed the pattern established after his divorce from Hadley and moved again. He split his time between Cuba and
585-566: A Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. When Hemingway returned to the United States in January 1919, he believed Agnes would join him within months, and the two would marry. Instead, he received a letter from her in March with news that she was engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes Agnes's rejection devastated and scarred the young man; in future relationships Hemingway followed
702-407: A basement, and an attic. The house exterior had wooden clapboard siding with a shingle roof. The house was initially painted gray with darker gray trim. The window trim was a dark green. There was a large open wrap-around porch with open railings that covered the front of the house and the turret on the southeast corner. There was a small open porch in the back that provided access to the kitchen. On
819-448: A bathroom on the second floor. The Hemingway babies would sleep with their mother until they were old enough for the children's nursery. Hemingway and his older sister Marcelline shared the nursery when they were toddlers, sleeping in identical, white cribs with spindles. Grace Hall Hemingway Grace Ernestine Hemingway (née Hall ; June 15, 1872 – June 28, 1951) was an American opera singer, music teacher, and painter. She
936-647: A boat in 1934, naming it the Pilar , and began to sail the Caribbean . He arrived at Bimini in 1935, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this period he worked on To Have and Have Not , published in 1937 while he was in Spain, which became the only novel he wrote during the 1930s. Hemingway had been following developments in Spain since early in his career and from 1931 it became clear that there would be another European war. Hemingway predicted war would happen in
1053-475: A conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to." When Clarence and Grace Hemingway married in 1896, they lived with Grace's father , Ernest Miller Hall, after whom they named their first son, the second of their six children. His sister Marcelline preceded him in 1898, and his younger siblings included Ursula in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911, and Leicester in 1915. Grace followed
1170-668: A contract with Scribner's . He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers and, on his return, began an affair with Pfeiffer during a stop in Paris, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March. The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October. The Sun Also Rises epitomized
1287-668: A counterintelligence unit headquartered in his guesthouse to surveil Falangists , and Nazi sympathizers. Martha and his friends thought his activities "little more than a diverting racket", but the FBI began watching him and compiled a 124-page file. Martha wanted Hemingway in Europe as a journalist and failed to understand his reticence to take part in another European war. They fought frequently and bitterly, and he drank too much, until she left for Europe to report for Collier's in September 1943. On
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#17328632830211404-497: A difficult relationship with his mother, beginning in his teen years. She asserted her authority over every Hemingway family member, including her husband. She put many demands on her children, insisting they participate in activities that were important to her. As Ernest matured as a young man, he often chafed under her rules, intent on exploring sports, hobbies and activities that interested him. He started refusing to do as she bade, which caused conflicts between mother and son. Clarence
1521-481: A few weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway again became sick and was treated for a variety of ailments including liver disease and high blood pressure. In November 1956, while staying in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. Upon re-claiming and opening the trunks, Hemingway discovered they were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about
1638-498: A fine house here, and kids are all well"—Mellow believes he "was plainly restless". In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to Kenya. The 10-week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa , as well as for the short stories " The Snows of Kilimanjaro " and " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ". The couple visited Mombasa , Nairobi , and Machakos in Kenya; then moved on to Tanganyika Territory , where they hunted in
1755-632: A foundation for his prose. Hemingway wanted to go to war and tried to enlist in the U.S. Army but was not accepted because he had poor eyesight. Instead he volunteered to a Red Cross recruitment effort in December 1917 and signed on to be an ambulance driver with the American Red Cross Motor Corps in Italy. In May 1918, he sailed from New York, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. That June he arrived at
1872-463: A group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well." This was, in fact, in contravention of the Geneva Convention , and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice. He was present at the liberation of Paris on August 25; however contrary to legend, he
1989-446: A home built by Hemingway's maternal grandparents, Caroline and Ernest Hall. Hemingway was the second child and first son of Dr. Clarence and Grace Hemingway . He lived in the Hall house for the first six years of his life with his parents, maternal grandfather, and three sisters. The house, currently numbered 339 North Oak Park Avenue, was the first home in Oak Park to have electricity. Across
2106-698: A level of complexity not apparent in The Sun Also Rises . In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched his next work, Death in the Afternoon . He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting, explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death." During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in
2223-490: A literary quarrel that spanned decades. Pound was older than Hemingway by 14 years when they met by chance in 1922 at Sylvia Beach 's bookstore Shakespeare and Company . They visited Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924. The two forged a strong friendship; in Hemingway Pound recognized and fostered a young talent. Pound—who had just finished editing T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land —introduced Hemingway to
2340-403: A lot on Kenilworth avenue and made sketches for a new, much larger house. With these sketches, the architect designed a three-story, eight-bedroom stucco home for the family, with a large music studio for herself and an office for her husband to see medical patients. Their last two children were born at the new house: Carol in 1911 and Leicester in 1915, when she was age 42. Ernest Hemingway had
2457-449: A part in the academy's decision." He was still recuperating and decided against traveling to Stockholm . Instead he sent a speech to be read in which he defined the writer's life: Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he
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#17328632830212574-407: A pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him. His return home in 1919 was a difficult time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. As biographer Michael S. Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He
2691-500: A pilot who had been searching for them. He assured them he could fly out, but the landing strip was too rough and the plane exploded in flames. Mary and the pilot escaped through a broken window. Hemingway had to smash his way out by battering the door open with his head. Hemingway suffered burns and another serious head injury, that caused cerebral fluid to leak from the injury. They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering
2808-562: A safe deposit box in Havana as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast . Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover. Finca Vigía became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959, he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River , outside Ketchum and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with
2925-720: A series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident, he injured his knee and sustained another head wound. A few years later Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound, severely ill and delirious. The doctor in Cuba diagnosed schizophrenia , and sent him for 18 sessions of electroconvulsive therapy . Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 William Butler Yeats and Ford Madox Ford ; in 1940 F. Scott Fitzgerald ; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce ; in 1946 Gertrude Stein ; and
3042-628: A series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life magazine. Life wanted only 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. For the first time in his life he could not organize his writing, so he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped trim the Life piece down to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version ( The Dangerous Summer ) of almost 130,000 words. Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused", and suffering badly from failing eyesight. He left Cuba for
3159-451: A severe head injury in their Paris bathroom when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city". Hemingway and Pauline went to Kansas City, Missouri , where their son Patrick
3276-535: A sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and was forced into a crash landing. Hemingway sustained injuries to his back and shoulder; Mary sustained broken ribs and went into shock. After a night in the brush, they chartered a boat on the river and arrived in Butiaba , where they were met by
3393-643: A talented contralto with the Apollo-Club in Madison Square Garden . She later was offered a contract by the Metropolitan Opera but turned it down for two reasons: her eyes, weakened from a childhood illness, could not tolerate the bright stage lighting, and she was greatly influenced by Hemingway's many letters, imploring her to return to Oak Park. On October 1, 1896, Hall married Clarence Hemingway. The couple moved into Ernest Hall's large home . At
3510-499: A two-family residence. The house was purchased by The Ernest Hemingway Foundation of Oak Park (EHFOP) in December 1992. The foundation embarked on a major renovation, using Sanford's description of her grandfather's home. The Ernest Hemingway birthplace was restored to its original 1890s layout, with Victorian period furnishings and original Hemingway family heirlooms. In 2001, the Ernest Hemingway Birthplace Museum
3627-572: A visit to Cuba in March 1944, Hemingway was bullying and abusive with Martha. Reynolds writes that "looking backward from 1960–61 [anyone] might say that his behavior was a manifestation of the depression that eventually destroyed him". A few weeks later, he contacted Collier's who made him their front-line correspondent . He was in Europe from May 1944 to March 1945. When he arrived in London, he met Time magazine correspondent Mary Welsh , with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced to cross
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3744-451: A year earlier. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native and, like Pauline, had worked for Vogue in Paris. According to Kert, Martha "never catered to him the way other women did". He arrived in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens . Ivens, who was filming The Spanish Earth , intended to replace John Dos Passos with Hemingway as screenwriter. Dos Passos had left the project when his friend and Spanish translator José Robles
3861-512: A young writer up the rungs of a career". Hemingway was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man." He lived with Hadley in a small walk-up at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine [ fr ] in the Latin Quarter , and rented a room nearby for work. Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son Jack; she introduced him to
3978-470: Is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day. Since his return from Africa, Hemingway had been slowly writing his "African Journal". Late in the year and early into 1956 he was bedridden with a variety of illnesses. He was ordered to stop drinking so as to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but eventually disregarded. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and visited ailing Basque writer Pio Baroja , who died
4095-482: Is my capital, and putting me out of business? It was a brilliant cure, but we lost the patient." In late January 1961 he was sent home, as Meyers writes, "in ruins". Asked to provide a tribute to President John F. Kennedy in February he could only produce a few sentences after a week's effort. A few months later, on April 21, Mary found Hemingway with a shotgun in the kitchen. She called Saviers, who admitted Hemingway to
4212-533: The Castro government, telling The New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista . He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his 61st birthday; however, that year, he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. On July 25, 1960,
4329-523: The Italian Front , holding the ranks of second lieutenant ( A.R.C. ) and sottotenente ( Italian Army ) simultaneously. On his first day in Milan , he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion to join rescuers retrieving the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his 1932 non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon : "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for
4446-636: The Nobel Prize in Literature . He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg , Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow says Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and their worldwide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played
4563-617: The Serengeti , around Lake Manyara , and west and southeast of present-day Tarangire National Park . Their guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Percival who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. During these travels, Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa , which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews. He purchased
4680-703: The Sino-Japanese War according to Reynolds, with analysis of Japanese incursions into the Philippines sparking an "American war in the Pacific". Hemingway returned to Finca Vigía in August and left for Sun Valley a month later. The United States entered the war after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Back in Cuba, Hemingway refitted the Pilar as a Q-boat and went on patrol for German U-boats . He also created
4797-736: The Spanish Civil War , which formed the basis for his 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls , written in Havana, Cuba . During World War II , Hemingway was present with Allied troops as a journalist at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris . In 1952, his novel The Old Man and the Sea was published to considerable acclaim, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . On a 1954 trip to Africa, Hemingway
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4914-530: The Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe." Anderson suggested Paris because it was inexpensive and it was where "the most interesting people in the world" resided. There Hemingway would meet writers such as Gertrude Stein , James Joyce and Ezra Pound who "could help
5031-421: The 1920s, both physical and mental. He died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1928. Ernest blamed his mother for his death. According to author John Raeburn, "In the Hemingway household, her imperious presence and propensity for self-dramatization contrasted with her husband's irritable remoteness. Ernest, frightened by his father's bewildering behavior, identified its cause as his mother's overbearingness. That
5148-543: The American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear. He was joined there by Dos Passos. In November 1930, after taking Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana , Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him. The nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain. His third child, Gloria Hemingway ,
5265-489: The Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, and she arrived in London to find him hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. She was unsympathetic to his plight; she accused him of being a bully and told him that she was "through, absolutely finished". The last time that Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 as he prepared to return to Cuba; their divorce
5382-659: The Ebro , the last republican stand, along with other British and American journalists. They arrived to find the last bridge destroyed and had to retreat across the turbulent Ebro in a rowboat, Hemingway at the oars, "pulling for dear life". In early 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented Finca Vigía ("Lookout Farm"),
5499-493: The Hemingway children in an upstairs bedroom of the home. He would consult with medical patients in a small office between the first and second floors. According to Sanford, "It was to the office that Ernest and I were called for punishment when we misbehaved." Ernest's grandfather died in May 1905, leaving the home to his daughter, Grace. By October, Grace had sold the house to Samuel Nissen, an Oak Park grocer. The Nissen family lived in
5616-592: The Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion , Finca Vigía was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of about 5,000 books. After leaving Cuba, in Sun Valley, Hemingway continued to rework the material that was published as A Moveable Feast through the 1950s. In mid-1959, he visited Spain to research
5733-686: The Irish writer James Joyce, with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees". During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War , where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna , and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". Almost all his fiction and short stories were lost, when in December 1922 as she
5850-468: The Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor ( Medaglia d'argento al valor militare ). For his deed, he saw furthermore promotion to first lieutenant (A.R.C.) and tenente (Italian Army). He was only 18 at the time. Hemingway later said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded
5967-466: The North Oak Park Avenue house for fifteen years, replacing the front porch with a screened-in porch in 1914 and later replacing the clapboard exterior with aluminum siding. During the 1920s through the 1940s, the house was converted into a rooming house . The larger living areas and hall were divided and a bathroom was installed on the first floor. In 1951, the house was remodeled again to create
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#17328632830216084-519: The Victorian convention of not differentiating children's clothing by gender. With only a year separating the two, Ernest and Marcelline resembled one another strongly. Grace wanted them to appear as twins, so in Ernest's first three years she kept his hair long and dressed both children in similarly frilly feminine clothing. Grace Hemingway was a well-known local musician, and taught her reluctant son to play
6201-541: The age of 52, she began to paint and attended classes at the Art Institute of Chicago and other art schools. She studied art for two years. In an interview in the April 1937 issue of Artistry Magazine , she claimed to have painted over 600 pictures, mainly landscapes. Hall Hemingway belonged to the Oak Park Art League, serving as its director for six years. Clarence Hemingway suffered from deteriorating health in
6318-435: The cello. Later he said music lessons contributed to his writing style, as evidenced in the " contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls . As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although they shared similar enthusiastic energies. His father taught him woodcraft during the family's summer sojourns at Windemere on Walloon Lake , near Petoskey, Michigan , where Ernest learned to hunt, fish and camp in
6435-498: The city was being bombarded by the Francoist army . He went back to Key West for a few months in January 1938. It was a frustrating time: he found it hard to write, fretted over poor reviews for To Have and Have Not , bickered with Pauline, followed the news from Spain avidly and planned the next trip. He took two trips to Spain in 1938. In November he visited the location of the Battle of
6552-503: The complete dead we collected fragments." A few days later, he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave . On July 8, right after bringing chocolate and cigarettes from the canteen to the men at the front line, the group came under mortar fire. Hemingway was seriously wounded. Despite his wounds, he assisted Italian soldiers to safety, for which he was decorated with the Italian War Merit Cross ( Croce al Merito di Guerra ) and with
6669-560: The country to find solitude after coming home from war. A family friend offered Hemingway a job in Toronto , and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Late that year, he began as a freelancer and staff writer for the Toronto Star Weekly . He returned to Michigan the next June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the Toronto Star . In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of
6786-466: The discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast . By 1959, he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden ; and worked on Islands in the Stream . The last three were stored in
6903-458: The doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; he recovered a week later, but most of the fighting was over. He was awarded a Bronze Star for bravery in 1947, in recognition for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions". Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945. In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered
7020-509: The domestic chores in the Hemingway household, but their father often cooked, planned meals, helped with laundry and did seasonal canning. Live-in maids and nannies performed most of the housekeeping, cooking and care of the children. Hall Hemingway focused her maternal energy on encouraging and inspiring her children in the cultural world of literature, art, poetry and music. She read hundreds of books to her children when they were young and taught them songs and poetry. She took her children to
7137-462: The expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter , whom she referred to as the " Lost Generation "—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of The Sun Also Rises . A regular at Stein's salon , Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso , Joan Miró , and Juan Gris . He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence, and their relationship deteriorated into
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#17328632830217254-541: The family's summer cottage to Ernest. Learning to drive for the first time, Hall Hemingway took driving trips to Florida to sketch and paint. She sold her large home in 1936 and moved into a smaller home in the nearby village of River Forest, Illinois. She carried on painting and began teaching painting lessons while still teaching voice lessons for several years. Hall Hemingway lived for 23 years on her own after her husband's death. She died in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1951. She
7371-615: The fiesta ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write the draft of what would become The Sun Also Rises , finishing eight weeks later. A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in Schruns , Austria, where Hemingway began extensively revising the manuscript. Pauline Pfeiffer, the daughter of a wealthy Catholic family in Arkansas , who came to Paris to work for Vogue magazine, joined them in January. Against Hadley's advice, Pfeiffer urged Hemingway to sign
7488-452: The first floor was an entrance hall with a formal stairway leading to the second floor. There was a long parlor to the left of the hall with a bay window facing the street. The parlor led into the formal dining room. Next to the dining room and parlor was a small library, where Hemingway's grandfather and great-uncle Tyley Hancock would smoke and drink wine after their evening meal. There were oak floors and yellow pine woodwork throughout most of
7605-610: The first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center, and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan. He spent six months at the hospital, where he met "Chink" Dorman-Smith . The two formed a strong friendship that lasted for decades. While recuperating, Hemingway fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky ,
7722-691: The flat pebbly stretch between the sea and first cover". Mellow explains that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to the Dorothea Dix . Late in July, he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham , as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to
7839-406: The following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor, and friend. During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking. Nonetheless, in January 1946, he began work on The Garden of Eden , finishing 800 pages by June. During
7956-432: The full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs , a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." In October 1954, Hemingway received
8073-401: The house, both stained a medium brown. Water lines had been installed along Oak Park Avenue before the house was built, making it possible for the house to have running water. The kitchen was a small dark room behind the dining room, with a door leading to the back porch, a stairway leading down to the cellar, and a back stairway to the second floor for the servants. There were six bedrooms and
8190-516: The last time on July 25, 1960. Mary went with him to New York where he set up a small office and attempted unsuccessfully to work. Soon after, he left New York, traveling without Mary to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of Life magazine. A few days later the news reported that he was seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa." He was, in fact, seriously ill, and believed himself to be on
8307-440: The late 1930s. Baker writes that Hemingway did not expect Spain to "become a sort of international testing-ground for Germany, Italy, and Russia before the Spanish Civil War was over". Despite Pauline's reluctance, he signed with North American Newspaper Alliance to cover the Spanish Civil War , and sailed from New York on February 27, 1937. Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn accompanied Hemingway. He had met her in Key West
8424-526: The life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist. Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into an apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit The Transatlantic Review , which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos , Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven , and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as " Indian Camp ". When Hemingway's first collection of stories, In Our Time ,
8541-441: The loss of the suitcase were two of the stories the volume contained; he wrote the third story early in 1923 while in Italy. A few months later, in our time (without capitals) was produced in Paris. The small volume included 18 vignettes , a dozen of which he wrote the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the corrida . He considered Toronto boring, missed Paris, and wanted to return to
8658-498: The monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth , where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson . He met Hadley Richardson through his roommate's sister. Later, he claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry." Red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct", Hadley was eight years older than Hemingway. Despite the age difference, she seemed less mature than usual for a woman her age, probably because of her overprotective mother. Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women , claims Hadley
8775-519: The newly established resort Sun Valley . He was at work on For Whom the Bell Tolls , which he began in March ;1939 and finished in July ;1940. His pattern was to move around while working on a manuscript, and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. Published that October, it became a book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for
8892-538: The opera, theater, and museums in nearby Chicago. She insisted that all of her children learn to play a musical instrument. The girls were encouraged to play the violin and piano, and Ernest was assigned the cello. The Hemingway family spent their summers at their family cottage in Walloon Lake, Michigan. Their father was an excellent outdoorsman who introduced the Hemingway children to swimming, camping, fishing, hiking, and hunting. Their mother enjoyed their summer trips,
9009-522: The painful memory of his mother asserting her superiority over his father." Major General Charles Lanham, a friend of Ernest, said that he was the only man he knew who really hated his mother. Hall Hemingway was an active member of the Suburban Civics and Equal Suffrage Club in Oak Park during the era of the New Woman movement (1890–1920), with women's suffrage as a national issue. In 1924, at
9126-429: The post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost. Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he
9243-476: The post-war years, he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book . Both projects stalled. Mellow writes that Hemingway's inability to write was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years. In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with
9360-460: The previous August but delayed the revision. The serialization in Scribner's Magazine was scheduled to appear in May. In April, he was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27, 1929. Biographer James Mellow believes A Farewell to Arms established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed
9477-726: The same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel. The year before, Hemingway visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona , Spain, for the first time, where he became fascinated by bullfighting . The Hemingways returned to Pamplona again in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year, they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart , Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb . A few days after
9594-694: The school's newspaper and yearbook (the Trapeze and Tabula ); he imitated the language of popular sportswriters and contributed under the pen name Ring Lardner Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type". After leaving high school, he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter. Although he stayed there only for six months, the Star ' s style guide , which stated "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative", became
9711-537: The story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating in Nairobi . Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with. When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second-degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice , Mary reported to friends
9828-478: The street from the Hall home was the two-story, white clapboard home of Hemingway's paternal grandparents, Anson and Adelaide Hemingway. Grandfather Hall, known to the Hemingway children as Abba, was a much-loved family member. In later life, Marcelline Hemingway Sanford, Ernest's older sister, would write about Abba Hall, recalling his kindness, generosity, and entertaining stories that were a delight to young Marcelline and Ernest. Grace's maternal uncle, Tyley Hancock
9945-500: The then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich . The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and into the Trees , written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees , Hemingway wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it
10062-488: The time of her marriage, Hall Hemingway had over 50 voice pupils and gave music and voice lessons, wrote sheet music, and directed the children's church choir and the orchestra at the First Congregational Church of Oak Park. She also sang in concerts, and she was a soloist with the church choir. She earned more money from her music lessons than her husband did as a doctor. According to her daughter Marcelline, she
10179-506: The verge of a breakdown. Feeling lonely, he took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite having the first installments of The Dangerous Summer published in Life that September to good reviews. In October, he went back to New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment, presuming that he was being watched. She quickly took him to Idaho, where they were met at the train station in Ketchum by local physician George Saviers. He
10296-560: The woods and lakes of Northern Michigan . These early experiences instilled in him a life-long passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas. Hemingway went to Oak Park and River Forest High School in Oak Park between 1913 and 1917, where he competed in boxing, track and field, water polo, and football. He performed in the school orchestra for two years with his sister Marcelline, and received good grades in English classes. During his last two years at high school he edited
10413-602: Was Ernest Hemingway 's mother. Grace Ernestine Hall was born on June 15, 1872, in Chicago. She was the daughter of wealthy merchant Ernest Miller Hall (1840—1905) and Caroline Hancock (1843—1895), both natives of England. Ernest M. Hall had immigrated to America in 1855 and fought during the American Civil War , serving as a corporal in Company L, 1st Iowa Cavalry from September 1861 to August 1862. A younger brother, Leicester,
10530-421: Was "evocative" of Agnes, but Agnes lacked Hadley's childishness. After exchanging letters for a few months, Hemingway and Hadley decided to marry and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to go to Paris instead, writing letters of introduction for the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway signed on as a foreign correspondent for
10647-463: Was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". Published in September 1952, The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1953. A month later he departed Cuba for his second trip to Africa. While in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in successive plane crashes, in January 1954. He had chartered
10764-428: Was a frequent visitor to the family home. He would often entertain the children with adventurous stories from his youth and from his travels as a salesman for the Hall family's wholesale cutlery business. Hemingway's mother Grace, was an operatic singer, voice teacher, and composer. She earned money for the young family by teaching music and voice lessons. Hemingway's father, Clarence, a medical doctor, delivered three of
10881-551: Was anathema for a man of Hemingway's generation to accept he suffered from mental illness. At the end of November, Saviers flew him to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota on the pretext that he was to be treated for hypertension . He was checked in under Saviers's name to maintain anonymity. Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo" but confirms that he
10998-621: Was arrested and later executed. The incident changed Dos Passos's opinion of the leftist republicans , and caused a rift with Hemingway. Back in the U.S. that summer, Hemingway prepared the soundtrack for the film. It was screened at the White House in July. In late August he returned to France and flew from Paris to Barcelona and then to Valencia . In September he visited the front in Belchite and then on to Teruel . On his return to Madrid Hemingway wrote his only play, The Fifth Column , as
11115-565: Was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature . Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois , a suburb of Chicago . After high school, he spent six months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star before enlisting in the Red Cross . He served as an ambulance driver on the Italian Front in World War I and was seriously wounded by shrapnel in 1918. In 1921, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he worked as
11232-599: Was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City as "Gregory Hancock Hemingway". Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio. He invited friends—including Waldo Peirce , Dos Passos, and Max Perkins —to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the Dry Tortugas . He continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and—although in 1933 he wrote of Key West, "We have
11349-478: Was born in 1874. Hall studied the violin, piano and took voice lessons when she was young. In 1886, her family moved to Oak Park , where she attended Oak Park High School and first met her future husband, Clarence Edmonds 'Ed' Hemingway (1871—1928). In 1889, Caroline and Ernest Hall purchased a lot on North Oak Park Avenue. While living in a rental house nearby, the couple supervised construction of their new home, designed by architect Wesley Arnold. The Hall house
11466-424: Was born on June 28, 1928, at Bell Memorial Hospital . Pauline had a difficult delivery; Hemingway wrote a fictionalized version of the event in A Farewell to Arms . After Patrick's birth, they traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. On December 6, Hemingway was in New York visiting Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received the news that his father Clarence had killed himself. Hemingway
11583-656: Was buried alongside Clarence at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( / ˈ h ɛ m ɪ ŋ w eɪ / HEM -ing-way ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized for his adventurous lifestyle and outspoken, blunt public image. Some of his seven novels, six short-story collections and two non-fiction works have become classics of American literature , and he
11700-414: Was completed in 1890 and located at 449 Oak Park Avenue The Victorian, three-story house, across the street from the Hemingway family house, consisted of first and second floors with six bedrooms and a bathroom. Their home had running water, and it was the first house in Oak Park to have electricity. Hall and Clarence Hemingway became close friends during her mother's illness from cancer in 1894. Hemingway
11817-434: Was concerned about finances, missed Cuba, his books, and his life there, and fretted that he would never return to retrieve the manuscripts that he had left in a bank vault. He believed the manuscripts that would be published as Islands in the Stream and True at First Light were lost. He became paranoid, believing that the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. Mary was unable to care for her husband and it
11934-429: Was devastated, having earlier written to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and said, "I'll probably go the same way." Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it
12051-489: Was earning up to $ 1,000 per month at one point, while her husband, just starting in his profession, was bringing in $ 50 per month. The Hall house is the birthplace of the three oldest Hemingway children: Marcelline in 1898, Ernest in 1899, and Ursula in 1902. Madelaine (Sunny) was born in 1904 at their Walloon Lake cottage in Michigan. All the Hemingway children were delivered by their father. Their mother did not participate in
12168-739: Was finalized later that year. Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting. Hemingway sustained a severe head-wound that required 57 stitches. Still suffering symptoms of the concussion, he accompanied troops to the Normandy landings wearing a large head bandage. The military treated him as "precious cargo" and he was not allowed ashore. The landing craft he was on came within sight of Omaha Beach before coming under enemy fire when it turned back. Hemingway later wrote in Collier's that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lay where they had fallen, looking like so many heavily laden bundles on
12285-437: Was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not." That September, he went on a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . The trip became the inspiration for his short story " Big Two-Hearted River ", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to
12402-528: Was not the first into the city nor did he liberate the Ritz . While there, he visited Sylvia Beach and met Picasso with Mary Welsh, and in a spirit of happiness, forgave Gertrude Stein. Later that year, he observed heavy fighting at the Battle of Hürtgen Forest . On December 17, 1944, he traveled to Luxembourg, in spite of illness, to report on The Battle of the Bulge . As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham referred him to
12519-425: Was often away from home for long periods of time, and his depression caused him to withdraw from the family, which made things more difficult for Ernest during his teens. Writers, historians, and Ernest's friends have discussed his difficult relationship with his mother at length. Bernice Kert states: "It has also been said that Ernest's lifelong assertion of masculine power grew out of his emotional need to exorcise
12636-450: Was often outdoors with the family, and was comfortable using both a fishing pole and a rifle. She later designed and had built a small cottage across the lake from the main cottage. She often rowed from the large family cottage to the smaller cottage to spend quiet days on her own. Ernest's grandfather died in May 1905, leaving his home to his daughter Grace. By October, she had sold the house to Samuel Nissen, an Oak Park grocer. She bought
12753-518: Was opened to the public. Since 2016, the EHFOP has published Hemingway Shorts, a literary journal in the tradition of Ernest Hemingway. Notable contributors include Michael McGuire , Jinwoo Chong, Sean Gill , and Veryan Williams-Wynn. Hemingway's maternal grandparents, Caroline and Ernest Hall, built the house in 1890 on land they purchased in November 1889. The architect was Wesley Arnold. The Victorian three-story house consisted of first and second floors,
12870-487: Was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford. "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short-story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences. Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald , and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby
12987-487: Was published in October 1927, and included his boxing story " Fifty Grand ". Cosmopolitan magazine editor-in-chief Ray Long praised "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came to my hands ... the best prize-fight story I ever read ... a remarkable piece of realism." By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant and wanted to move back to America. Dos Passos recommended Key West , and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered
13104-452: Was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes, leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. He died by suicide at his house in Ketchum, Idaho , in 1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois , an affluent suburb just west of Chicago, to Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a physician, and Grace Hall Hemingway , a musician. His parents were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park,
13221-486: Was the new medical assistant to Dr. William Lewis, the Hall's family doctor, and made frequent house calls to visit Caroline Hall, during which he was a source of emotional support for Grace as her mother's health deteriorated. Caroline Hall died on September 5, 1895. By then, Hall and Hemingway's friendship had grown into a romantic relationship. In the fall of 1895, Hall went to New York City to study with Luisa Cappiani —a well-known opera coach—and, in 1896, she debuted as
13338-451: Was traveling to join him in Geneva , Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the train station Gare de Lyon . He was devastated and furious. Nine months later the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems , was published in Paris. All that remained after
13455-553: Was treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as many as 15 times in December 1960. Reynolds gained access to Hemingway's records at the Mayo, which document 10 ECT sessions. The doctors in Rochester told Hemingway the depressive state for which he was being treated may have been caused by his long-term use of Reserpine and Ritalin . Of the ECT therapy, Hemingway told Hotchner, "What is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which
13572-456: Was unjust, but he never relinquished the conviction, and it echoed in several of his stories." Hall Hemingway was 56 at the time of her husband's death, but still had two children to support and educate, Carol and Leicester. She rented part of her home to help pay for Carol's education. Ernest and his second wife Pauline set up a trust fund for his mother to help support her for the remainder of her life. In gratitude for his generosity, she deeded
13689-717: Was working on The Sun Also Rises . In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from The Sun Also Rises . They were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May. Before his marriage to Pfeiffer, Hemingway converted to Catholicism. They honeymooned in Le Grau-du-Roi , where he contracted anthrax , and he planned his next collection of short stories, Men Without Women , which
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